<p> KINGDOM PLANTAE</p><p>Plants are:  KINGDOM - Plantae  Multicellular  Usually autotrophic (make their own energy by photosynthesis)  Sexual and Asexual reproducers  Mostly terrestrial (land) and some aquatic (water)</p><p>Plants can be placed in 2 categories:</p><p>1. SEED PLANTS 2. NON SEED PLANTS</p><p>SEED PLANTS SEEDLESS PLANTS</p><p>GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS MOSSES FERNS  Produce enclosed (Bryophytes)  PRODUCE SEEDS SEEDS contained  NON SEED THAT ARE NOT in fruit  NON SEED PLANTS WITH A ENCLOSED  Vascular; PLANTS VASCULAR  Seeds that are  Reproduce using WITHOUT A SYSTEM exposed on the flowers, VASCULAR surface of cones;  called SYSTEM  Includes conifers FLOWERING  Dependent on such as pines, PLANTS diffusion and firs, spruce and  MOST osmosis for cedar trees ABUNDANT nutrients; PLANT ON  No roots; EARTH  Rhizoids (root- like structures)</p><p>MONOCOTS DICOTS</p><p> Produce seeds in which  Produce seeds in which the embryo has only 1 the embryo has 2 cotyledon or seed leaf cotyledon or seed leaf (structure that helps  Examples: dandelions, nourish the plant) maple trees  Examples: corn, onions, orchids CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS</p><p>PLANT TISSUES</p><p>There are 4 types of plant tissue: 1. Meristematic Tissue 2. Dermal Tissue 3. Ground Tissue 4. Vascular Tissue</p><p>MERISTEMATIC TISSUE</p><p> Cells divided by mitosis;  These cells differentiate into other plant cell types;</p><p>What type of animal cell is similar to plant Meristematic?</p><p>Describe the following Meristematic Tissues:</p><p>1. Apical Meristems</p><p>2. Lateral Meristems (Cambium)</p><p>3. Vascular Cambium DERMAL TISSUE</p><p> Outermost cell layers  Function: o protection from cuts; o microorganism invasion; o water loss;  Examples o Leaves and stems may produce wax (prevent water loss) or fine hairs or painful irritants (to discourage herbivores) o Epidermal root tissues develop root hairs to increase water and nutrient absorption o Woody plants produce bark for further protection (bark consists of dead cells)</p><p>GROUND TISSUE</p><p> All internal cells except vascular tissues  Function o Storage o Support o Photosynthesis  Examples o Fleshy portion of apples, pears, potatoes</p><p>Describe the following Ground Tissues:</p><p>1. Parenchyma Cells</p><p>2. Collenchyma Cells</p><p>3. Sclerenchyma Cells VASCULAR TISSUE</p><p> For transport of substances in the plants</p><p>Describe the following Vascular Tissues: Xylem</p><p>Phloem</p><p>DIAGRAMS OF THE VASCULAR TISSUE ROOT AND SHOOT SYSTEM</p><p>FLOWERING PLANTS CONSIST OF 2 MAJOR REGIONS:</p><p>THE ROOT SYSTEM</p><p> Usually below the ground  Function of roots:</p><p> Edible roots include: o Carrots, radishes, sweet potatoes  2 forms: 1. Tap root o Large tapering main root o Example - carrot 2. Fibrous root o Many smaller roots of equal size that grow out of the bottom of the plant o Example – grass THE SHOOT SYSTEM  Usually found above the ground  Consists of stems, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits  Serves 4 functions o Photosynthesis o Transport of materials between leaves, flowers, fruit and roots o Reproduction o Production of some hormones ROOT GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION</p><p>Roots are commonly divided into 4 regions:</p><p>1. Root Cap</p><p>2. Zone of Cell Division: Apical Meristem  Found at the tips of roots and shoots  Responsible for primary growth (lengthening shoots and roots)</p><p>3. Zone of Elongation</p><p>4. Zone of Maturation Explain Root Pressure.</p><p>Explain the Cohesion-Tension Model</p><p>STEMS</p><p> Provide support for the above ground portion of the plant;  Connect roots with the remainder of the plant;  Store water and food;  Transportation system – xylem and phloem are located in the stems  Examples – potatoes</p><p> 2 types 1. Woody o Stems are hard and not easy to bend; strong o Composed of dead xylem tissue 2. Non-woody o Soft and bend easily; weak o Height limits</p><p>Vascular Cambium and Phloem Cells New Xylem matures into wood; Annual Ring is the amount of xylem produced in 1 year</p><p>Modified Stems: Describe with examples, the following types of stems</p><p>Bulbs:</p><p>Corms:</p><p>Rhizomes:</p><p>Runners / Stolons:</p><p>Tubers:</p><p>Tendrils:</p><p>Cladophylls:</p><p>LEAVES</p><p> Green leaves (chlorophyll) are the site of photosynthesis Veins </p><p>Node </p><p>Internode </p><p>Petiole</p><p>SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEAVES</p><p>Simple Leaf – continuous undivided blade Compound Leaf – leaf that is divided into 2 or more leaflet</p><p>LEAF STRUCTURE Epidermal Cells</p><p>Palisade Mesophyll Layer</p><p>Spongy Mesophyll Layer</p><p>Stoma</p><p>What is Transpiration?</p><p>Guard Cells What are guard cells?</p><p>SEEDS AND FRUIT Most of the species we eat are angiosperms. Most commonly the seeds and fruit are used to feed the 7 billion (+) people on the planet.</p><p>SEEDS</p><p>The worlds’ 3 most important crops are:</p><p> Other important crops are soybeans or other beans.  The edible portion of these crops are the ______ The seeds of these plants are high in protein, carbohydrates and fibre.  What is pectin?</p><p>FRUIT  Structure that develops in the ______of a pollinated angiosperm  Fruits help the plant spread its ______o Maple keys, dandelion fluff are examples of fruits with a form that helps them spread o Consumed in animals and pass through the digestive tract unharmed and are deposited in another location  Many vegetables are actually fruits – cucumbers, pumpkin, tomatoes, zucchini, squash  Other common fruits include bananas, mangoes, apples</p><p>POLLINATION  Process by which pollen is moved from the anther (portion of male reproductive structure – STAMEN) to the female egg cells and fertilizes these cells.  Some plants can fertilize themselves and others need pollen from a different plant.  Some plants even have separate male plants and female plants.  The pollen is able to travel between plants in many different ways, wind, animals, birds, and insects (BEES).  Once the eggs are fertilized they become ______ The petals fall and in some species the ovary develops into the ______, </p><p>STAMEN: PISTAL: </p><p>SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS</p><p>Label and describe the various parts associated with Flower Anatomy OVERVIEW OF PLANT STRUCTURE</p><p>Briefly describe Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms:</p><p>ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION</p><p>Describe the following methods of asexual reproduction</p><p>NATURAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION 1. RUNNERS OR STOLONS</p><p>2. RHIZOMES</p><p>3. SUCKERS</p><p>ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION</p><p>1. DIVIDING / SPLITTING</p><p>2. GRAFTING</p><p>3. STEM CUTTING</p><p>4. LEAF CUTTING</p><p>CONTROL OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT  Plant development involves growth (increase in the number and size of cells) and differentiation (change in the form or function of the cells)</p><p>INTERNAL FACTORS</p><p>PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR (PLANT HORMONES)  Chemical produced by plant cells that regulates growth and development  5 common plant hormones (Describe them):</p><p>1. AUXINS</p><p>2. GIBBERELLINS</p><p>3. CYTOKININS</p><p>4. ABSCISIC ACID</p><p>5. ETHYLENE</p><p>EXTERNAL FACTORS  Plants must be able to respond to external factors such as temperature, the amount of light and amount of moisture  Changes in these factors may result in changes in the amounts of plant growth regulators  There are 2 examples of environmental responses: 1. TROPISM 2. PHOTOPERIODISM</p><p>TROPISM  Changes in growth pattern or movement in response to directional environmental stimuli o Thigmotropism</p><p> o Phototropism</p><p> o Gravitropism</p><p>PHOTOPERIODISM</p><p>PEST CONTROL  ALWAYS COMPETITION AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF PLANTS  Host of Fungi, insects and other organisms feed on and in plants  Look for ways to eliminate or control these competitors;  Effective pest control is required</p><p>PESTICIDES  A chemical used to kill pests o Insecticides – o Fungicides – o Herbicides –  Broad Spectrum Pesticides o Kills a large variety of species  Selective Pesticides o Kills only limited or specific species</p><p>PESTICIDE SAFETY  Pesticides are regulated to protect human health and natural environments  Legislation governs the sale, use and storage of pesticides;  Risks on human health have led to the elimination of a number of pesticides</p><p>BIOACCUMULATION</p><p> PROCESS BY WHICH THE CONCENTRATION OF A COMPOUND INCREASES THROUGH THE FOOD CHAIN  THE CHEMICALS DO NOT BREAK DOWN SO THEY PERSIST IN THE ENVIRONMENT</p><p>WHY DO HUMANS GROW PLANTS? 1. FOOD  corn, tomatoes  grains – corn, rice, beans  herbs – basil, oregano</p><p>2. MEDICINE  Codeine o analgesic (pain killer) o made from the plant Papaver somniferum</p><p>3. PULP AND PAPER  937 tons of paper is used each day (not including food products such as wrappers)</p><p>4. FUEL  Source of heat in wood burning stoves, fireplaces</p><p>5. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS  Wood is the most common building material – Homes, furniture, etc.</p><p>6. CLOTHING  Fibres / Fabric – cotton, rayon</p><p>7. DECORATION  Annuals - Live only for 1 growing period  Biennials - Live for 2 growing periods  Perennial- Long living, live for a number of growing period</p><p>WORKING WITH PLANTS Plants are an important part of our lives. There are many careers associated with the growing and caring of plants.</p><p>Arboriculture  The cultivation of trees and shrubs  Arborists – people who work with Arboriculture</p><p>Forestry Technology  One of Canada’s largest industries  Measure forest resources  Forest fires, Firefighting methods, Prescribed burns</p><p>Horticulture  The science and art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants  Work in nurseries, greenhouses, garden centres, landscaping firms</p><p>Hydroponics</p><p>Turf Management  Growing and maintaining lawns  Golf courses, sports fields, public parks, private residences</p>