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Solar System Design Basics James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Solar System Design Basics James M. Pleasants Company www.jmpco.com 1 Availability of Solar Energy • Solar constant at mean earth-sun distance • 441 Btu/h · ft2 winter and 413.1 Btu/h · ft2 summer • Solar Insolation is total radiation earth 1. Direct Solar radiation (()88 to 95%) 2. Diffuse Solar radiation 3. Reflected Solar radiation 3 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 1 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 2011 ASHRAE HANDBOOK HVAC Applications I-P Edition Supported by ASHRAE Research 4 CHAPTER 35 SOLAR ENERGY USE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF SOLAR ENERGY Solar Constant …The current value of the solar constant (which is defined as the intensity of solar radiation on a surface normal to the sun’s rays, just beyond the earth’s atmosphere at the average earth-sun distance) is 433 Btu/h · ft2. Chapter 15 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals has further information on this topic. 5 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 2 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 413.1 Btu/h · ft2 Summer 441 Btu/h · ft2 Winter The Earth is closest to the Sun in the Winter 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasons Earth’s yearly revolution around the sun Earth revolves around the sun once per year. The axis of rotation points in the same direction throughout the yearly trip. April March February May January June 23.5o July December August November September October 7 http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0408/es0408page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 3 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Earth’s yearly revolution around the sun Earth revolves around the sun once per year. The axis of rotation points in the same direction throughout the yearly trip. April March February May January June 23.5o July December August November September October 8 http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0408/es0408page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization Solar Insolation is total radiation earth 9 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 4 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Direct Solar radiation (88 to 95%) 10 Diffuse Solar radiation 11 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 5 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Reflected Solar radiation 12 Solar Irradiance 433 13 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 6 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 United States Solar Irradiance C/O National Renewable Energy Laboratory Resource Assessment Program 14 15 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 7 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Solar Energy Definitions • Latitude and Longitude • Solar Sky Position (altitude, inclination & azimuth) • Daily Solar Time (AM through PM) • Collector Tilt Angle (Shade Effect) • Atmospheric Clearness Factor • % Sunshine per Month (Smog) • Isogonic Chart USA • SRCC - “SOLAR RATING & CERTIFICATION CORP” • Stagnation “Where to Put the Heat?” • Solar Fraction (% fuel saved) • REC “Renewable Energy Certificates” 16 Latitude: The angular distance north or south of the earth's equator, measured in degrees. Lines appear horizontal. Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Longitude: The angular distance on the earth's surface, measured east or west. Lines appear vertical. 17 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 8 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 CHAPTER 35 SOLAR ENERGY USE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF SOLAR ENERGY Solar Time Solar Sky Position (altitude, inclination & azimuth) 18 Fig. 1 Apparent Daily Path of the Sun Showing Solar Altitude (ß) and Solar Azimth (ɸ) 19 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 9 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Direction & Inclination 20 Solar Altitude (or Solar Elevation from Horizon) Solar Altitude is the angular height of the sun measured from the Horizon. Above the horizon is positive, below is negative. The sun directly in the centre of the sky has a Solar Altitude of 90 degrees. Solar Elevation angle Sun height, height angle, solar altitude angle or elevation is the angle between a line that points from the site towards the centre of the sun, and the horizon. Angle of Inclination The angle of inclination (angle between the equatorial plane of the earth and the orbital plane of the satellite) This is the direction of a celestial object, measured clockwise around the observer’s horizon from north. So an object dthhithf0due north has an azimuth of 0o, one dt90due east 90o, south 180o and wes t 270o. Azimuth and altitude are usually used together to give the direction of an object in the topocentric coordinate system. Sometimes, south is used as the starting point for azimuth angles instead of north. The solar azimuth angle is the azimuth angle of the sun. It is most often defined as the angle from due north in a clockwise direction. 21 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 10 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Daily Solar Time (AM through PM) Greensboro, North Carolina 36° 4' 21" N / 79° 47' 32" W Longest day of the year… June 21st - First day of Summer Sunrise: 6:03 am Solar noon: 1:21 pm Sunset: 8:39 pm Day Length: 14 hours 37 minutes Shortest day of the year… December 21st - First day Winter Sunrise: 7:26 am Solar noon: 12:17 pm Sunset: 5:09 pm Day Length: 9 hours 42 minutes 26 April 1977 35 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 11 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Collector Tilt Angle “Shade Effect” TILT INCREASE RELATIVE HORIZONTAL COLLECTING SURFACE AREA • The angle of your solar collector should roughly equal the latitude of your location (± 10 degrees ok) • In the Northern Hemisphere: Your collector should face South • In the Southern Hemisphere: Your collector should face North 36 Collector Tilt Angle FIGURE 2.3 EFFECT OF TILT ANGLE ON INSOLATION Software available: F - Chart, Polysun 37 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 12 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Angle of Tilt 38 CHAPTER 35 SOLAR ENERGY USE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF SOLAR ENERGY Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface Atmospheric Clearness Factor 39 Fig. 5 Clearness Numbers for the United States ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 13 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 % Sunshine per Month Shows Average Daily Sunlight Hours Available For Solar Electric (Solar PV) Panels 40 http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/solar-panels/large-insolation-map.html Urban Area Smog Correction 41 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 14 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Isogonic Chart USA FIGURE 2.4 ISOGONIC CHART OF THE UNITED STATES 42 SRCC - “SOLAR RATING & CERTIFICATION CORP” 43 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 15 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 SRCC - “SOLAR RATING & CERTIFICATION CORP” OG-100 44 Stagnation “Where to Put the Heat?” Stagnation is something you need to be aware of… • Simply put, stagnation is when there is heat available in the collector but no place to store it • The end result is the small amount of fluid in the collector flashes to steam • When this occurs, no more heat will be available to collect until the system cools down 45 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 16 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Stagnation “Where to Put the Heat?” • Potential to occur exists in most systems • Minimize its effects by • Proper sizing of the storage tank • Proper sizing of the expansion tank • Using a good evacuating collector (serpentine) • Using a good quality glycol 46 Stagnation “Where to Put the Heat?” Expansion Tank Cold Inlet 47 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 17 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Solar Fraction (% fuel saved) The solar fraction (SF) is the ratio of the energy supplied by the solar system to the total energy required by the process. Note that, for small collector areas, a relatively small increase in collector area leads to a steep increase in solar fraction. As the collector area is increased, however, each addition al square foot of collector area yields a smaller increase in solar fraction. The selection of the optimum collector area for a gggyyiven building system is ultimately an economic decision, as the cost of additional collector area and system capacity must be weighed against the diminishing return in solar fraction gained. * 30% Solar Fraction a good place to begin when looking for the fastest payback. 48 REC “Renewable Energy Certificates” Duke Energy Carolinas Renewable Energy Certificates (“RECs”) Standard Offer * One “REC” is equivalent to 1,000 KWH 49 ©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 18 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc. 800-365-9010 Duke Energy Carolinas Standard Purchase Offer for Renewable Energy Certificates (“RECs”) North Carolina has enacted a Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard (“REPS”) to diversify electricity generation resources and to encourage investment in renewable energy technologies. In order to comply with the REPS requirements Duke Energy Carolinas plan to develop renewable energy and energy efficiency resources and purchase Renewable Energy Certificates (“RECs”). RECs represent the renewable energy or “green” attribute of renewable energy supply and will be used to document compliance with the North Carolina REPS law. A REC is equivalent to one megawatt hour (1,000 KWH) of renewable energy supply. Customer’s facility must generate RECs from one of the approved renewable energy resources under NC REPS (e.g. solar electric, solar thermal, wind, hydropower, geothermal or ocean current, a wave energy resource, biomass resource, landfill methane, waste heat derived from a renewable resource, or hydrogen derived from a renewable resource).
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