Karyotypes and Meisosis Test Review 2012

1. Where is the nondisjunction on the karyotype? 18 2. Is this male or female?

Male 3. What is Klinefelters syndrome? (Be able to recognize a Klinefelters karyotype) Chromosome # 23 - XXY – Male 4. 5. What is Down’s syndrome? (Be able to recognize a Down syndrome karyotype) Trisomy 21 6. What is a nondisjunction? When Chromosomes do not separate properly – creates monosomy or trisomy.

7. When looking at a karyotype XX = female and Xy=Male 8. What is Turner’s syndrome? (Be able to recognize a Turner’s syndrome karyotype) only 1 sex chromosomes on 23 -X - female 9. What is a karyotype and how are they made? A picture of a organisms chromosomes The chromosomes are assorted into homologous pairs and arranged from large to small with sex chromosomes on #23 10. What are autosomes? Everything but the sex cells chromosomes 1 -22 How many are in the above Karyotype? 45 11. On a normal human karyotype: how many autosomes are there _44___ how many sex chromosomes? +__2____ TOTAL chromosomes? = _46______12. What chromosome number carries the sex chromosomes in humans?23 13. What is a Chromatin? A thin strand of DNA 14. What is a Chromatid? 2 chromatins 15. What is a deletion mutation? When a piece of chromosome breaks off completely o ABCDE = ABCE 16. What is an inversion mutation? When the chromosome piece reattaches to the original chromosome but in a reverse orientation. ABCDE = ABCED 17. What is a duplication mutation? A chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome ABCDE = ABABCDE 18. What type of cells are gametes? Provide the two examples sex cells – eggs/sperm 19. What type of cells are somatic cells? Body cells everything but sex cells 20. What is a zygote? Is a zygote haploid or diploid? Fertilized egg cells (first cell of a new organism) Diploid (sperm 23 + egg 23 = 46 diploid) 21. Which type of cell can pass on damage from parent to offspring? (somatic or gametic)gametic 22. If an animal has 40 chromosomes in each of its somatic cells and divides in mitosis how many chromosomes will the new (daughter) cells have? 2 new cells will have 40 chromosomes – diploid – same as parents 23. What is purpose of mitosis? Grow, repair, asexual reproduction – how somatic cells are made – identical to parent 24. Mitosis produces how many new cells? 2 Are those new cells haploid or diploid? diploid 25. Meiosis produces how many new cells? 4 Are those new cells haploid or diploid? haploid 26. How are mitosis and meiosis different? See comparison chart below mitosis – identical cells made (somatic) Meiosis genetically different cells (gametes) 27. Asexual reproduction is a example of (mitosis or meiosis) mitosis 28. What is crossing over? Homologous chromosomes swapping genetic info – mom’s and dad’s information are exchanged 29. What advantage does crossing over give a species?larger amount of diversity 30. If a cell is diploid with 40 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each new cell have after MITOSIS? 40

31. If a cell is diploid with 40 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each new cell have after MEIOSIS? 20

32. What is the advantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction gives us our genetic differences ---asexual – is identical to parent 33. Which type of cell, somatic or gamete, could be more likely to pass a change/damage from parent to offspring?gametes – eggs/sperm

34. What are homologous chromosomes? How can you tell? Draw a pair of homologous chromosomes. 2 chromosomes that are similar size, shape and genetic info

35. Fill out the following chart . Mitosis Meiosis Produces: Gametic Cells / Somatic Cells (circle one) Produces: Gametic Cells / Somatic Cells Starts with _1_ cells Starts with __1_ cells Diploid / Haploid (circle one) Diploid / Haploid (circle one)

How many times does the cell go through Interphase?1 How many times does the cell go through interphase 1 How many times does the nucleus divide? 1___ How many times does the nucleus divide? 2_ End results in __2_ number of daughter cells End results in _4__ number of daughter cells Daughter cells are Diploid / Haploid (circle one) Daughter cells are Diploid / Haploid (circle one) Sexual or Asexual reproduction (circle one) Sexual or Asexual reproduction (circle one)

Somatic Cell Gamete Cell Diploid # Haploid # Organism Chromosomes # Chromosomes # Human 46 23 46 23 Cow 60 30 60 30 Mosquito 6 3 6 3 Chicken 78 39 78 39 A beaver’s diploid number is 40. What is it’s haploid number? 20 - Each gamete cell in a donkey has 31 chromosomes. How many chromosomes in a donkey’s somatic cells? 62

- A gorilla’s diploid number is 48. How many chromosomes are in each gamete cell? 24 - Each somatic cell in a Kangaroo has 12 chromosomes. What is the Kangaroo’s haploid number? 6 - What are the ways meiosis creates genetic variation? Random fertilization, crossing over, independent assortment - Draw prophase I and II, metaphase I and II, anaphase I and II and telophase I and II - As a fetus develops, does it grow through mitosis or meiosis? ] mitosis