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Indicadores Físico-Químicos: Daniel Andrés Dos Santos Y María Celina Reynaga ¿Qué, Cómo Y Cuánto Reflejan La Calidad Del Agua? Alicia Fernández Cirelli Y Alejandra V

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Indicadores Físico-Químicos: Daniel Andrés Dos Santos Y María Celina Reynaga ¿Qué, Cómo Y Cuánto Reflejan La Calidad Del Agua? Alicia Fernández Cirelli Y Alejandra V La bioindicación en el monitoreo y evaluación de los sistemas fluviales de la Argentina Bases para el análisis de la integridad ecológica Eduardo Domínguez Adonis Giorgi Nora Gómez Compiladores La bioindicación en el monitoreo y evaluación de los sistemas fluviales de la Argentina: bases para el análisis de la integridad ecológica / Eduardo Domínguez... [et al.] ; compilado por Eduardo Domínguez ; Adonis Giorgi ; Nora Gómez.- 1a ed . - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Eudeba, 2020. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga ISBN 978-950-23-3006-8 1. Sistemas Fluviales. 2. Bioindicación. 3. Biomonitoreo. I. Domínguez, Eduardo, comp. II. Giorgi, Adonis, comp. III. Gómez, Nora, comp. CDD 577.64 ISBN formato impreso: 978-950-23-3005-1 Eudeba - Universidad de Buenos Aires © 2020 Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires Sociedad de Economía Mixta Av. Rivadavia 1571/73 (1033) Ciudad de Buenos Aires Tel: (54 11) 4383-8025 / (54 11) 4383-2202 www.eudeba.com.ar © 2020 Eduardo Domínguez © 2020 Adonis Giorgi © 2020 Nora Gómez Idea y dirección general del proyecto: Eduardo Domínguez Adonis Giorgi Nora Gómez Diseño y producción editorial: Silvina Simondet Foto de tapa Eduardo Domínguez Río Coleguai, Parque Nacional Los Alerces, Chubut, Argentina. 2017. No se permite la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, ni su almacenamiento en un sistema informático, ni su trans- misión cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, electrónico, mecánico, fotocopia u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo del editor. Su infracción está penada por las leyes 11.723 y 25.446. Se permiten citar en artículos críticos o reseñas, sin fines comerciales de la siguiente manera: Eduardo Domínguez, Adonis Giorgi y Nora Gómez (Comps.) 2020. La bioindicación en el monitoreo y evaluación de los sistemas fluviales de la Argentina: Bases para el análisis de la integridad ecológica. Editorial Eudeba. Autoridades Presidente de la Nación Alberto Fernández Jefe de Gabinete de Ministros Santiago Cafiero Ministerio de Ambiente Ministerio de Ciencia, y Desarrollo Sostenible Tecnología e Innovación Ministro de Ambiente Ministro de Ciencia, y Desarrollo Sostenible Tecnología e Innovación Juan Cabandié Dr. Roberto Carlos Salvarezza Titular de la Unidad Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones de Gabinete de Asesores Científicas y Técnicas María Soledad Cantero Presidenta Dra. Ana María Franchi Secretaria de Política Ambiental en Recursos Naturales Vicepresidente de Asuntos Científicos Ing. Alejandra Esther Moreyra Dr. Mario Martín Pecheny Directora Nacional de Gestión Vicepresidente de Asuntos Ambiental del Agua Tecnológicos y los Ecosistemas Acuáticos Dr. Roberto Daniel Rivarola Dra. Gabriela Liliana Gonzalez Trilla Gerente de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico Dr. Jorge Tezón Directora de Convenios y Proyectos Dra. Patricia Maccagno 7 Prólogo Eduardo Domínguez Adonis Giorgi Nora Gómez La idea de este libro surgió luego de la realización del los biológicos la reconocen como de baja calidad. Y no VII Congreso Argentino de Limnología, realizado en San son contradicciones: es que se están midiendo distintos Miguel de Tucumán en agosto de 2016. Allí quedó clara aspectos de los sistemas acuáticos tal vez con diferentes la necesidad de recopilar la información existente refe- objetivos. Hoy más que nunca es importante promover rida al estado de los ríos y arroyos de nuestro país, pa- consensos para definir cuáles son las características rámetros de referencia y metodologías para monitorear deseables de los ecosistemas acuáticos que permitan la calidad de agua, experiencias realizadas y resultados tanto la vida de los organismos que los habitan como su obtenidos, que permitan realizar una evaluación de la in- uso por parte del ser humano, para poder aprovechar los tegridad ecológica de los ecosistemas acuáticos. Por otra beneficios que estos ecosistemas aportan. Por ello sería parte, también quedó en evidencia la imperiosa necesi- indispensable considerar la integridad ecológica tanto dad de interactuar con los otros actores relacionados con de los ríos y arroyos que son motivo de este libro, como los cuerpos de agua, como por ejemplo los organismos de así también la gran diversidad de ecosistemas acuáticos aplicación, los gestores y los usuarios del agua, si deseá- existentes en nuestro país. bamos que nuestros aportes desde la investigación cien- tífica tuvieran impacto sobre la protección y manejo de Un río ya no tiene que ser considerado sólo por su cauce los ecosistemas acuáticos. En otras palabras, dejar de ha- o como un cañería por la que fluye el agua, sino también blar “entre nosotros” y comunicarnos con la comunidad. por sus márgenes, su conexión con el agua subterránea, su bosque de ribera, en definitiva la cuenca como unidad El desarrollo de las diferentes metodologías y herramien- morfo-funcional con toda su complejidad. Lo que sucede tas para diagnosticar el estado de los cuerpos de agua en en cualquiera de estos diferentes componentes va a afec- distintas regiones de la Argentina es desigual, así como tar directamente al cuerpo de agua y a los organismos que sus aplicaciones. Mientras que en algunas áreas se han lo habitan. La integridad ecológica, que aparece como un aplicado diferentes métodos de evaluación y monitoreo y concepto lógico o incluso natural, no está tan extendido los conocimientos son bastante aceptables, en otras son en la concepción de la protección, manejo y gestión del más escasos o prácticamente nulos. Esto está reflejado bien incorrectamente denominado “recurso” agua. Como en este libro, en el que queríamos mostrar el estado del ejemplo, baste citar que entre los 17 Objetivos de Desarro- conocimiento y también la situación de los cuerpos de llo Sustentable del Programa de Naciones Unidas para el agua, para comenzar a proponer posibles políticas y ac- Desarrollo para el año 2030 figuran la Vida Submarina y la ciones a realizar. Vida de Ecosistemas Terrestres, pero para las aguas con- tinentales el objetivo es Agua Limpia y saneamiento. Re- Los resultados del estado de los ecosistemas acuáti- cién su último punto sostiene: “Proteger y restablecer los cos obtenidos con algunos métodos de diagnóstico (por ecosistemas relacionados con el agua, incluidos los bos- ejemplo los químicos), por lo general no son fácilmente ques, las montañas, los humedales, los ríos, los acuíferos compatibles con otros (como los biológicos). Algunas y los lagos”. Uno se puede preguntar entonces: ¿de dónde veces, mientras que los resultados de los parámetros fi- viene el agua limpia? ¿No está invertido el orden de im- sicoquímicos denotan una calidad del agua “aceptable”, portancia? La necesidad de un saneamiento en realidad 8 es una metodología para mitigar el mal manejo, que de- Para construir una nueva perspectiva de cómo abordar el bería tratar de mejorarse. El agua es imprescindible para diagnóstico del estado de los ecosistemas acuáticos, es nuestra vida. Pero tenemos que pensar que el agua no es vital generar un espacio que permita la interacción de los un recurso infinito, ni totalmente renovable, por lo me- distintos actores que se requieren para llevarlo a cabo, in- nos dentro de lo que a nuestra cultura se refiere. A modo tegrando saberes y demandas. En tal sentido esperamos de ejemplo, los acuíferos subterráneos, cuyo tiempo de que este libro, forjado en los conocimientos aportados residencia es a veces de miles de años, una vez contami- por diferentes grupos de investigación del país, contribu- nados requieren de mucho tiempo y costo para ser recu- ya facilitando las herramientas necesarias para entender perados. Por otro lado, el agua con una calidad biológica cómo analizar los cuerpos de agua y tomar decisiones buena, además de proveer alimento, esparcimiento, rie- acertadas para proteger los servicios ecosistémicos que go, etc. también es más fácil y económica de potabilizar proveen. Estos son tan numerosos e importantes para para nuestro uso que el agua con una carga contaminan- nuestra vida, que es inexplicable que nunca los hayamos te que debe ser eliminada previamente. considerado como tales. Recién estamos comenzando a valorarlos en la actualidad, probablemente como conse- Volviendo al punto de “dejar de hablar entre nosotros” y cuencia de su deterioro, que afecta la cantidad y calidad comunicarnos con la comunidad, es necesario desarro- del agua promoviendo una crisis planetaria que debere- llar o poner en práctica herramientas de comunicación. mos enfrentar. El lenguaje de la ciencia y la técnica es complicado para los no especialistas. Hace un tiempo se comenzó a ha- Los conocimientos científicos deberían servirnos para vi- blar de los “analfabetos digitales” como un problema casi vir de manera más armónica con nuestro propio hábitat. tan importante como los analfabetos funcionales para Sin embargo cabe preguntarnos: ¿por qué no es así? Entre el desarrollo una sociedad. ¿No es quizás el momento de tanto, hasta que tengamos la respuesta, deberíamos uti- comenzar a preocuparnos por lo que podríamos llamar lizar todas las herramientas disponibles para conservar “analfabetismo ecológico” en referencia a la incapacidad los ecosistemas acuáticos tan esenciales para la huma- para juzgar desde conceptos simples de la ecología a algu- nidad y la vida en el planeta. Parece más fácil tratar de nos de los problemas ambientales actuales que nos aque- colonizar nuevos mundos que valorar el que tenemos. jan? Por ejemplo, una persona que tenga conocimientos básicos de ecología debería poder juzgar entre si es bue- Finalmente, queremos expresar nuestra gratitud y reco-
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