E-supplement e-Table 1: Main characteristics of databases Database Country Explanation Mondriaan The The Dutch Mondriaan project is a private-public collaboration funded by the Dutch TOP institute Pharma (www.tipharma.com). Health Netherlands care data from various sources are pseudonymized and anonymized, linked, and disclosed for research. The cumulative number of persons having data in Mondriaan reaches around 1.4 million comprising mainly GP data complemented by pharmacy dispensing data and linkages to survey data. CPRD GOLD UK General practitioners (GPs) record information on demographics, diagnoses, and drug prescriptions as well as patient referrals and hospital admissions, using standard coding systems. The GPs generate prescriptions directly with the computer and this information is automatically transcribed into the individual computerized patient records. Additionally, the CPRD holds information regarding lifestyle variables such as body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, and smoking. Recorded information on drug exposure and diagnoses has been validated repeatedly and has proven to be of high quality (Jick SS, Kaye JA, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Garcia Rodríguez LA, Ruigómez A, Meier CR, Schlienger RG, Black C, Validity of the general practice research database. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May;23(5):686-9., Herrett E, Thomas SL, Schoonen WM, Smeeth L, Hall AJ. Validation and validity of diagnoses in the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Jan;69(1):4-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03537.x. Review., Khan NF, Harrison SE, Rose PW. Validity of diagnostic coding within the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2010 Mar;60(572):e128-36. doi: 10.3399/bjgp10X483562. Review). The enrolled patients are representative of the UK with regard to age, gender, and geographic distribution (Lawrenson R, Williams T, Farmer R. Clinical information for research; the use of general practice databases. J Public Health Med. 1999 Sep;21(3):299-304. Review.). The CPRD is managed by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee for MHRA database research (ISAC). The investigators had access to anonymous information only. Clinformatics Data Mart US The administrative patient claims data used in this study included pharmacy claims, and patient eligibility information along with medical claims from United Health Group (UHG) and non-UHG plans. The individuals are geographically diverse across the US, with greatest representation in the South and Midwest US census regions. The plans provide fully insured coverage for outpatient prescription medication, professional (e.g., physician), and facility (e.g., hospital) services. Outpatient pharmacy claims provide, among other information.