Coral Community Structure and Species Diversity

ESM 1 Key research topics (not covered by Berumen et al. 2013) and selected publications of global significance for the field of coral reef ecology conducted at the Gulf of Aqaba/Eilat (GoA/E) by local and international authors

Coral community structure and species diversity Al-Horani FA, Al-Rousan A, Saber A, Al-Zibdeh M, Khalaf MA (2006) The status of coral reefs on the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Zool in the Middle East 38:99-110 Belmaker J, Jetz W (2011) Cross-scale variation in species richness-environment associations. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:464-474 Fishelson L (1973a) Ecological and biological phenomena influencing coral-species composition on reef tables at Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba, Red-Sea) Mar Biol 19:183-196 Loya Y (1972) Community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at Eilat, Red Sea. Mar Biol 13:100-123 Loya Y (1990) Changes in a Red Sea coral community structure: A long-term case history study. In: Woodwell GM (ed) The earth in transition: patterns and processes of biotic Impoverishment, Cambridge University Press pp 369-384 Mergner H, Schuhmacher H (1974) Morphology, ecology and zonation of coral reefs at Aqaba (Gulf of Aqaba, Red-Sea). Helgol Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters 26:238-358 Mergner H, Schuhmacher H (1981) Quantitative-analysis of the coral community of a fore reef area near Aqaba (Red-Sea). Helgol Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters 34:337-354 Riegl B, Piller WE (1997) Distribution and environmental control of coral assemblages in northern Safaga Bay (Red Sea, Egypt). Facies 36:141-162 Riegl B, Piller WE (1999) Coral frameworks revisited-reefs and coral carpets in the northern Red Sea. Coral Reefs 18:241-253 Riegl B, Velimirov B (1991) How many damaged corals in red-sea reef systems - a quantitative survey. Hydrobiologia 216:249-256 Scheer G (1984) The distribution of reef-corals in the Indian-ocean with a historical review of its investigation. Deep Sea Res A 31:885-900 Zvuloni A, van Woesik R, Loya Y (2010) Diversity partitioning of stony corals across multiple spatial scales around Zanzibar Island, Tanzania. PLoS One 5(3):e9941

Competitive networks and space partitioning among coral populations Abelson A, Loya Y (1999) Interspecific aggression among stony corals in Eilat, Red Sea: A hierarchy of aggression ability and related parameters. Bull Mar Sci 65:851-860 Benayahu Y, Loya Y (1977b) Space partitioning by stony corals soft corals and benthic algae on coral reefs of northern Gulf of Eilat (Red-Sea). Helgol Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters 30:362-382 Benayahu Y, Loya Y (1981) Competition for space among coral-reef sessile organisms at Eilat, Red-Sea. Bull Mar Sci 31:514-522 Lapid ED, Chadwick NE (1996) Long-term effects of competition on coral growth and sweeper tentacle development Mar Ecol Prog Ser 313:115-123 Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1983) Intraspecific competitive networks in the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata. Coral Reefs 1:161-172 Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1985) Intraspecific competition in a reef coral: effects on growth and reproduction. Oecologia 66:100-105

Coral diseases Al-Moghrabi SM (2001) Unusual black band disease (BBD) outbreak in the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan). Coral Reefs 19:330-331 Antonius A (1985) Coral diseases in the Indo-Pacific: A first record. Mar Ecol 6:197-218 Antonius A, Riegl B (1997) A possible link between coral diseases and a corallivorous snail (Drupella cornus) outbreak in the Red Sea. Atoll Res Bull 447:1-9 Antonius A, Riegl B (1998) Coral diseases and Drupella cornus invasion in the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 17:48-48 Atad A, Zvuloni A, Loya Y, Rosenberg E (2012) Phage therapy of the white plague-like disease of Favia favus in the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 31:665-670 Winkler R, Antonius A, Renegar DA (2004) The skeleton eroding band disease on coral reefs of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar Ecol 25:129-144 Zvuloni A, Artzy-Randrup Y, Stone L, Kramarsky-Winter E, Barkan E, Loya Y (2009) Spatio- temporal transmission patterns of black-band disease in a coral community. PLoS One 4:e4993

Coral recruitment Abelson A, Denny M (1997) Settlement of marine organisms in flow. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:317- 339 Abelson A, Gaines S (2005) A call for a standardized protocol of coral recruitment research and outlines for its conception. Mar Pollut Bull 50:1745-1748 Abelson A, Olinky R, Gaines S (2005) Coral recruitment to the reefs of Eilat, Red Sea: temporal and spatial variation, and possible effects of anthropogenic disturbances. Mar Pollut Bull 50:576- 582 Glassom D, Zakai D, Chadwick-Furman NE (2004) Coral recruitment: A spatio-temporal analysis along the coastline of Eilat, northern Red Sea. Mar Biol 144:641-651 Glassom D, Furman NEC, Zakai D (2005) Methods and interpretation of coral recruitment studies: Effects of anthropogenic disturbance? Mar Pollut Bull 50:1019-1023 Loya Y (1976a) The Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata is an r-strategist. Nature 259:478-780

Coral ecophysiology: photosynthesis calcification and nitrogen fixation Al-Horani FA (2005) Effects of changing seawater temperature on photosynthesis and 2+ calcification in the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis, measured with O2, Ca and pH microsensors. Sci Mar 69:347-354 Al-Horani FA, Al-Moghrabi SM, de Beer D (2003) The mechanism of calcification and its relation to photosynthesis and respiration in the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis. Mar Biol 142:419-426 Al-Horani FA, Al-Rousan SA, Manasrah RS, Rasheed MY (2005a) Coral calcification: Use of radioactive isotopes and metabolic inhibitors to study the interactions with photosynthesis and respiration. Chem Ecol 21:325-335 Al-Horani FA, Ferdelman T, Al-Moghrabi SM, de Beer D (2005b) Spatial distribution of calcification and photosynthesis in the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis Coral Reefs 24:173-180 Al-Horani FA, Tambutté E, Allemand D (2007) Dark calcification and the daily rhythm of calcification in the scleractinian coral, Galaxea fascicularis. Coral Reefs 26:531-538 Erez J (1978) Vital effect on stable-isotope composition seen in foraminifera and coral skeletons. Nature 273:199-202 Falkowski PG, Dubinsky Z (1981) Light-shade adaptation of Stylophora pistillata, a hermatypic coral from the Gulf of Eilat. Nature 289:172-174 Mass T, Genin A, Shavit U, Grinstein M, Tchernov D (2010) Flow enhances photosynthesis in marine benthic autotrophs by increasing the efflux of oxygen from the water to the organism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:2527-2531 Muscatine L, Falkowski PG, Porter JW, Dubinsky Z (1984) Fate of photosynthetic fixed carbon in light-adapted and shade-adapted colonies of the symbiotic coral Stylophora-pistillata. Proc Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci 222:181-202 Shashar N, Cohen Y, Loya Y (1993) Extreme diel fluctuations of oxygen in diffusive boundary- layers surrounding stony corals. Biol Bull 185:455-461 Shashar N, Cohen Y, Loya Y, Sar N (1994) Nitrogen-fixation (acetylene-reduction) in stony corals evidence for coral-bacteria interactions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:259-264 Stambler N, Dubinsky Z (2005) Corals as light collectors: an integrating sphere approach. Coral Reefs 24:1-9 Stambler N, Levy O, Vaki L (2008) Photosynthesis and respiration of hermatypic zooxanthellate Red Sea corals from 5-75 m depth. Isr J Plant Sci 56:45-53

Quantitative methodologies for evaluating health of coral reefs Ben-Tzvi O, Loya Y, Abelson A (2004) Deterioration Index (DI): A suggested tool for monitoring reef-coral community health. Mar Pollut Bull 10:954-960 Guzner B, Novoplansky A, Chadwick NE (2007) Population dynamics of the reef-building coral Acropora hemprichii as an indicator of reef condition. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 333:143-150 Jameson SC, Ammar MSA, Saadalla E, Jameson SC, Ammar MSA, Saadalla E, Mostafa HM, Riegl B (1999) A coral damage index and its application to diving sites in the Egyptian Red Sea. Coral Reefs 18:333-339 Loya Y (1972) Community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at Eilat, Red Sea. Mar Biol 13:100-123 Loya Y (1978) Plotless and transect methods. In: Stoddart DR, Johannes ED (eds) Coral Reefs: Research Methods. Monographs on oceanic methodology. Unesco Press 5:197-218 Naumann MS, Niggl W, Laforsch C, Glaser C, Wild C (2009a) Coral surface area quantification- evaluation of established techniques by comparison with computer tomography. Coral Reefs 28:109-117 Zvuloni A, Artzy-Randrup Y, Stone L, van Woesik R, Loya Y (2008) Ecological size-frequency distributions: How to prevent and correct biases in spatial sampling. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 6:144-153 Coral reef algae Benayahu Y, Loya Y (1977a) Seasonal occurrence of benthic algae communities and grazing regulation by sea urchins at the coral reefs of Eilat, Red Sea. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp 2:383−389 Benayahu Y, Loya Y (1977b) Space partitioning by stony corals soft corals and benthic algae on coral reefs of northern Gulf of Eilat (Red Sea). Helgol Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters 30:362-382 Berner T, Wishkovsky A, Dubinsky Z (1986) Endozoic algae in shelled gastropods - a new symbiotic association in coral reefs. II. Survey of distribution of endozoic algae in Red Sea snails. Coral Reefs 5:107-109 Haas A, El-Zibdah M, Wild C (2010a) Seasonal monitoring of coral-algae interactions in fringing reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba, Northern Red Sea. Coral Reefs 29:93-103 Haas AF, Naumann MS, Struck U, Mayr C, El-Zibdah M, Wild C (2010b) Organic matter release by coral reef associated benthic algae in the Northern Red Sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 389:53-60 Krumbein WE (1979) Photolithotropic and chemoorganotrophic activity of bacteria and algae as related to beachrock formation and degradation (Gulf-of-Aqaba, Sinai) Geomicrobiol J 1:139-203 Lundberg B (1981) Algal vegetation and algae as a fish diet at 2 basins in the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba). Bull Mar Sci 31:810-810 Mesmar MN (1988) Levels of zinc, cadmium and lead in some marine-algae from Aqaba Red Sea. Acta Biol Hung 39:345-349 Natour RM, Gerloff J, Nizamuddin M (1979a) Algae from the Gulf of Aqaba, Jordan. 1. Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae. Nova Hedwigia 31:39-67 Natour RM, Gerloff J, Nizamuddin M (1979b) Algae from the Gulf of Aqaba, Jordan. 2. Rhodophyceae. Nova Hedwigia 31:69-93 Papenfus GF (1968) A history catalogue and bibliography of Red Sea benthic algae. Isr J Bot 17:1-8 Schuhmacher H (1973) Light-dependent colonization of pillars by sessile animals and algae from coral reef at Eilat (Red-Sea). Helgol Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters 24:307-326

Octocorallia Benayahu Y, Loya Y (1977b) Space partitioning by stony corals soft corals and benthic algae on coral reefs of northern Gulf of Eilat (Red-Sea). Helgol Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters 30:362-382 Benayahu Y, Loya Y (1983) Surface brooding in the Red Sea soft coral Parerythropodium- fulvum- fulvum (Forskal, 1775). Biol Bull 165:353-369 Benayahu Y, Loya Y (1984) Life history of the Red Sea soft coral Xenia macrospiculata Gohar, 1940. I. Annual dynamics of gonadal development. Biol Bull 166:32-43 Benayahu Y, Loya Y (1987). Long-term recruitment of soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) on artificial substrata at Eilat (Red Sea). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 38:161-167 Ben-Yosef DZ, Kashman Y, Benayahu Y (2006) Response of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens to ultraviolet radiation regimes as reflected by mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis. Mar Ecol 27:219-228 Fabricius KE, Genin A, Benayahu Y (1995) Flow-dependent herbivory and growth in zooxanthellae-free soft corals. Limnol Oceanogr 40:1290-1301 Gabay Y, Benayahu Y, Fine M (2013) Does elevated pCO2 affect reef octocorals? Ecol Evol 3:465-473 Kahng SE, Benayahu Y, Lasker HR (2011) Sexual reproduction in octocorals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 443:265-285 Perkol-Finkel S, Benayahu Y (2007) Differential recruitment of benthic communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 340:25-39 Coral reef fish ecology Belmaker J, Ziv Y, Shashar N, Connelly SR (2008) Regional variation in the hierarchical partitioning of diversity in coral-dwelling fishes. Ecology 89:2829-2840 Ben-Tzvi O, Kiflawi M, Gildor H, Abelson A (2007) Possible effects of downwelling on the recruitment of coral reef fishes to the Eilat (Red Sea) coral reefs. Limnol Oceanogr 52:2618-2628 Brokovich E, Baranes A, Goren M (2006) Habitat structure determines coral reef fish assemblages at the northern tip of the Red Sea. Ecol Indic 6:494-507 Fishelson L (1970) Protogynous sex reversal in fish Anthias-squamipinnis (Teleostei, Anthiidae) regulated by presence or absence of a male fish. Nature 227:90 Fishelson L, Montgomery WL, Myrberg AA (1985) A unique symbiosis in the gut of tropical herbivorous surgeon fish (Acanthuridae: Teleostei) from the Red Sea. Science 229:49-51 Fricke HW (1974) Eco ethology of the anemone fish Amphiprion-bicinctus field studies in the Red Sea. Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie 36:429-512 Fricke HW (1979) Mating system, resource defense and sex change in the anemonefish Amphiprion akallopisos. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 50:313-326 Fricke HW (1980) Control of different mating systems in a coral-reef fish by one environmental factor animal. Behaviour 28:561-569 Fricke HW, Schuhmacher H (1983) The depth limits of red sea stony corals an ecophysiological problem (a deep diving survey by submersible). Mar Ecol 4:163-194 Khalaf MA, Disi A (1997) Fishes of the Gulf of Aqaba. Marine Science Station Aqaba, Jordan Khalaf M, Kochzius M (2002) Community structure and biogeography of shore fishes in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Helgol Wissenschaftliche Meeresunters 55:252-284 Kiflawi M, Genin A (1997) Prey flux manipulation and the feeding rates of reef-dwelling planktivorous fish. Ecology 78:1062-1077 Kiflawi M, Belmaker J, Brokovich E, Einbinder E, Holzman R (2006) The determinants of species richness of a relatively young coral reef ichthyofauna. J Biogeogr 33:1289-1294

Zooplankton and phytoplankton Al-Najjar TH (2005) Seasonal and spatial variations in mesozooplankton biomass in the northern Gulf of Aqaba. Zool Middle East 34:87-92 Al-Najjar T, Badran MI, Richter C, Meyerhoefer M, Sommer U (2007) Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Hydrobiologia 579:69-83 Al-Qutob M, Hase C, Tilzer MM, Lazar B (2002) Phytoplankton drives nitrite dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 239:233-239 Cornils A, Schnack-Schiel SB, Hagen W, Dowider M, Stambler N, Plahn O, Richter C (2005) Spatial and temporal distribution of mesozooplankton in the Gulf of Aqaba and the northern Red Sea in February/March 1999. J Plankton Res 27:505-518 Cornils A, Schnack-Schiel SB, Al-Najjar T, Badran M, Rasheed M, Manasreh R, Richter C (2007) The seasonal cycle of the epipelagic mesozooplankton in the northern Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). J Mar Syst 68:278-292 Dubinsky Z, Falkowski P, Wyman G (1986) Light harvesting and utilization by phytoplankton. Plant Cell Physiol 27:1335-1349 Farstey V, Lazar B, Genin A (2002) Expansion and homogeneity of the vertical distribution of zooplankton in a very deep mixed layer. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 238:91-100 Genin A (2004) Bio-physical coupling in the formation of zooplankton and fish aggregations over abrupt topographies. J Mar Syst 50:3-20 Genin A, Jaffe JS, Reef R, Richter C, Franks PGS (2005) Swimming against the flow: A mechanism of zooplankton aggregation. Science 308:860-862 Holzman R, Genin A (2003) Zooplanktivory by a nocturnal coral-reef fish: Effects of light, flow, and prey density. Limnol Oceanogr 48:1367-1375 Holzman R, Reidenbach MA, Monismith SG, Koseff JR, Genin A (2005) Near-bottom depletion of zooplankton over a coral reef. II: Relationships with zooplankton swimming ability. Coral Reefs 24:87-94 Kimor B, Gordon N, Neori A (1992) Symbiotic associations among the microplankton in oligotrophic marine environments, with special reference to the Gulf of Aqaba, Red-Sea. J Plankton Res 14:1217-1231 Lindell D, Post AF (1995) Ultraphytoplankton succession is triggered by deep winter mixing in the Gulf-of-Aqaba (Eilat), Red-Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 40:1130-1141 Mackey KRM, Labiosa RG, Calhoun M, Street JH, Post AF, Paytan A (2007) Phosphorus availability, phytoplankton community dynamics, and taxon-specific phosphorus status in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 52:873-885 Reiss Z, Hottinger L (Eds) (1984) The Gulf of Aqaba, Ecological Micropaleontology. Springer-Verlag pp 354 Yahel R, Yahel G, Genin A (2005a) Near-bottom depletion of zooplankton over coral reefs. I: Diurnal dynamics and size distribution. Coral Reefs 24:75-85 Yahel R, Yahel G, Berman T, Jaffe JS, Genin A (2005b) Diel pattern with abrupt crepuscular changes of zooplankton over a coral reef. Limnol Oceanogr 50:930-944

Coral reef nutrient fluxes and eutrophication Badran MI, Rasheed M, Manasrah R, Al-Najjar T (2005) Nutrient flux fuels the summer primary productivity in the oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Oceanologia 47:47-60 Badran MI, Al Zibdah MK (2005a) Environmental quality of Jordanian coastal surface sediment, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Ambio 34:615-620 Badran MI, Al Zibdah MK (2005b) Quality standard codes of reference of Jordanian coastal waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Chem Ecol 21:337-350 Genin A, Lazar B, Brenner S (1995) Vertical mixing and coral death in the Red Sea following the eruption of mount-Pinatubo. Nature 377:507-510 Loya Y, Kramarsky-Winter E (2003) In situ eutrophication caused by fish farms in the northern Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba) is beneficial for its coral reefs: A critique. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 26:299-303 Loya Y, Lubinevsky H, Rosenfeld M, Kramarsky-Winter E (2004) Nutrient enrichment caused by in situ fish-farms is detrimental to coral reproduction. Mar Pollut Bull 49:344-353 Mahasneh AM, Wahbeh MI, Al-Temimi S (1985) Taxonomy seasonal variations and abundance of marine sediment aerobic bacteria in the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. Dirasat Natural Sciences (Amman) 12:19-26 Rasheed M, Badran MI, Richter C, Huettel M (2002) Effect of reef framework and bottom sediment on nutrient enrichment in a coral reef of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 239:277-285 Rasheed M, Al-Rousan S, Manasrah R, Al-Horani F (2006) Nutrient fluxes from deep sediment support nutrient budget in the oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Aqaba. J Oceanogr 62:83-89 Rinkevich B (2005) Nutrient enrichment and coral reproduction: Between truth and repose (a critique of Loya et al.) Mar Pollut Bull 50:111-113 Silverman J, Lazar B, Erez J (2007) Community metabolism of a coral reef exposed to naturally varying dissolved inorganic nutrient loads. Biogeochem 84:67-82

Coral reef trophodynamics: metabolism, organic matter cycling and coral mucus Berninger UG, Wickham SA (2005) Response of the microbial food web to manipulation of nutrients and grazers in the oligotrophic Gulf of Aqaba and northern Red Sea. Mar Biol 147:1017-1032 El-Serehy HA, Al-Rasheid KA, Al-Quraishi S, Al Misned F, Al-Farraj S (2013) Abundance and trophodynamics of surface microbial loop populations in the northern Red Sea. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 16:51-61 El-Serehy HA, Al-Rasheid, KA, Shafik H (2012) Microbial loop populations: Their abundances and trophodynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 12:565-573 Haas A, Al-Zibdah M, Wild C (2009) Effect of inorganic and organic nutrient addition on coral- algae assemblages from the northern Red Sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 380:99-105 Lindell D, Post AF (1995) Ultraphytoplankton succession is triggered by deep winter mixing in the Gulf-of-Aqaba (Eilat), Red Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 40:1130-1141 Mayer FW, Wild C (2010). Coral mucus release and following particle trapping contribute to rapid nutrient recycling in a Northern Red Sea fringing reef. Mar Freshw Res 61: 1006-1014 Naumann MS, Richter C, el-Zibdah M, Wild C (2009b) Coral mucus as an efficient trap for picoplanktonic cyanobacteria: Implications for pelagic-benthic coupling in the reef ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 385:65-76 Richman S, Loya Y, Slobodkin LB (1975) The rate of mucus production by corals and its assimilation by the coral reef copepod Acartia negligens. Limnol Oceanogr 20:918-923 Rosenfeld M, Bresler V, Abelson A (1999) Sediment as a possible source of food for corals. Ecol Lett 2:2345-348 Wild C, Huettel M, Klueter A, Kremb SG, Rasheed MYM, Jorgensen BB (2004a) Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem. Nature 428:66-70 Wild C, Rasheed M, Werner Y, Frank U, Johnstone R, Huettel M (2004b) Degradation and mineralization of coral mucus in reef environments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 267:159-171 Wild C, Rasheed M, Jantzen C, Cook P, Struck U, Huettel M, Boetius A (2005) Benthic metabolism and degradation of natural particulate organic matter in carbonate and silicate reef sands of the northern Red Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 298:69-78 Wild C, Naumann MS, Haas A, Struck U, Mayer FW, Rasheed MY, Huettel M (2009) Coral sand O-2 uptake and pelagic-benthic coupling in a subtropical fringing reef, Aqaba, Red Sea. Aquat Biol 6:133-142 Wild C, Niggl W, Naumann MS, Haas AF (2010) Organic matter release by Red Sea coral reef organisms-potential effects on microbial activity and in situ O-2 availability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 411:61-71 Anthropogenic/pollution effects on coral reef communities Al-Rousan S, Al-Shloul R, Al-Horani F, Abu-Hilal AH (2012) Heavy metals signature of human activities recorded in coral skeletons along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Environ Earth Sciences 67:2003-2013 Al-Zibdah MK, Damhourey SA, Badran MI (2007) Temporal variations in coral reef health at a coastal industrial site on the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Oceanologia 49:565-578 Badran MI, Al Zibdah MK (2005a) Environmental quality of Jordanian coastal surface sediment, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Ambio 34:615-620 Badran MI, Al Zibdah MK (2005b) Quality standard codes of reference of Jordanian coastal waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Chem Ecol 21:337-350 Dubinsky Z, Stambler N (1996) Marine pollution and coral reefs. Glob Chang Biol 2:511-526 Fishelson L (1973a) Ecological and biological phenomena influencing coral-species composition on reef tables at Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba, Red-Sea). Mar Biol 19:183-196 Fishelson L (1973b) Ecology of coral reefs in Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) influenced by pollution. Oecologia 12:55-67 Ibrahim HAH, Farag AM, Beltagy EA, El-Shenawy MA (2011) Microbial pollution indicators along the Egyptian coastal waters of Suez and Aqaba Gulfs and Red Sea. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 86:111-118 Loya Y (1975) Possible effects of water pollution on the community structure of Red Sea corals. Mar Biol 29:177-185 Loya Y (1976b) Recolonization of Red Sea corals affected by natural catastrophes and man-made perturbations. Ecology 57:278-28 Loya Y, Rinkevich B (1979) Abortion effects in corals induced by oil-pollution. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1:77-80 Loya Y, Rinkevich B (1980) Effects of oil pollution on coral reef communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 3:167-180 Loya Y, Rinkevich B (1987). Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on corals. In: Salvat B (ed) Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations. UNESCO Press, 91-102

Sclerochronology Al-Rousan S, Pätzold J, Al-Moghrabi S, Wefer G (2002) Environmental and biological effects on the stable oxygen isotope records of corals in the northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 239:302-310 Al-Rousan S, Al-Moghrabi S, Patzold J, Wefer G (2003) Stable oxygen isotopes in Porites corals monitor weekly temperature variations in the northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Coral Reefs 22:346-356 Al-Rousan S, Al-Shloul R, Al-Horani F, Abu-Hilal AH (2009) Heavy metal contents in growth bands of Porites corals: Record of anthropogenic and human developments from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73:A32-A32 Felis T, Lohmann G, Kuhnert H, Lorenz S, Scholz D, Pätzold J, Al-Rousan S, Al-Moghrabi S. (2004) Increased seasonality in Middle East temperature during the last interglacial period. Nature 249:164-168 Klein R, Pätzold J, Wefer G, Loya Y (1992) Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition and skeletal density pattern of the coral Porites lobata (Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea). Mar Biol 112:259-263 Klein R, Pätzold J, Wefer G, Loya Y (1993) Depth-related timing of density band formation in Porites spp. corals from the Red Sea inferred from x-ray chronology and stable isotope composition. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 97:99-104 Klein R, Loya Y, Gvirtzman G, Isdale PS, Susic M (1990) Seasonal rainfall in the Sinai desert during the late Quaternary inferred from fluorescent bands in fossil corals. Nature 345:145- 147 Klein R, Mokady O, Loya Y (1991) Bioerosion in ancient and contemporary corals of the genus Porites - Patterns and paleoenvironmental implications. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 77:245-251 Connectivity Belmaker J, Jetz W (2011) Cross-scale variation in species richness-environment associations. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:464-474 Ben-Tzvi O, Kiflawi M, Gaines SD, Al-Zibdah M (2008) Tracking recruitment pathways of Chromis viridis in the Gulf of Aqaba using otolith chemistry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 359:229- 238 Ben-Tzvi O, Abelson A, Gaines SD, Bernardi G (2012) Evidence for cohesive dispersal in the sea. PLoS One 7:e42672 Kiflawi M, Belmaker J, Brokovich E, Einbinder E, Holzman R (2006) The determinants of species richness of a relatively young coral reef ichthyofauna. J Biogeogr 33:1289-1294 Maier E, Tollrian R, Rinkevich B, Nurnberger B (2005) Isolation by distance in the scleractinian coral Seriatopora hystrix from the Red Sea. Mar Biol 147:1109-1120

Coral reproduction Bongiorni L, Shafir S, Angel D, Rinkevich B (2003) Survival, growth and gonad development of two hermatypic corals subjected to in situ fish-farm nutrient enrichment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 253:137-144 Kramarsky-Winter E, Fine M, Loya Y (1997) Coral polyp expulsion. Nature 387:137 Liberman T, Genin A, Loya Y (1995) Effects on growth and reproduction of the coral Stylophora pistillata by the mutualistic damselfish Dascyllus-marginatus. Mar Biol 121:741-746 Loya Y (1976a) The Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata is an r-strategist. Nature 259:478-780 Loya Y, Rinkevich B (1979) Abortion effects in corals induced by oil pollution. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1:77-80 Loya Y, Rinkevich B (1980) Effects of oil pollution on coral reef communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 3:167-180 Loya Y, Rinkevich B (1987) Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on corals. In: Salvat B (ed) Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations. UNESCO Press pp. 91-102 Loya Y, Kramarsky-Winter E (2003) In situ eutrophication caused by fish farms in the Northern Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba) is beneficial for its coral reefs: A critique. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 26:299-303 Loya Y, Lubinevsky H, Rosenfeld M, Kramarsky-Winter E (2004) Nutrient enrichment caused by in situ fish-farms is detrimental to coral reproduction. Mar Pollut Bull 49:344- 353 Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1977) Harmful effects of chronic oil pollution on a Red Sea scleractinian coral population. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp pp. 585-591 Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1979a) Reproduction of the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata. 1. Gonads and planulae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1:133-144 Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1979b) Reproduction of the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata 2. Synchronization in breeding and seasonality of planulae shedding. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1:145-152 Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1985) Intraspecific competition in a reef coral: effects on growth and reproduction. Oecologia 66:100-105 Rinkevich B, Loya Y (1987) Variability in the pattern of sexual reproduction of the coral Stylophora pistillata at Eilat, Red Sea: A long term study. Biol Bull 173:335-344 Rinkevich B (2005) Nutrient enrichment and coral reproduction: Between truth and repose (a critique of Loya et al.) Mar Pollut Bull 50:111-113 Shlesinger Y, Loya Y (1985) Coral community reproductive patterns: Red Sea versus the Great Barrier Reef. Science 228:1333-1335 Zakai D, Dubinsky Z, Avishai A, Caaras T, Chadwick NE (2006) Lunar periodicity of planula release in the reef-building coral Stylophora pistillata. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 311:93-102

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Reef-associated bacteria Allers E, Niesner C, Wild C, Pernthaler J (2008). Microbes enriched in seawater after the addition of coral mucus. Appl and Environ Microb 74:3274-3278 Atad A, Zvuloni A, Loya Y, Rosenberg E (2012) Phage therapy of the white plague-like disease of Favia favus in the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 31:665-670 Barash Y, Sulam R, Loya Y, Rosenberg E (2005) Bacterial Strain BA-3 and a filterable factor cause a white plague-like disease in corals from the Eilat coral reef. Aquat Microb Ecol 40:183-189 Berninger UG, Wickham SA (2005) Response of the microbial food web to manipulation of nutrients and grazers in the oligotrophic Gulf of Aqaba and northern Red Sea. Mar Biol 147:1017-1032 Bresler V, Montgomery WL, Fishelson L, Pollak PE (1998) Gigantism in a bacterium, Epulopiscium fishelsoni, correlates with complex patterns in arrangement, quantity, and segregation of DNA. J Bacteriol 180:5601-5611 Bresler V, Fishelson L (2003) Polyploidy and polyteny in the gigantic eubacterium Epulopiscium fishelsoni. Mar Biol 143:17-21 Bresler V, Fishelson L (2006) Export pumps in Epulopiscium fishelsoni, the symbiotic giant gut bacterium in Acanthurus nigrofuscus. Naturwissenschaften 93:181-184 El-Serehy HA, Al-Rasheid, KA, Shafik H (2012) Microbial loop populations: Their abundances and trophodynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (2012) Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 12:565-573 El-Serehy HA, Al-Rasheid KA, Al-Quraishi S, Al Misned F, Al-Farraj S (2013) Abundance and trophodynamics of surface microbial loop populations in the northern Red Sea. Aquat Ecosyst Health 16:51-61 El-Shenawy MA, Farag AE (2005) Spatial and temporal variability of saprophytic and water quality bacteria along the coast of the Aqaba and Suez Gulfs and Red Sea, Egypt. Microbiol Ecol Health Dis 17:94-102 Fishelson L, Montgomery WL, Myrberg AA (1985) A unique symbiosis in the gut of tropical herbivorous surgeonfish (Acanthuridae, Teleostei) from the Red Sea. Science 229:49-51 Grossart HP, Simon M (2002) Bacterioplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Aqaba and the northern Red Sea in early spring. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 239:263-276 Ibrahim HAH, Farag AM, Beltagy EA, El-Shenawy MA (2011) Microbial pollution indicators along the Egyptian coastal waters of Suez and Aqaba Gulfs and Red Sea. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 86:111-118 Kamennaya NA, Chernihovsky M, Post AF (2008) The cyanate utilization capacity of marine unicellular cyanobacteria. Limnol Oceanogr 53:2485-2494 Krumbein WE (1979) Photolithotropic and chemoorganotrophic activity of bacteria and algae as related to beachrock formation and degradation (Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai). Geomicrobiol J 1:139-203 Mahasneh AM, Wahbeh MI, Al-Temimi S (1985) Taxonomy seasonal variations and abundance of marine sediment aerobic bacteria in the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. Dirasat Natural Sciences (Amman) 12:19-26 Philosof Alon, Beja O (2013) Bacterial, archaeal and viral-like rhodopsins from the Red Sea. Environ Microb Rep 5:475-482 Post AF, Dedej Z, Gottlieb R, Thomas D, El-Absawi M, El-Naggar A, Gharabawi M, Sommer U (2002) Spatial and temporal distribution of Trichodesmium spp. in the stratified Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 239:241-250 Suggett DJ, Stambler N, Prasil O, Kolber, Z, Quigg A, Vazquez-Dominguez E, Zohary T, Berman T, Iluz D, Levitan O, Lawson T, Meeder E, Lazar B, Bar-Zeev E, Medova H, Berman-Frank I (2009) Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of oceanic microbial growth during spring in the Gulf of Aqaba. Aquat Microb Ecol 56:227-239 Yetinson T, Shilo M (1979) Seasonal and geographic-distribution of luminous bacteria in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Elat. Appl Environ Microbiol 37:1230-1238