RQ Chapter 28 Revolutions & Nation States

RQ Chapter 28 Revolutions & Nation States Name: Part A -- MULTIPLE CHOICE & SHORT ANSWER: Circle or give the one BEST answer. (25 POINTS POSSIBLE)

Chapter 28: Revolutions & National States in the Atlantic World

1. In justifying their policies, revolutionaries attacked: a. the patriarchal policies of governments that placed women in a secondary social position. b. the monarchical and aristocratic regimes and argued for popular sovereignty. . c. limits placed on family size by royal authorities which led to a decrease in male children. d. the trade imbalance with Asia that was leading to a decline in labor for colonial workers.

2. How did the Enlightenment lead to demands for violent revolution? a. The death of Voltaire by French authorities enflamed the peasants as they took to the streets to rebel. b. The strict policies of the American colonists led to a break with the more liberal ideas of England. c. Civil war in Haiti led to severe economic crises that devolved into a revolution against France. d. Calls for more liberal policies by colonists went unanswered leading anger and frustration.

3. Which of the following statements is NOT a reason for increased tensions between Britain and her American colonies? a. Britain’s Parliament expected the colonies to pay for the Seven Years’ War. b. The American felt that the king was limited by the need for Parliament’s approval of legislation. c. America was frustrated by the English loss of the Seven Years’ War and its retreat from colonial America. d. Increased taxation drove the colonists to participate in a variety of civil disobedience including destruction of property.

4. Complete the following chart based on the American Revolution. (5 points)

American Advantages British Advantages 1. 1.

5. Explain one difference between America before the Revolution and after the Revolution.

6. Which of the following was NOT one of the principles built into the government of the newly formed American state? a. the equality of all inhabitants b. freedom from British control c. a written constitution that guaranteed personal freedoms d. a responsible government based on popular sovereignty

7. Which of the following was NOT a cause of the French Revolution? a. The Third Estate seceded from the General Assembly to form the National Assembly and create a constitution. b. The King executed members of the Second Estate, angering the clergy and leading to mass revolts. c. The precarious finances of France made it necessary to hold the Estate General to raise revenue. d. The successful attack on the Bastille emboldened radical members of the National Assembly.

8. How did Napoleon shape France in the post-revolutionary era? a. Napoleon simply dominated all of Europe and brought about revolution in his wake. b. Napoleon brought order and stability through his autocratic rule of France. c. Napoleon destroyed France through his wars, his weak control, and his lack of legal codes. d. Napoleon was able to conquer Russia and bring a powerful, unbeatable alliance to Europe. RQ Chapter 28 Revolutions & Nation States Name: 9. Napoleon’s Civil Code: a. gave absolute free speech to French newspapers. b. was a modern restatement of Justinian’s Corpus iuris civilis. c. affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men. d. had at its core the radical measures of the Convention.

10. The Haitian Revolution was a. carried out exclusively by white property owners against weakened French forces. b. American agents worked among the slaves and worked to lead an uprising against the planters. c. a slave revolt that gave way to military leadership by Louverture who helps write a constitution. d. the American Revolution spread to the island leading the poor to civil disobedience among Haitians.

11. Wars of independence in Latin America were created by the creole class who wanted: a. to replace the ruling class of peninsulares and retain their privileged position. b. to increase political participation among all groups within the countries of Latin America. c. to free slaves and create a more egalitarian society through Latin America. d. to join the newly created United States as a kind of super-republican experiment.

12. The goal of Simón Bolívar was to a. form stable, smaller South American states centered around distinct tribal or linguistic groups. b. have the colonies of South America remain linked to Spain but attain a measure of self-government. c. bring the former Spanish colonies of South America into union with the United States. d. weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States.

13. Which of the following revolutionary leaders is NOT correctly linked with his country? a. Bernardo O’Higgins and Chile b. Toussaint Louverture and Haiti c. José de San Martín and Argentina d. Miguel de Hidalgo and Peru

14. Define conservatism and name the leading proponent of this philosophy in the 18th century.

15. Define liberalism and name the leading proponent of this philosophy in the 19th century.

16. In terms of revolutionary ideals, the role of women was: a. limited to supporting roles as the wives and mothers of radical thinkers. b. abruptly diminished by powerful rulers who pushed womens’ rights to a secondary position. c. abruptly strengthened by the election of Mary Wollstonecraft as leader of the English parliament. b. gradually strengthened by Enlightenment ideals and active roles in revolutionary movements.

17. IDENTIFY EACH PERSON WITH THE POLITICAL MOVEMENT OR EVENT (5 POINTS):

Description Person The unification of Germany was achieved almost singlehandedly by this politician who practiced realpolitik and spoke of “blood and iron.” This Zionist sought to create a Jewish state in Palestine Italian unification was achieved in part by this military leader of the Red Shirts. This politician sought to minimize nationalist movement in order to maintain peace, stability, and order. The activist that promoted unification of Italy and formed a group called Young Italy to seek independence from Austria.

2 RQ Chapter 28 Revolutions & Nation States Name: PART B: INTERPRETATION & ANALYSIS REFER TO EACH DOCUMENT ON THE GIVEN PAGE AND ANSWER THE CORRESPONDING QUESTIONS. YOU WILL NEED AN EXTRA SHEET OF PAPER. (25 POINTS)

18. Read the excerpts from The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen). What ideals of the Enlightenment are expressed? How revolutionary was this document? How can the influence of Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence be

19..In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, Olympe de Gouges wrote, “Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights.” Why did she choose this exact wording? What was the foundation for her argument? What were her main points? Compare her document to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Did the fact that she was forced to produce her document prove that the French revolution had failed? How was her life representative of the role of women in the French revolution? What role did women play in those events? (Both documents are presented as Sources from the Past features in the text.)

20. Discuss the significance of the Declaration of Independence. What were Jefferson’s main influences? What were his main arguments? How influential was the Declaration of Independence? Compare it to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

21 Discuss the Haitian uprising. In what ways is this event an expression of the ideals of the Enlightenment? In what ways did Haiti go further than the American or French revolutions? Look at the picture of the slave revolt in Saint- Dominique on page 634. Why would the artist portray this image? Compare the Haitian revolution to the other revolutionary movements in Latin America. Who were the leading figures? What were their main goals?

22. Make a T-chart that compares and contrasts the philosophies of Metternich and Bismarck. What ideals drove them? Why would Metternich view nationalism as such a threat?

23. Otto von Bismarck proposed that “the great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes . . . but by blood and iron.” What did Bismarck mean by this statement? Were his words proven true by the actions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Discuss the philosophy and actions of Otto von Bismarck.

25. Discuss the Haitian uprising. In what ways is this event an expression of the ideals of the Enlightenment? In what ways did Haiti go further than the American or French revolutions? Look at the picture of the slave revolt in Saint- Dominique on page 634. Why would the artist portray this image? Compare the Haitian revolution to the other revolutionary movements in Latin America. Who were the leading figures? What were their main goals?

26. Compare and contrast the philosophies of Metternich and Bismarck. What ideals drove them? Why would Metternich view nationalism as such a threat?

28. Why did Simón Bolívar lament that “those who have served the revolution have plowed the sea”? What was his dream for Latin America? Why was he so disappointed? Could similar arguments be made about the other revolutions discussed in the chapter? Did these revolutions turn out to be something very different from what their founders envisioned? Look at Map 28.3, Latin America in 1830. What conditions prevented Latin American states from joining together in a federation like the United States? How was Latin America transformed by revolution?