Forestry, Range, Watershed and Wildlife Management

CURRICULUM

OF FORESTRY, RANGE, WATERSHED AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

BS/BSc (Hons.) MS/MSc (Hons)/MPhil

(Revised 2014)

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD

1 CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC

Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman, HEC

Mr. Fida Hussain Director General (Acad)

Ms. Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri)

Mr. Rizwan Shoukat Deputy Director (Curri)

Mr. Abid Wahab Assistant Director (Curri)

Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque Assistant Director (Curri)

Composed by: Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC, Islamabad

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Items Page No.

1. Introduction 6

2. Framework for Scheme of Studies for BSc (Hons) in 9 Agricultural Disciplines

3. Framework/Scheme of Studies for BS Forestry (4 11 years) Degree

4. Detail of Courses for BS Forestry (Semester I-IV) 16 Common Courses of both BS Forestry & BSc (Hons) 5. 47 Agriculture (Major in Forestry), Semester V-VIII 6. Detail of Courses for BSc (Hons) Agriculture major in 69 Forestry (Semester I-IV)*

7. Forestry Specialization Courses 71

8. Scheme of Studies for MS/MSc (Hons) Forestry 111

9. Detail of Courses for MS/MSc (Hons) Forestry 113

10. Recommendations 146

*From semester V-VIII, scheme of studies is same for both BS Forestry and BSc (Hons) Agriculture major in Forestry

3 PREFACE

The curriculum, with varying definitions, is said to be a plan of the teaching- learning process that students of an academic programme are required to undergo. It includes objectives & learning outcomes, course contents, scheme of studies, teaching methodologies and methods of assessment of learning. Since knowledge in all disciplines and fields is expanding at a fast pace and new disciplines are also emerging; it is imperative that curricula be developed and revised accordingly.

University Grants Commission (UGC) was designated as the competent authority to develop, review and revise curricula beyond Class-XII vide Section 3, Sub-Section 2 (ii), Act of Parliament No. X of 1976 titled “Supervision of Curricula and Textbooks and Maintenance of Standard of Education”. With the repeal of UGC Act, the same function was assigned to the Higher Education Commission (HEC) under its Ordinance of 2002, Section 10, Sub-Section 1 (v).

In compliance with the above provisions, the Curriculum Division of HEC undertakes the revision of curricula after every three years through respective National Curriculum Revision Committees (NCRCs) which consist of eminent professors and researchers of relevant fields from public and private sector universities, R&D organizations, councils, industry and civil society by seeking nominations from their organizations.

In order to impart quality education which is at par with international standards, HEC NCRCs have developed unified templates as guidelines for the development and revision of curricula in the disciplines of Basic Sciences, Applied Sciences, Social Sciences, Agriculture and Engineering in 2007 and 2009.

It is hoped that this curriculum document, prepared by the respective NCRC’s, would serve the purpose of meeting our national, social and economic needs, and it would also provide the level of competency specified in Pakistan Qualification Framework to make it compatible with international educational standards. The curriculum is also placed on the website of HEC (www.hec.gov.pk).

(Fida Hussain) Director General (Academics)

4 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP CONSIDERATI DRAFT STAGE STUDY ON

COLLECTION APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF QUESTIONNAI DRAFT BY EXP. OF OF REC COL./UNIV FINAL CURRI. RE

CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION COMMENTS DRAFT BY CRC OF REC. OF V.C.C.

PREP. OF APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF REVIEW DRAFT BY CURRI.BY CURRI. CRC V.C.C.

IMPLE.OF BACK TO Abbreviations Used: CURRI. STAGE-I CRC. Curriculum Revision Committee VCC. Vice Chancellor’s Committee EXP. Experts ORIENTATION COL. Colleges COURSES UNI. Universities PREP. Preparation REC. Recommendations

5 INTRODUCTION: The final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) in the discipline of Forestry, Range, Watershed and Wildlife Management was held from April 14-16, 2014 at HEC Regional Centre, Peshawar. The objective of the meeting was to finalize the draft curriculum of BS (Forestry)/BSc. (Hons.) Agriculture major in Forestry and MS (Forestry)/MSc. (Hons.)/MPhil. The objective also included the preparation of scheme of studies for MS/MPhil Forestry with recommendations for the advancement of the discipline. The list of the members who attended the meeting is as under: Sr. No. Name & Address Status

1. Prof. Dr. Nowshad Khan, Convener Dean/Chairman, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. 2. Dr. Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui, Co- Professor, Convener /Member Department of Forestry, Range Management & Wildlife, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 3. Dr. Mamoona Wali Mohammad, Secretary/Member Assistant Professor, Forest Education Division, Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI), University of Peshawar, Peshawar. 4. Dr. Muhammad Irfan Ashraf Member Lecturer, Department of Forestry, Range Management, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi. 5. Dr. Irfan Ashraf Manj, Member Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife Management, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, BJ Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur. 6. Mr. Asif Jah, Member Director, Forest Research Division, Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI), University of Peshawar, Peshawar.

6 Sr. No. Name & Address Status

7. Mr. Maqsood Ahmad, Member Director, Department of Natural Resources Division, Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC), 20-Attaturk Avenue, Sector G-5/1, P.O. Box 1031, Islamabad. 8. Mr. Alamgir Khan Gundapur, Member Chief Conservator (R), Government of KPK, Peshawar. 9. Dr. Shahid Yaqoob, Member Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Range Management & Wildlife, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 10. Dr. Muhammad Sajjad Haider, Member Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha. 11. Dr. Muhammad Saeed, Member Associate Professor, Department of Plant Science, Balochistan University of Information Tech (BUITEMS) Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta. 12. Dr. Muhammad Rafay Member Assistant Professor Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife Management, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, BJ Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur. Syed Kamran Hussain, Member 13. Research Coordinator, World Wildlife Fund, 2-A Circular Road, University Town, Peshawar The following members who attended the preliminary meeting but could not attend the final meeting due to other engagements: 1. Ms. Mehreen Hassan, Member Lecturer, Institute of Agricultural Science, Quaid-e-Azam Campus (New Campus), University of the Punjab, Lahore. 7 2. Dr. Muhammad Zubair, Member Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakaria University, Multan 3. Mr. Javed Iqbal, Member Lecturer, Department of Forestry, Shaheed BB University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper)

The meeting started with recitation of the verses from the Holy Quran followed by national anthem. Mr. Zaheer Ahmed Awan, Director RC, Peshawar the inaugurated the session. After brief introduction of participants, Mr. Awan welcomed the participants on the behalf of Executive Director, HEC and thanked them for sparing time for this important exercise. Mr. Awan, also assured all type of support to the members during their stay to make this event a success. Prof. Dr. Nowshad Khan, Dean/Chairman, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad being Convener of the meeting opted Dr. Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui, Professor, Department of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, as Co- Convener, Dr. Mamoona Wali Muhammad, Assistant Professor, Forest Education Division, Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI), University of Peshawar, Peshawar as Secretary. Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant Director Curriculum, HEC then requested the Convener of the Committee to conduct proceedings of all technical sessions of the meeting. The convener started proceedings of the meeting in accordance with the agenda. The Committee thoroughly examined the contents and recommended list of books of all the subjects included in the curriculum semester wise. NCRC members revised and improved the contents of the subjects and recommended few new books which were to be added in this curriculum. After three days’ hard work and scholarly deliberations, the committee unanimously proposed the outlines of Final Draft curriculum of the Forestry for BS/BSc (Hons), MS/MSc (Hons)/MPhil degrees.

The NCRC members were requested to improve the recommended books pertaining to different subjects in the curriculum and submit to Convener/ Secretary for onward transmission to HEC. The committee decided to complete the editing as per proposed outlines and submit to HEC, Islamabad. The Committee agreed that the Recommendations framed during the meeting will be published as Annexure in the final booklet of curriculum circulated by HEC for Adoption/Implementation to universities/institutes of Pakistan.

8 The Convener thanked the members for their valuable inputs in revising and updating the curriculum keeping in view the national requirements and to make these degrees more practical, competitive and knowledge enriched. The committee appreciated the efforts made by Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant Director HEC/Meeting Coordinator for his coordination and appraised the efforts by Mr. Zaheer Ahmed Awan, Director Regional Center, Peshawar for providing local hospitality. At the end Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant Director (Curriculum), HEC thanked the Convener and all the members of the committee for sparing precious time and quality contribution for finalizing curriculum in the discipline of Forestry.

The meeting ended with vote of thanks to and from the chair.

FRAMEWORK FOR BSc (HONS.) IN AGRICULTURAL DISCIPLINES Duration: 4 years Number of semesters: 8 Weeks per semester: 16 - 18 (16 for teaching and 2 for exams) Total credit hours: 130-140 Credit hours per semester: 15-18 Agriculture Courses: 77% Non-Agriculture Courses: 23%

NON-AGRICULTURE DOMAIN Knowledge Subject Name of Course Cr. Total Total Over Area Area Hrs. Cours Credits Discipl all es ines % % age age Area English-I (Functional English) 3 English-II (Communication English Skills) 3 2 6 19.35 4.44 Pakistan Studies 2 Culture Islamic Studies/ Ethics 2 2 4 12.9 2.96 Social Rural Development 3 Humanities Marketing and Agri Sciences Business 3 2 6 19.35 4.44 Intro to Communication Computing IT Technology 3 1 3 9.70 2.22 MathematicsMaths-I / Botany 3 / Biology Maths-II / Zoology 3 2 6 19.35 4.44 Natural Statistics-I 3 Science Statistics Statistics-II 3 2 6 19.35 4.44 Sub-Total 11 31 100 23

9 AGRICULTURE DOMAIN Basic Agriculture 3 Agronomy 3 Plant Breeding and Interdiscipli Genetics 3 nary Entomology 3 Plant Pathology 3 Food Technology 3 Agriculture Horticulture 3 Foundation Soil Sciences 3 9 27 26.0 20.0 Agricultural Economics 3 Supporting Breadth Agriculture Extension Courses Courses 3 4-6 12-18 15.0 11.0

Forestry and Range Management 3 Animal Sciences 3 Human Nutrition 3 Agriculture Chemistry 3 Agriculture Engineering 3 Water Management 3 Any other recommended by university 3 Major Based Major Courses Core Major 3 18-20 56-60 55.0 43.0 (Depth)

Project / Project / Internship and Internship study Tours 4 - 4 3 Total - 31-35 99-109 100 77 Grand-Total - 42-46 130-140 -

10 FRAMEWORK/SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS FORESTRY (4 YEARS) DEGREE

Duration: 4 years Number of semesters: 8 Weeks per semester: 16 - 18 (16 for teaching and 2 for exams) Total credit hours: 130-140 Credit hours per semester: 15-18 Forestry Courses: 77% Non-Forestry 23%

Courses for I-IV Semester for BS Forestry (4 Years) Degree

Semester I S # Course Credit hours 1. Biology / 3 (2-1)/ Mathematics* 3 (3-0) 2. Introduction to Information and 3 (2-1) Communication Technologies 3. Introduction to Forestry (Orientation Tour) 3(2-1) 4. English-I (Functional English) 3 (3-0) 5. Pakistan Studies 2(2-0) 6. Islamic Studies /Ethics** 2(2-0) 7. Orientation Tour 1(0-1) Total 17 (13-4)/(14-3)*

*Mathematics (to be offered to the students who have done F.Sc Pre- Medical) and Biology (to be offered to students who have done F.Sc Pre- Engg). **for non-Muslims Semester II 1. Elementary Statistics 3 (3-0) 2. English-II (Communication Skills) 3 (3-0) 3. Introduction to Environment 3(2-1) 4. Geology and Soil Science 3 (2-1) 5. Forest Pathology 3(2-1) 6. Principles of Economics 3(3-0) Total 18(15-3)

11 Semester III 1. Sociology 2 (2-0) 2. Public Policy and Administration 2 (2-0) 3. Forest Genetics 3(2-1) 4. Forest Ecology 3 (3-0) 5. Forest Entomology 3 (2-1) 6. Forest Taxonomy 3 (2-1) 7. Forest Accounts and Procedure 2(2-0) Total 18 (15-3) Semester IV 1. Forest Engineering I 3 (2-1) 2. Biodiversity and Climate Change 3 (2-1) 3. Participatory Forestry 3 (2-1) 4. Introduction to GIS Remote Sensing 3 (2-1) 5. Integrated Land Use Management Systems 3 (2-1) 6. Forestry Extension 3 (3-0) Total 18 (13-5)

Courses for Semester V-VII the courses for BS Forestry (4 years) and BSc (Hons) and Agriculture (Major in Forestry)*

Semester V 1 Energy Plantations 3 (2-1)

2 Forest Policy and Law 3 (3-0)

3 Wood Science and Technology 3 (2-1)

4 Forest Survey and Leveling 3 (2-1)

5 Silviculture-I 2 (2-0)

6 Forest Engineering II 2 (1-1)

7 Study Tour (Forest Types) 2(0-2)

12 Total 18(12-6)

Semester VI 1 Forest Management 3 (3-0) 2 Watershed Management 3 (2-1) 3 Range Management 3 (2-1) 4 Wildlife Management 3 (2-1) 5 Forest Biometrics 3 (2-1) 6. Non-Wood Forest Products 2 (2-0) 7. Study Tour (Forest Management) 1 (0-1) Total 18 (13-5)

Semester VII 1 Ecotourism and Park Management 2(2-0)

2 Forest Resource Economics 2(2-0)

3 Silviculture-II 3 (2-1)

4 03 Elective Courses 9 credit hours Total 16 (15-1)

* From Semester V_ VII the courses for BS Forestry (4 years) and BSc (Hons.) Agriculture (Major in Forestry) will be same.

Courses for VIII semester for BS Forestry (4 Years) Degree

1. Forest Management Plan – I 3(3-0) 2. Forest Management Plan – II 4(0-4) 3. Research Methods and Scientific Writing 4(4-0) 4. Research Project / Internship & Study Tour 4(0-4) Total 15 (7-8) Grand Total 138 (104-34)

13 LIST OF SPECIALIZATION COURSES

One of the following specializations may be opted for, subject to approval of concerned forestry institution/university:

1. Forest Management 9 (6-3) i. Forest Inventory & Analysis 3 (2-1) ii. Conservation Forest Management 3 (2-1) iii. Production Forest Management 3 (2-1) 2. Watershed Management 9 (6-3) i. Soil Conservation Techniques 3 (2-1) ii. Forest Meteorology 3 (2-1) iii. Forest and Range Hydrology 3 (2-1) Range Management 3. 9 (7-2) i. Range Vegetation Analysis 3 (2-1) ii. Livestock Nutrition and Grazing 3 (2-1) Management 3 (3-0) iii. Drought Management in Rangelands 4. 9 (3-6) GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques 3 (1-2) i. Digital Cartography 3 (1-2) ii. Land Use Planning 3 (1-2) iii. Forest / Range Assessment and Monitoring

Participatory Forest Management 5. 9 (7-2) i. Community Based Forestry 3 (3-0) ii. Participatory Forest Management 3 (2-1) Planning 3 (2-1) iii. Participatory Forest Assessment 6. Sericulture 9 (5-4) i. Silkworm Rearing 3 (2-1) ii. Silk Seed and Cocoon Technology 4 (2-2) iii. Moriculture 2 (1-1) 7. Wood Science and Technology 9 (5-4) i. Wood Harvesting Techniques 2 (1-1) ii. Wood Structure and Identification 2 (1-1) iii. Wood Testing and Processing 2 (1-1) iv. Wood Based Products 3 (2-1)

14 8. Wildlife Management 9 (9-0) i. Wildlife Biology and Ecology 3(3-0) ii. Wildlife Management and Research 3(3-0) iii. Wildlife Policies, Laws and Administration 3(3-0)

9. Agro Forestry 9 (7-2) i. Agro Forestry Systems 3 (3-0) ii. Farm Forestry Management 3 (2-1) iii. Marketing of Agro Forestry Products 3 (2-1)

Forest Engineering and Logging 9 (7-2) i. Forest Machinery 10. 3 (3-0) ii. Forest Logging 3 (2-1) iii. Applied Mechanics of Forestry 3 (2-1) 11. Environmental Forestry 9 (7-2) i. Environment and Forestry 2 (2-0) ii. Environmental Pollution and Mitigation 3 (3-0) iii. Environmental Impact Assessment 2 (1-1) iv. Environmental Policies and Laws 2 (1-1) 12. Forestry and Climate Change 9 (7-2) i. Forest, Carbon and Climate Change 3 (2-1) ii. Trends in Forestry and Climate Change 3 (3-0) iii. Tree Eco-Physiology 3 (2-1) 13. 9 (7-2) Non Wood Forest Products i. Production Technology of Medicinal 3 (3-0) Plants/Pharmacognocy 3 (2-1) ii. Sericulture and Apiculture Techniques 2 (1-1) iii. Minor Forest Products 1 (1-0) iv. Economics of Non Wood Forest Products

15 Scheme of Studies for BSc (Hons.) Major in Forestry Semester I-IV

Credit S # Course hours 1. Introduction to Forestry and Watershed Management 3 (2-1) 2. Introduction to Rangeland and Wildlife Management 3 (2-1) 3. Other Compulsory courses, Interdisciplinary 64-70 foundation courses and supporting courses Total 70-76

DETAIL OF COURSES FOR BS FORESTRY (4 YEARS) SEMESTER I-IV SEMESTER- I

1. BIOLOGY 3 (2-1) Course Objectives: To impart knowledge and comprehension regarding description of morphology and physiology of plants and animals.

Theory: Botany 1. Definition and Branches of Botany 2. Morphology Parts of a typical plant Structure of monocot and dicot seeds Germination of seed; Epigieal and Hypogeal Stem; description of different kinds of stem Leaf; description of various kinds of leaves Inflorescence; description of different kinds of inflorescence Flower; description of flower and its parts and pollination Fruit; description of fruits and mode of dispersal of seed 3. Reproduction Reproduction in flowering plants (sexual), description of various methods of vegetative propagation (asexual) 4. Histology; description of internal structure of root, stem and leaf 5. Physiology Description of mechanism of absorption of water and mineral salts and ascent of sap Photosynthesis; necessary conditions, biochemistry and its economic importance 16 Respiration: Aerobic and an aerobic, limiting factors, comparison with photosynthesis and metabolism Growth and developments; development of roots and shoots, factors affecting the development of plant organs Movement and storage of materials in green plants Zoology 1. Differences between plants and animals 2. Protoplasm and its chemical composition 3. Structure of animal’s cell 4. Animal’s cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis) 5. Classification of animal kingdom with characteristics of important phyla 6. Digestive system of animals and mechanism of digestion in animals 7. Blood vascular system or circulatory system of animals 8. The blood and its composition 9. Methods of respiration of animals 10. Methods of excretion of animals 11. Patterns of reproduction in animals. Hormonal control of female reproductive cycle 12. Nervous system of animals 13. Methods of locomotion in animals 14. Organic evolution- Evidences of evolution 15. Theories of evolution; i. Lamarck’s theory ii. Darwin’s theory iii. Mutation theory 16. Animal’s behaviors- Instinct behavior, Learning behavior, Social behavior

Practical (Botany): 1. Demonstration, drawing and labeling of various parts of dicot seeds. 2. Phylotaxy of leaves, simple and compound leaves and modification of leaves to scales, thorns, tendrils etc. 3. Aerial and underground stem; stem modification to thorn and tendril, Rhizomes, corns, tubers, bulbs. 4. Roots; forms of roots 5. Racemos and Cymose inflorescence 6. Study of parts of flowers and fruits Practical (Zoology): Identification and sketching of labeled diagrams and classification of the following animal specimen: i. Amoeba, Paramecium ii. Hydra, Red coral iii. Roundworm, Earthworm iv. Cray fish, cuttle fish, Snail 17 v. Star fish, Sea Urchin, Sea Cucumber vi. Rahu fish, Frog vii. Lizard, Snake, Rat, Bat Recommended Books: Botany: 1. A text book of Botany by Ahmad S.S. 1990. Sheikh and Sons Publishers, 42 Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 2. A class book of Botany by Dutta A.C. 1950. Oxford University, Press 3. Text Book of Botany by Lawson and Sahni 1954. University Tutorial Press, London. 4. A text book of general botany Vol. II. Angiosperms by Nawaz M. 1980. Academic Publisher, Talimi Markaz Ltd, 3 Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Zoology: 1. A text Book of Intermediate Zoology by Ahmad, S.S. 1966. 2. Biological Sciences - An Enquiry into life. Punjab Text Book Board- Lahore 3. Text book of biology class XI and XII, Published by Idara-i-Farogh-i- Taleem, Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa Text book Board, Peshawar.

1. MATHEMATICS 3 (3-0)

Prerequisite(s): Mathematics at secondary level Objectives: To prepare the students, with the essential tools of algebra and geometry to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective disciplines. Algebra: Preliminaries: Real-number system, complex numbers, introduction to sets, set operations, functions, types of functions. Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse, determinants, system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule. Quadratic Equations: Solution of quadratic equations, qualitative analysis of roots of a quadratic equations, equations reducible to quadratic equations, cube roots of unity, relation between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations. Sequences and Series: Arithmetic progression, geometric progression, harmonic progression. Binomial Theorem: Introduction to mathematical induction, binomial theorem with rational and irrational indices.

Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric identities. 18 Geometry: Geometry in Two Dimensions: Cartesian-coördinate mesh, slope of a line, equation of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, various forms of equation of a line, intersection of two lines, angle between two lines, distance between two points, distance between a point and a line.

Recommended Books: 1. Algebra and Trigonometry by Dolciani M. P., W. Wooton W, E.F. Beckenback, S. Sharron. 1978. Houghton and Mifflin, Boston (suggested text) 2. College Algebra and Trigonometry by Kaufmann J. E. 1987. PWS-Kent Company, Boston 3. Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry by Swokowski E. W. 1986. Sixth edition. PWS-Kent Company, Boston. Analytic Geometry by Abraham S. 1969. Scott, Freshman and Company. 4. Analytic Geometry by Abraham S. 1969. Scott, Freshman and Company

2. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES 3 (2-1) Objectives: To acquaint the students to understand the basic of Information and Communication Technologies. Theory: Topics include ICT terminologies, hardware and software components, the internet and World Wide Web, and ICT based applications. After completing this course, a student will be able to:  Terms associated with ICT  Various components of a computer system  Various categories of software and their usage  Basic terms associated with communications and networking  Terms associated with the Internet and World Wide Web.  Various web tools including Web Browsers, E-mail clients and search utilities.  Text processing, spreadsheets and presentation tools  Enabling/pervasive features of ICT

Practical: Basic Definitions and Concepts Hardware: Computer Systems and Components Storage Devices, Number Systems Software: Operating Systems, Programming and Application Software Introduction to Programming, Databases and Information Systems Networks 19 Data Communication The Internet, Browsers and Search Engines The Internet: Email, Collaborative Computing and Social Networking The Internet: E-Commerce IT Security and other issues Project Week Review Week Recommended Books: 1. Introduction to Computers by Norton P. 6th International Edition .McGraw- Hill. 2. Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer and Communications by Williams Sawyer, 6th Edition (McGraw-Hill) 3. Computers, Communications and information: A user's introduction by Sarah E. H. and S. C. Swayer. 4. Fundamentals of Information Technology by Leon A. Mathewsleon Leon Press.

3. INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY 3 (2-1)

Objectives: To orientate the students with forests, their importance and issues concerning forest protection.

Theory: 1. Definition of forest and forestry. 2. Forest resources of Pakistan and their distribution of forests in different ecological zones with species composition. 3. Economic, social and environmental importance of forests. 4. Main issues in protections and development of forest resources in Pakistan. 5. Measures taken for protection and development of forest resources (legal, technical, social and financial). Practical: Orientation to various forest of different ecological zones and forest resources. Documentation in the tour journal. Recommended Books: 1. Forest Types of Pakistan, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.1965 by Champion, H.G., Seth, S.K. and Khattak, G.M. 2. The State of Forestry in Pakistan, (annual reports) Forest Economics Branch, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

4. ENGLISH-I (FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH) 3 (3-0) 20 Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.

Theory: Basics of Grammar, Parts of speech and use of articles. Sentence structure, active and passive voice. Practice in unified sentence. Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure .Transitive and intransitive verbs. Punctuation and spelling Comprehension Answers to questions on a given text Discussion General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students) Listening To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by subject teachers Translation skills Urdu to English Paragraph writing Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher Presentation skills Introduction

Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building

Recommended Books: a) Grammar 1. Practical English Grammar by Thomson A.J. and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 1. 1997. Third edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0194313492 2. Practical English Grammar by Thomson A.J. and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. 1986. Third edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0194313506 b) Writing 1. Writing Intermediate by Boutin M.C., S. Brinand and F. Grellet. 1993. Fourth Impression . Oxford Supplementary Skills. ISBN 0 19 435405 7. Pages 20-27 and 35-41. c) Reading/Comprehension 1. Reading Upper Intermediate. Tomlinson B. and R. Ellis. 1992. Third Impression. Oxford Supplementary Skills. ISBN 0 19 453402 2.

21 5. PAKISTAN STUDIES 2 (2-0)

Objectives: Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan, and ideological background of Pakistan. Theory: 1. Historical Perspective a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism c. People and Land i. Indus Civilization ii. Muslim advent iii. Location and geo-physical features. 2. Government and Politics in Pakistan Political and constitutional phases: a. 1947-58 b. 1958-71 c. 1971-77 d. 1977-88 e. 1988-99 f. 1999 onward 3. Contemporary Pakistan a. Economic institutions and issues b. Society and social structure c. Ethnicity d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan Recommended Books: 1. State and Society in Pakistan by Burki, S.J. 1980. The MacMillan Press Ltd. 2. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy by Akbar S. Z. 2000. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 3. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis by Burke S.M. and L. Ziring. 1993. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 4. Pakistan Political Roots and Development by Mehmood S. 1994. Lahore. 5. The Emergence of Banglades by Wilcox W. 1972. Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research 6. Pakistan Kayyun Toota by Mehmood S. Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e- Islamia, Club Road.

22 7. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan by Amin, T. Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad. 8. Enigma of Political Development. By Ziring L. 1980. Kent England: WmDawson and sons Ltd 9. History and Culture of Sindh by Zahid A. 1980. Karachi: Royal Book Company 10. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II and III. By Afzal M.R. 1998. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research 11. The Political System of Pakistan. By Sayeed K. B. 1967. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 12. Party, Politics in Pakistan by Aziz K.K. 1976. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research. 13. Pakistan Under Martial Law by Waseem M. 1987. Lahore: Vanguard. 14. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. By Haq N.U. 1993. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research.

6. ISLAMIC STUDIES/ ETHICS (FOR NON-MUSLIMS) 2 (2-0) Objectives: 1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies 2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization 3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships 4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and religious life.

Theory: Introduction to Quranic Studies 1) Basic Concepts of Quran 2) History of Quran 3) Uloom-ul -Quran Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran 1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286) 2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18) 3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse No-1-11) 4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77) 5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154) Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran 1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)

23 2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment 3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)

Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) 1) Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood) 2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah 3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II 1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina 2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina 3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina Introduction To Sunnah 1) Basic Concepts of Hadith 2) History of Hadith 3) Kinds of Hadith 4) Uloom –ul-Hadith 5) Sunnah and Hadith 6) Legal Position of Sunnah Selected Study from Text of Hadith Introduction To Islamic Law and Jurisprudence 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence 2) History and Importance of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence 3) Sources of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence 4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law 5) Islam and Sectarianism Islamic Culture and Civilization 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture and Civilization 2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture and Civilization 3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture and Civilization 4) Islamic Culture and Civilization and Contemporary Issues Islam and Science 1) Basic Concepts of Islam and Science 2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science 3) Quranic and Science Islamic Economic System 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System 2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics 3) Islamic Concept of Riba 4) Islamic Ways of Trade and Commerce

24 Political System of Islam 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System 2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty 3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam Islamic History 1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida 2) Period of Ummayyads 3) Period of Abbasids Social System of Islam 1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam 2) Elements of Family 3) Ethical Values of Islam Recommended Books: 1) Emergence of Islam by Hameed ullah Muhammad. IRI, Islamabad. 2) Muslim Conduct of State by Hameed ullah Muhammad. 3) Introduction to Islam by Hameed ullah Muhammad 4) An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law by Islahi M.M.Y., H.H. Hassan. Leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan. 5) Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence by Ahmad Hassan. 1993. Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad 6) Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes by Mir Waliullah. 1982. Islamic Book Service. 7) Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society by Bhatia H.S. 1989. Deep and Deep Publications New Delhi 9) Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia by Zia-ul-Haq M. 2001. Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

7. ORIENTATION TOUR 1 (0-1) Tour Objectives: To familiarize the students with forests and forestry Practical: The students will make the tour diary about their impressions of forest and forestry which they have observed as part of their orientation tour.

SEMESTER-II

1. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS 3 (3-0) Objectives: To develop understanding about basic inferential and descriptive statistics. Theory: 25 Definition and importance of Statistics in Agriculture, Data Different types of data and variables Classification and Tabulation of data, Frequency distribution, stem-and-Leaf diagram, Graphical representation of data Histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve. Measure of Central tendency, Definition and calculation of Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, Median quartiles and Mode in grouped and ungrouped data. Measure of Dispersion, Definition and Calculation of Range, quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Standard deviation and variance, coefficient of variation. Sampling Probability and non-Probability Sampling, Simple random sampling stratified random sampling Systematic sampling error, Sampling distribution of mean and difference between two means. Interference Theory: Estimation and testing of hypothesis, Type—I and type-II error, Testing of hypothesis about mean and difference between two means using Z-test and t-test, Paired t-test, Test of association of attributes using X2 (chi-square) Testing hypothesis about variance. Recommended Books : 1. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part- I by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition) 2. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad 3. A. Concise Course in A. Level Statistic with world examples by J. Crawshaw and J. Chambers (1994). 4. Basic Statistics an Inferential Approach 2nd Ed. (1986) Fran II. Dietrich-II and Thomes J. Keans 5. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-II by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition) 6. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad 7. Principles and Procedures of Statistics A Bio-meterial approach, 2nd Edition, 1980 by R.G.D Steal and James H. Tarric 8. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research 2nd Edition (1980) by K.A. Gomez and A.A. Gomez

2. ENGLISH-II (COMMUNICATION SKILLS) 3 (3-0) Objectives: Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs. Theory: Paragraph writing Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph Essay writing Introduction CV and job application Translation skills, Urdu to English Study skills Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading, summary and précis writing and comprehension

26 Academic skills Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet Presentation skills Personality development (emphasis on content, style and pronunciation) Note: Documentaries to be shown for discussion and review

Recommended Books: Communication Skills a) Grammar 1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6. b) Writing 1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking). 2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing). c) Reading 1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0. 2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan 3. Study Skills by Riachard Yorky.

3. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT 3 (2-1) Objective: To educate the students about the concept and importance of environment, factors leading to pollution and solution of environmental problems. Theory: 1. Introduction, definition and importance of environment. 2. The interactions of human beings and environment. Study of environmental pollution such as greenhouse effect, air and water contaminants, noise pollution, and light pollution. 3. The effects of global climate change. 4. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). 5. Addressing environmental problems through biological and engineering techniques. 6. Environmental policy and Laws (national and international). Practical: Field: Visit to different areas to study the effects of environmental degradation

27 and measures taken for rehabilitation of the environment. Field: EIA of various activities such as road construction, afforestation, industries and brick kilns.

28 Recommended Books: 1. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable Global Economy Book Description by Brown, L.R., Brown, F.P. and Postel S. 1991. W. W. Norton and Company, USA. 2. Environmental biology by Calver, Mike, Lymbery, A. and Comb, J.M.. 2009.Cambridge University Press, USA. 3. Global warming by Maslin and Mark 2008. Oxford University Press, USA.

4. GEOLOGY AND SOIL SCIENCE 3 (2-1)

Objective: To educate the students about geology and soil science and importance of the subject in forestry. Theory: Part-I Geology 1. Introduction: Definition and scope; general idea regarding the earth’s crust and its constitution. 2. Mineralogy: Definition and physical characteristics of minerals such as crystal form, cleavage, hardness, specific gravity, luster, feel, colour, and streak, Study of essential minerals such as quartz, feldspars, mica, pyroxenes, amphiboles, and olivine, accessory minerals such as calcite, gypsum, tourmaline, apatite, chlorite, talc, serpentine, kaoline, dillimanite, and zoolites, iron, manganese and aluminum ores, major minerals of economic importance. 3. Petrology: Classification of rocks; igneous, sedimentary, and matamporphic, Rock structures and textures igneous rock; polutonic, hypabyssal and volcanic such as granites, syemites, diorites, gabbros, obsidian and basalt. Sedimentary rocks; sandstones conglomerates, shales, limestones, peat and coal. Metamorphic rocks; slaies, quartizites, schists, gneisses and marbles. 4. Structural Geology: Structural features of rock masses according to mode of origin; strike, dip, folding, anticlines, synclines, faults, stratification and lamination, overlap, unconformity, outcrop, joints. 5. Physical Geology: Subterranean and atmospheric agencies; crustal movements, volcanoes and earthquakes. Underground and surface water; springs, rivers and glaciers. Wind deposits. Rock disintegration and formation of soil.

Part-II Soil Science 1. Introduction: Definition and scope of soil science. Soil nutrients and their relation to plant growth. 2. Soil formation processes: Relationship of important, rock minerals to soil formation. Silicates and alumino-silicates. Weathering of rocks.

29 3. Soil Profiles: Definition and original horizon designation and their sub-division, development of soil horizons under various forest types. 4. Physical properties of forest soil: Soil texture, soil structure, soil porosity, soil temperature, soil water holding capacity, soil hygroscopicity and soil permeability. 5. Soil organic matter: Different types of humus forming agencies. Necessity for the maintenance of humus content of forest soil; influence of humus on the physical, chemical and biological composition of soil, Humus and soil fertility; effect of fires on humus and forest soil. Contribution to nitrogen in soil; symbiotic fixation of nitrogen. Nitrogen cycle. 6. Absorptive properties of soil: Ion exchange capacity. Function of lime in soil, soil pH; acidity and alkalinity in soils, buffer action. 7. Soil-Water Relationships: Static and dynamic aspects of soil moisture study; moisture contents of soil, maximum water capacity, hydroscopic coefficient, moisture equivalent sticky point, wilting coefficient and field moisture capacity.

Practical: Geology 1. General examination of mineral and rock specimens 2. Study of models illustrating forms of crystallization 3. Study of physical characteristics of some typical mineral specimens. 4. Study of hand specimens of following minerals: quartz and its varieties, felspars, micas, pyroxenes, asphiboles, clivine, secondary and assessory minerals, ore forming minerals and economic minerals. 5. Study of hand specimens of following rocks: granites, syenites, gabbors, obasidian and basalt, sandstone, limestone, shales, conglomereates, elates, quartizities, marble, schists and gnesses. Soil Science 1. Study of soil profile in the fields and the textural classification of soil. 2. mechanical analysis of soil by hydrometer method 3. Determination of soil organic matter by wet oxidation method. 4. Estimation of total nitrogen. 5. Determination of cation exchange capacity. 6. Estimation of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soil 7. Determination of pH and exchangeable acidity. 8. Determination of total soluble salts and their composition in soil. Estimation of free Caco3 in soil. 9. Quick test for soil available nutrients. Recommended Books: 1. Pakistan Soil Bull. 2 and 4. By Brinkman, R. 1971. Central Soil Res. Inst. Lahore. 2. Geology of India by Wadia, D.N. 1960. Macmillan and Co., London.

30 3. Pak. Soils bull No.1 by Ashraf, M.R., Brink-man and M.A. Mian. 1970. Central Soil Res. Ins, Lahore. 4. Handbook 60 by Richard, L.A.. 1954. U.S. Deptt: of Agri. 5. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, 9th Ed. By Russell, E.W. 1962. Longmans, London. 6. Forest soils and Forest Growth by Wilde, S.A. 1946. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham Mass. 7. Forest Soils; Properties and processes by Armson, K.A. 1977. University of Toronto, Canada. 8. Properties and Management of forest Soils by Pritchett, W.L. 1979. John Willey and Sons, New York.

5. FOREST PATHOLOGY 3 (2-1)

Objective: To enable the students to comprehend the concept of plant diseases symptoms and their treatments.

Theory: Part-1: Mycology 1. Introduction to fungi (Hyphae, mycelium, fungal body, fungal tissues, cell structure) 2. General characters of fungi 3. Modes of nutrition of fungi 4. Methods of reproduction of fungi 5. Important phyla and their brief characteristics 6. Importance of fungi to human’s affairs 7. Useful and harmful aspects of fungi 8. Importance of mycorrhiza 9. Identification, economic importance, mode of nutrition, methods of reproduction and classification of the following fungi of economic importance: Pythium, Fomes, Gandoderma, Lenzites.

Part- 2: Pathology / Nematology 1. Causes, classification and signs of diseases of forests 2. Principles of forest disease control 3. Factors that affecting incidence of plant diseases 4. Role of various plant pathogens in the forests 5. Host parasite relationship 6. Management of forest diseases 7. Major diseases of the following forest trees with symptoms, mode of infection and control measures; Shisham, Mulberry, Poplars, Chir, Kail,,Deodar, Junipers, Nurseries and Decay in timber 8. Importance, morphology, symptoms, classification and control of nematodes 9. A brief on Bacteria and viruses

31 10. Fungicides and their uses

32 Practical: 1. Sketching and labeling of important fungi relating to forest diseases. 2. Record of important diseases in the practical notebook for presentation in the examination. 3. Identification of important diseases of forest trees: study of diseased plant material; 4. Collection of mycological specimens

Recommended Books: 1. Introductory Mycology 2nd edition by Alexopoiuos, C.J. 1962. National Book Foundation Islamabad. 2. Forest Pathology 3rd. Ed. By Boyce, J.C. 1961. McGraw Hill Book CO. New York. 3. Forest Pathology- Principles and practices in Forestry by Bakhshi, B.K. 1967. Controller of Publications, New Delhi, India. 4. Tree Disease Concept by P.D Manion 1996. Pearson Deucation Press. 5. Principles of Forest pathology by Tainter F.A. and F.H. Baker. 1996. John Willy and sons.

6. PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 3 (3-0)

Objective: To make students understand the basic principles of economics and their application in the field of Forestry and allied disciplines. Theory: 1. Definition of economics: Positive and normative science, value, theories of value ordinal and cordinal nature of utility (total and marginal). Demand curves, use of indifference curves. Type of goods. Supply curves. Consumers surplus and producers surplus. Market equilibrium in supply and demand. Elasticities of demand and supply Nature of elasticities of demand and supply in case of Agriculture and forestry products as compared to other commodities. Derived demand. 2. Factors of production: Wages, Interest and profit. Factors affecting interest rate and wages. Production function. Types of production function Stages of production: Total product, Average physical product, Marginal physical product. Relationship between mean annual increment and current annual increment. Total revenue, average revenue, and marginal revenue. Law of diminishing marginal returns. Total cost, Fixed cost, Variable cost, average cost and marginal cost. Long and short-run cost curves. Level of production (with unlimited and limited funds). Size of firm, Factor-factor relationships Product-product relationships (competitive, complementary and supplementary). Returns to scale. Least cost combination of inputs. Relationships between productions of timber, wildlife, forage recreation and water.

33 3. Definition of isoquants, isocosts, expansion path, rates of substitution. Marginal rate of substitution 4. Break-even point: Profit maximization and loss minimization concepts. 5. Marginal cost pricing: Price fixation consideration for price fixation, Effects of price and wage fixation in economics efficiency, Price discrimination, free competition, monopolies, monopsonies, oligopoilies. Externalities (economies and diseconomies). Social costs and social returns, Justification of government run projects where large externalities are involved. 6. Basic statistics of forestry: Area, Value of fixed capital, working capital and annual production. Contribution of forestry to GNP. Recommended Books: 1. Introduction to Modern Economics, (Latest edition) by Akhtar, S.M. United Ltd. 176-Anarkali, Lahore. 2. Modern Economic Theory by Dewett, K.K. 1987. Shyam Lal Charitable Trust, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi. 3. Principles and policy by Duerr, W.A., W. J. Baumol and A. S. Blinder. 1982. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. New York. 4. Principles of Economics 4th Edition by Elbert V. B. 1983. South Western Publishing Co. Dallas U.S.A

SEMESTER-III 1. SOCIOLOGY 2 (2-0) Objective: To introduce students to social concepts and interpersonal and group relations. Theory: Introduction 1. Sociology as a scientific discipline 2. Sociology and its relation with other social sciences with special reference to Rural Sociology Basic Concepts 1.Society 2. Community 3.Norms, Social values Social organization Culture 1.Definition 2. Material and Non-material culture 3. Growth of culture 4.Cultural conflict 5.Cultural Lag

34 6. Diffusion and Adoption Social Groups 1. Group composition and functions 2. Types of groups Primary and Secondary Deviance and Social Control 1.Deviance and con; 2.Mechanism and technique of social control Personality 1. Foundations of human 2.Personality - Biological, cultural and social Human Relations 1. Concept and principles of human relations 2. Human Needs 3. Communication, motivation and moral building Dynamics of Leadership 1.Concept of leadership 2. Types of leadership 3. Leadership for development administration Community Organization 1. Principles of community organization 2. Experiments in Pakistan 3. Programme planning Introduction to Research 1. Basic concepts of social research Recommended Books: 1. Society by Chiney, E. 1964. New York: Random House 2. Methods in Social Research (International Student Edition) by Goode W.J. and P.K. Hatt. 1952. Tokyo Kogakusha Co., Ltd., Copy right McGraw Hill Inc. Co. 3. Sociological Perspective by Chiney, E. 1963. New York: Random House. 4. What is Sociology by Inkeles, A. 1964. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall. 5. Man in Society by Simpson, G. 1964. New York: Random House. 6. Social Change by Moore, W. E. 1963. New Jersey. Prentice Hall 7. Rural Sociology by Alvin L. B. 1958. New York McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. 8. Community Organization in Action by Earnest B. H. New York, Associate Press. 9. Society in Transition by Barnes, H.E. 10. The Sociology of Rural Life by Lynn S. T. 11. Sociology; Roles and Relationships by Everret. K. W. 12. Social Change and History by Robert N. 13. Principles of Sociology by Das, G. 1995. King books, Educational Publishers, New Delhi. 14. Sociology (2nd ed.) by Giddens, A. 1993. Oxford, Polity Press, Blackwell Publishers. 15. The Social Experience. An Introduction to Sociology by Vaunder, Z., W. James. 1988. New York: Random House.

35 16. An Introduction to Sociology by Taqa, A. H. 2000. Lahore. 2. PUBLIC POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION 2 (2-0)

Objective: To introduce the students to public policy making and administrative affairs in the context of Pakistan. Theory: I. Introduction to Public Policy 1. Public Policy 2. Introduction 3. Definitions 4. Components 5. Origin and development 6. Importance II. Introduction to Public Administration 1. Elements of public administration 2. Scope of public administration 3. Administration of public and private sectors III. Historical development of the stud of Public Administration IV. Importance of personal administration 1. The concept of personal administration and management 2. Career planning in Pakistan IV. Personal administration in Government and business organization 1. Leadership 2. Planning 3. Communication 4. Public Relations 5. Coordination VI. Citizen and the administrator 1. The nature of public interest 2. Importance of public opinion 3. Rights and responsibilities of citizen in Pakistan 4.Essential qualities of public administrator 5.Social welfare VII. Authority, Responsibility and Accountability 1. Functional and evolutionary schools of thought 2. Legislative executive and judicial responsibilities 3. Public accountability VIII. Efforts towards administrative reforms in Pakistan IX. Importance of training in administration 1. Pre-service training 2. In-Service training 36 3. Seminars, conferences, meetings 4. Field training Recommended Books: 1. Public Administration by Dimock, M. E. London, Rinehalt. 2. Administrator and the Citizen by Inayatullah and T.K. Anwar. National Institute of Public Administration. 3. The Civil Servant of Pakistan by Munir A. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 4. An Introduction to the Public Administration by Cladden E.N. 5. Public Administration by Pfiffner and Presthus. 6. Principles of organization and Management by Albers, H.H. 1961. New York, John Willey and Sons. 7. Concepts in Management Science by Clough, D.J. 1968. New Delhi, Prentice Hall. 8. Public Administration and Administrative Law by Haider S.M. 1973. Pakistan Law Times Publications, Kabir Street Urdu Bazar Lahore. 9. Introduction to the study of Public Administration by White, L.D. 1939. New York, the Macmillan Co. 10. The Study of Public Administration by Wilson, W. 1955. Washington, D.C. Public Affairs, Press. 11. Rural Poverty Alleviation by Nowshad Khan (2005).Public Policy and administration for serial No.5. AIOUI, Islamabad.

3. FOREST GENETICS 3 (2-1) Objective: To provide basic knowledge about forest genetics and tree improvement methods. Theory: 1. Introduction and importance of the subject 2. Structure of chromosomes and genes 3. Concept of variability of character 4. Simple modes of inheritance 5. Sexual and asexual reproduction in forest trees 6. Tissue culture; a modern tool of propagation in forestry 7. Objectives and methods of tree breeding; basic information about selection, hybridization and Mutation Breeding. 8. Breeding of Poplar, Shisham, Accacia and Pines. 9. Seed orchards, seed collection and storage. Practical: 1. Demonstration of seed collection techniques. 2. Demonstration of drying and cleaning operations. 3. Seed sampling and physical analysis of seed sample. 4. Analysis of structure of various seeds. 37 5. Determination of moisture contents in seed. 6. Germination testing. 7. Test of seed vigor, viability and longevity. 8. Seed storage techniques. Recommended Books: 1 Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture, 2nd Edition by John, H.D. and Lorin, W.R. 1985. Cambridge University Press, USA. 2 Elementary Genetics by Singleton, W.R. 1963. D. Van Nostrand and Co. New York. 3 Introduction to Forest Genetics by Wright, J.W. 1976. Academic Press New York.

4. FOREST ECOLOGY 3 (3-0) Objective: To give concept of the subject for practical application in modern perspective. Theory: 1. Introduction to Forest Ecology, Definition, importance, need, scope and application of Forest Ecology. 2. Ecological Factors and their significance Soil, Water, temperature, light, atmospheric, topographic and biotic factors. 3. World eco-regions. 4. Distribution, significance and Management of Forest types of Pakistan. 5. Development of Forest Vegetation 6. Dynamics of forest formation, colonization, migration, ecesis, aggregation and competition. Plant succession causes, phases and kinds of succession. Climax, preclimax, subclimax 7. Vegetation Structure 8. Ecosystem, Classification of plant communities, formation, association, associes, consociation, horizontal and vertical zonation of vegetation. 9. Application of Forest ecology/Modern concepts 10. Application of Forest Ecology in Watershed, Range Management, Geology and Soil Science etc, climate change, biodiversity, global warming Recommended Books: 1. Ecology. From individuals to ecosystems. (4th Ed.) by Begon, M.; C.R. Townsend, J.L. Harper. 2006. 2. Ecology and Field Biology. (6th Ed.) by Smith, R.; R.M. Smith. 2000. 3. The emergence of ecology as a new integrative discipline. Odum, E. P. 1977. 4. Pakistan Manual of Plant Ecology by Syed Sadruddin H.

38 5. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY 3 (2-1) Objective: To make students understand about forest crops insect pests and their control measures and their beneficial role. Theory: 1. Morphology / Anatomy 1. Introduction to Entomology and insects 2. Main characters of phylum Arthropoda and its main classes 3. Characters of class insecta and its important orders 4. Insect metamorphosis and its type 5. Regions of insect body (head, thorax, abdomen and their segments) 6. Insect antennae and their types 7. Insect mouth parts and their types 8. Insect legs and their types 9. Insect wings and their types 10. Study of Digestive, Excretory, Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive and Nervous systems of grasshopper 2. Insect pest management Brief study on biology and control of important pests of trees as follows: 1. Standing trees: Pests of Poplar, Shisham, Deodar, Kail, Chir pine, Babul, Semul, Nurseries 2. Felled trees: Power post beetles. Bark borers, Termites. 3. Nursery pests: Cutwomrs, Cricket, Grasshoppers, Termites, snails. 4. Seed Pests: Chalgoza cone borer, Walnut weevil and stored seed pests of trees. 3. Apiculture and Sericulture 1. Identification of honeybee and silkworm and their host plants. 2. Methods of rearing and economic products obtained. 3. pests and diseases of honey bees and silkworm. 4. Insect control methods 1. Natural and applied control. 2. Methods of applied control: 3. Silvicultural. Biological, Mechanical, Physical, legal and Chemical. Practical: 1. Collection, setting pinning and labeling of insects of important orders, their preservation in insect box for presentation in the examination. 2. Drawing and Labeling of different parts of grasshopper. 3. Drawing of insect pests and classifying them up to family. 4. Visits to Sericulture laboratory and honey bee farms.

39 Recommended Books: 1. Text Book of Entomology by Imms, A.D. 1970. Taru Library, Suppliers; No 3643, lll Mori Gate, New Delhi, India. 2. Destructive and useful insects their Habits and Control by Matacalf, C.L, W.P. Flint. 1979. Taru Library, Suppliers, No.3643. lll Mori Gate New Delhi, India. 3. The Ecology and control of Forest insects of India and neighboring countries by Beeson, C.F.C. 1961. Taru Library Mori Gate, New Delhi, India. 4. Introductory Entomology by Lohar, M.K. 1998. Department of Entomology, Sindh Agricultural University, Tandojam, Sindh.

6. FOREST TAXONOMY 3 (2-1)

Objective: To understand the taxonomical classification systems and attributes of tree plant species. Theory: 1. Principles of classification i. Introduction to classification of plant kingdom ii. Units of classification iii. Binomial Nomenclature

2. Systems of classification i. Bentham and Hookers system ii. Englar and Prantle system

3. Description of families with reference to forest flora Gymnosperms i. Pinaceae ii. Taxaceae iii. Cupressaceae

Angiosperms Monocotyledons i. Poaceae ii. Palmaceae iii. Astraceae

Dicotyledons i. Ceasalpinaceae ii. Papilionaceae iii. Mimosaceae iv. Myrtaceae v. Oleaceae vi. Rosaceae

40 vii. Rhamnaceae viii.Salicaceae ix. Fagaceae x. Moraceae

Practical: 1. Description of some important plant families, illustration and their identification with the help of herbarium specimens. 2. Collection, preservation, mounting and labeling of 20 plant specimens on standard size herbarium sheets for presentation in the examination. Recommended Books: 1. Classification of flowering plants Vol.1andII by Rendle, A.B. 1952. Cambridge University, Press. 2. Taxonomy of vascular plants by George, H.M Lawrence. 1951.The Mac Millan Company, New York. 3. Plant Groups (3rd Edition) by Mukherji, H. 1954. Central Book Agency, Delhi, India. 4. A text book of general botany Vol. II. Angiosperms (1) by Nawaz, M. 1980. Academic Publisher, Talimi Markaz Ltd, 3 Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 5. Modern Practical Botany, Vol. II. by Pandey B.P. 1980. Chand and Company (Pvt.) Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi. 6. Plants of Pakistan by Mughal M.S. 2009. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

7. FOREST ACCOUNTS AND PROCEDURE 2 (2-0) Objective: To familiarize the students with dispatch procedures and account matters. Theory: Office Procedure: Maintenance of office records, register of books and maps, dispatch and receipt register, fire reports, drafting of letters, forms of official communications, letters, demi-official letter, memorandum, endorsement, reminder, corrigendum and executive order. 1. Service Rule: Government Servants Efficiency and Disciplinary Rules, 1973. Inquiry procedure. Government Servants Conduct Rules, 1964. Revised Leave Rules, 1981. And latest amendments notified time to timeby respective governments, such as PEEDA 2. Forestry Works: Preparation of cost estimates for forestry and civil works, maintenance and disbursement of muster rolls, maintenance of measurement books, submission of completion report. 3. Timber Accounts: Timber Forms 5 to 17. Function of Depot Officer. Preparation of launching lists. Mooswaras and transport/transit pass and challans. Sales depot, sorting and stacking of timber and lots etc.

41 Hammer-marking of sold timber. Rules for supply of firewood to forest officials maintenance of forest depot record. 4. Cash Accounts: Classification of revenue and expenditure, new accounting model, forest/cash advance, C.R.S.P., preparation of pay bills, voucher, TA bills and their disbursements, introduction of financial power and limits, instructions regarding the preparation and maintenance of Range Accounts/cash book, compilation of monthly accounts. 5. Stores: Procedure regarding purchase/procurement, register of stock maintenance, condemning stock items, disposal of unserviceable stores, calculation of depreciation value. 6. General/Miscellaneous: Annual plan of operation, earnest money deposits, maintenance of compensation register, Annual confidential report (ACR)/ Performance evaluation report (PER). Recommended Books : 1. Forest Accounts and Procedures by Ajmal, M.S. and Omer R.M. 1996. Danishkada Publishers, Lahore. Pakistan. 2. Conduct Rules 1964. 3. Efficiency and Discipline Rules 1973. 4. Forest Manual Volume-II and III. 5. Forest Accounts Code. Vol.III. 6. Leave Rules 1981. 7. T.A. Rules 1993. 8. Hand book for DDO’s Govt. of Pakistan. 9. A hand book on project management cycle Govt. of Pakistan. 10. How to supervise workers at work Govt. of Pakistan.

SEMESTER-IV

1. FOREST ENGINEERING- I 3 (2-1)

Objectives: To educate students about forest road management policy and guiding principles of road management. Theory: 1. Introduction Road Management Policy; Vision for Forest Roads; Guiding Principles for Road Management; Road Density; Road Location; High-risk Sites; Economic, Efficient and Effective Road Design; Temporary Roads; Drainage of Surface Water; Fish Passage; Waste Areas; Rock Pits and Quarries; Road Maintenance; Vacating Road. 2. Forest Opening-up Planning Public awareness of environmental questions; issue between foresters and environmentalists; improve environmental soundness and public acceptance of roads; creation of feasible alternatives; basic values 42 guiding the acceptance of technical solutions; value-focused thinking; integration of environment and development in decision-making; comprehensive analytical procedures for prior and simultaneous assessment of the impacts of decisions; environmental impact assessment; criteria and indicators of environmental and social values; Legislative rules about environmental issues; value-focused opening-up planning; design and implementation systems; conception, realization, operation, and recycling; Forest Development Planning; key component of environmental planning and decision-making. 3. Transportation Planning Introduction; Goals of Transportation Planning; Objectives of Transportation Planning; Levels of Planning; Transportation Planning Strategies; Vision for the Transportation System; Inventory and Current Conditions; Transportation Planning Consistent with the Planning Level. 4. Forest Road Design Introduction; Roads Manual; Goals of Road Design; Objectives of Road Design; Road Design Strategies; Engineering Procedures; Base Level Engineering Procedures; Mid-Level Engineering Procedures; Upper Level Engineering Procedures; Road Design Standards; Design Standards for Low Use Roads; Design Standards for Medium Use Roads; Design Standards for High Use Roads; Road Design Criteria; Coordinated Planning and Location of Roads; Reconnaissance; Road Location; Road Prism Design; Road Drainage; Surface Drainage; Subgrade Shapes; Road Grades; Drainage Structures; Running Surface; Special Drainage; Design of Stream Crossing Structures; Temporary Road Design by Timber Contractors; Road Design by Easement Holders; Road Construction; Referencing Centerline; Culvert Referencing; Cut and Fill Slopes; Landings and Turnouts; Curve Widening; Log Trucks and Yarders; Lowboy Truck and Trailer; Curve Widening Diagram; Maximum Vehicle Off-tracking. 5. Forest Road Construction Introduction; Goals of Road Construction; Objectives of Road Construction; Road Construction Strategies; Timing; Clearing and Grubbing; Options for Disposal of Clearing and Grubbing Debris; Sidecast; Scattering; Pile and Burn; End-Haul; Chipping and Scattering; Balanced Cut and Fill (BCF) Construction; Full Bench Construction; Construction on Marginally Stable Slopes; Grading and Compaction; Subgrade and Surfacing; Erosion Control. 6. Blasting Techniques History of Explosives; Introduction to Explosives; Basic Service Explosives and Accessories; Uses of Explosives; Calculation of Burden and No. of Charges; Types of Explosions; Preparation of Firing Circuit; Remote-controlled Blasting; Introduction to Commercial Explosives; Safety Precautions in Handling Explosives; Controlled Blasting;

43 Controlled Demolition; Modern Trends in Explosives. 7. Forest Road Improvement Introduction; Goals of Road Improvement; Objectives of Road Improvement; Road Improvement Strategies; Road Improvement Planning; Road Improvement Design; Development of Road Improvement Projects. 8. Project Administration for Road Projects Introduction; Goals of Project Administration; Objectives of Project Administration; Project Administration Strategies; Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs) for Project Administrators; Before Construction Begins; Responsibilities of Contract Administrators During Construction; Final Inspection and Approval. 9. Forest Road Maintenance Introduction; Goals of Forest Road Maintenance; Objectives of Forest Road Maintenance; Road Maintenance Strategies; Inventory; Inspection; Planning; Design Standards; Frequency of Maintenance; Timing; Coordination; Implementation Options; Department of Forestry and Equipment; Timber contractors; Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA’s) for Maintenance Personnel; Maintenance Supervisors and Personnel; Contract Administrators (Timber Sale Contracts and Service Contracts); Documentation; Monitoring; Priority Maintenance; Road Closure Or Vacation; Maintenance Functions; Drainage Maintenance; Road Surface; Cut and Fill Slopes; Erosion Control; Vegetation Control. 10. Forest Road Vacating Introduction; Goals of Forest Road Vacating; Objectives of Forest Road Vacating; Road Vacating Strategies; Road Vacating Assessment; Stream Crossing Excavations; Road Surface Runoff and other Drainage Structures; Treatment of Unstable Areas; Erosion and Sediment Control; Blocking the Road; Timing; Guidelines for Areas of Special Concern. 11. Conservation Ethics Rethink, reduce, reuse, recycle; intrinsic and intangible worth of forests; valuation of human impacts on nature; restraints and imperatives of conservation; romantic and utilitarian conservation. Recommended Books: 1. Forest Engineering: Roads and Bridges by Harrison J.L. Buy used 2. A Manual of Forest Engineering for India, Volume 2 by Charles G. R. 3. Handbook of Forest Engineering 4. Engineering for forest rangers in tropical countries, with special reference to Burma, by Alan H. L. 5. Positive Impact Forestry: A Sustainable Approach To Managing Woodlands by Thomas J. Mc. and J. Jeffords 6. Forestry Handbook by Karl F. Wenger 7. Forest Management and Planning by Pete B., K. Boston, J. Siry, and D. L. Grebne

44 8. The Woodlot Management Handbook: Making the Most of Your Wooded Property For Conservation, Income or Both by Stewart H., P. Mitchell, and Ann-Ida Beck. 9. Essentials of Forestry Practice by Charles H. S. and G. M. Stoddard. 10. Owning and Managing Forests: A Guide to Legal, Financial, and Practical Matters by Thomas J. Mc. and Carl R.

2. BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (2-1) Objective: To equip the students with knowledge and importance of biodiversity and climate change and learn skills and techniques to conserve biodiversity and mitigate global warming and climate change. Theory: 1. Definition of biodiversity and its scope. 2. Factors affecting biodiversity of flora and fauna (human population, industrialization and unsustainable land uses). 3. Biodiversity status of flora and fauna in various zones/regions. Threatened and endangered mammals, birds, and plant species in Pakistan. 4. Biodiversity rich areas and hotspots. 5. Conservation and management strategy for biodiversity in Pakistan. 6. Ecosystem based adaptation 7. The concept of climate change and its harmful effects. Causes of climate change. 8. Climate change assessment and predictions. 9. Recommended actions to reduce global warming and climate change. 10. International treaties and conventions on biodiversity and climate change. Practical: Field: Visit different sites to assess the status of biodiversity. Filed: Visit to biodiversity conservation projects. Field: learning various methods to reduce global warming. Recommended Books: 1. Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy. 1996. IUCN. Government of NWFP. 2. Resource Management Plan for Palas Forests, Lower Kohistan Forest Division by Khattak, A.K. 2006. NWFP Forest Department.

3. PARTICIPATORY FORESTRY 3 (2-1) Objective: To make the students understand concepts of participatory and traditional forestry management practices and their implications for resource management and community.

45 Theory: Concept and scope of Participatory forest management. Traditional Centralized Forest Management. Forest Management in Pakistan. Conceptual Overview of Participatory Forest Management: Decentralization and Devolution, Participation, Terminologies for Participatory Forest Management (PFM). Review of Participatory Forest Management, Centralized vs. Participatory Forest Management. Impacts of PFM. Participation Concept, Levels of Participation, Forms of Participation, Drives for Participation, Review of Participation in Forest Management, Factors Affecting Participation. Measuring Participation in PFM Practical: Visits to various Participatory forest management project and note various characteristics of those projects, compare them and understand the difference in different participation levels and approaches used in Participatory management of forestry projects. Recommended Books: 1. ADB. 2006. Strengthening Participation for Development Results: A Staff Guide to Consultation and Participation. Asian Development Bank. 2. Swati, M. Iqbal. and Mamoona, W. M. (2014). Evolution of Forest Management in North Western Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Historical Perspective: Application and Implications. ISBN# 978-969- 9991-00-4 MaahaSahar Publishers 3. Hobley, M. 1996. Hobley, M. 1996. ODI. The New Institution. In Participatory Forestry: The Process of Change in India and Nepal. Rural Development Forestry Study Guide 3. Hobley, M. Hobley, M. Ed. Rural Development Forestry Network. Overseas Development Institute, London, UK:ODI 4. Hobley, M. 2005. Putting ‘social’ into forestry? Forest Policy and Environment Programme: Grey Literature. ODI 5. Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir and Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan. Doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia.

4. INTRODUCTION TO GIS and REMOTE SENSING 3 (2-1) Objective: To acquaint students with the modern tools of GIS and RS for forest management. Theory: 1. Aerial Photos. Sensors, Cameras, films and filters. 2. Types of photos scale of photos. Season of photography. 3. Aerial photo interpretation techniques 4. Photo-grammetry, measurement of scale, distance, heights and Slope.

46 5. Satellite based Remote Sensing. Sensors platforms. 6. Introduction to energy sources and radiation principles. 7. Thermal Infrared and microware Remote Sensing. 8. Introduction to GIS 9. Spatial data 10. Georeferencing and digitizing 11. Global Positioning System (GPS) Practical: 1. Introduction to RS and GIS software 2. Georeferencing, digitizing and map making. Recommended Books: 1. GIS Fundamentals, a First Text on GIS. 3rd Edition by Paul B. 2008. Eider Press. 2. Remote sensing and Image Interpretation. 6th edition by Lillesand, T.M., R.W. Kiefer and J. Chipman. 2007. Wiley and Sons.

5. INTEGRATED LAND USE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 3 (2-1) Objective: To educate the students about the importance of sustainable integrated land use management systems and its relationship with the present management system. Theory: 1. Definition and importance of sustainable integrated land use management. 2. Land management paradigm for sustainable development. Challenges and opportunities for integrated land management. 3. Land uses mapping including forests, agriculture, rangelands, waterbodies, habitations. 4. Mapping social uses of natural resources and study of demand and supply of different products. 5. Study of constraints in sustainable land uses: land tenure, poverty, conflicts in uses, administrative, technical and financial 6. Study land use planning systems adopted by different agencies including Forest, Agriculture, Livestock, Wildlife and Fisheries Departments. 7. Policies and Laws concerning land use planning by different Departments. 8. Planning, implementing and monitoring sustainable integrated land use management plans with participation of communities. Practical: 1. Field: Practical mapping of land uses with GPS and study of land use practices applied. 47 2. Field and Lab: Developing integrated land use plans with participation of local communities. Recommended Books: 1. Denmark – the EU Compendium of spatial planning systems and policies by Enemark, S. 1999. Brussels. 2. Environmental Land Use Planning and Management by Randolph, J. 2003. USA.

6. FORESTRY EXTENSION 3 (3-0)

Objective: To introduce students to forestry extension, extension strategies, methods and tools Theory: 1. Definition of forestry extension 2. Objectives of forestry extension 3. Means and tools of forestry extension (mass media etc.) 4. Essentials for effective forestry extension i) Mobilization ii) Local support iii) Training of local cadres iv) External technical support v) System management 5. Forest policy and forestry extension Programmes in Pakistan 6. Strategies of forestry extension adopted by different Departments and projects 7. Evaluation and monitoring of Forestry extension Programmes Recommended Books: 1. Forestry Extension in Pakistan by Bekkering, T. G. Naughton and F. Werter. 1993. 2. Planning Forestry extension Programmes. Report of a Regional Expert Consultation; in collaboration with Forests, Trees and people Programme. FAO-RWEDP. 1988. Bangkok, Thailand. 3. Forestry extension by Dr. Nowshad Ali Khan AIOU 4. Forestry extension by Safdar Ali khan, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar

48 COMMON COURSES OF BOTH BS. FORESTRY & BSc. (HONS) AGRICULTURE (MAJOR IN FORESTRY) SEMESTER-V TO VIII SEMESTER V

1. ENERGY PLANTATIONS 3 (2-1) Objective: To develop understanding regarding the prospects and possibilities of raising bioenergy plantations, bio-fuel production, and conversion technologies. Theory: Introduction and advantages of energy plantations. Global overview of energy and biomass consumption patterns. Energy and biomass consumption patterns in Pakistan. Environmental impacts of biomass energy. Basic concepts of forest production ecology, the biomass production potential of a forest ecosystem, production of energy wood at special short-rotation plantations, densification technique, harvesting and transportation logistics of energy wood production. A brief introduction to bio-energy conversion technologies, utilization of bio- energy with reference to the global carbon cycle and climatic change, especially with regard to CO2 emissions and carbon storage; and the role of bio-energy in Pakistan and other countries, especially its potential for the development of rural areas. Overview of the markets for wood biomass for energy production globally and within the Pakistan this includes the supply, quantity, demand, and consumption as well as consumer market aspects. Need for research and development on environment friendly and socio economically relevant technologies. Practical: Identification of important fuel woods and petro-crops. Study of different properties of bio fuels used in Pakistan. Determination of calorific value, moisture and ash content in biomass. Study of energy consumption pattern in rural and urban areas through survey. Visit to nearby Bio-energy units. Recommended Books: 1. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals by Donald L.K. 2010. Amazon Publishers 2. Small Holder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services by Snelder, D.J. and R. Lasco. 2008. Springer Publisher. 3. Nursery and Plantation Practice in Forestry by Kumar V. 1999. Scientific Publications. 4. Plantation Forestry in India by Luna RK. 1989. International Book Distributors.

49 5. Technology of Forest Nurseries by Chaturvedi A.N. 1994. Khanna Bandhu. 6. Forest Resources and Wood based biomass by William, B. R. and Gowen. 1994. Oxford and IBH New Delhi.

2. FOREST POLICY AND LAW 3 (3-0) Objective: To develop an understanding of forest policies and forest laws with special reference to Pakistan. Theory: Forest Policy: Definition of Policy. Principles of policy formulation, requirements of a sound national forest policy, inter-relationship of national forest policy with other relevant policies. Linkages of forest policy with economic development, national character and modern technology. History of National Forest Policy since 1894 to to-date. Comparison of the national forest policy of Pakistan with other countries.

Forest Law: Definition of law. Need for law. The basis of law. Necessity and limitations of a special forest law. History of Forest Laws in Indo-Pakistan. Definition of common legal terms: Abetment, Adverse possession, Bail, cattle pound, cognizable and non- cognizable offences, collusion, compounding an offence, Confiscation, Confession, Criminal breach of trust, criminal misappropriation, criminal trespass, easement, Escheat, Evidence, Forfeiture, Inter-mission, Interruption, Leading question, Mischief, Mistake of law, Mistake of fact, Pre-emption, Recognizance, Reanullius: Right, Royal tree, Salvage, Search Warrant, Seizure, Servitude, Summary trials, Summons, summon cases Treasure trove, Warrant cases, waif wood, wasteland. 8Acts, Regulations, Ordinances and Rules: Study of Salient Features of following: 1. The Forest Act, 1927 2. The Baluchistan Forest Regulation. 1880 3. Guzara rules of Rawalpindi District, 1927 4. Cattle trespass Act, 1871 5. Sind grazing rules, 1936 6. NWFP(KP) Forest Ordinance 2002 7. The Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulation 1930. 8. The Gilgit Forest Rules 1932 9. West Pakistan Wildlife Protection Rules, 1960. 10. Punjab Fisheries Act, 1914. 11. Choas Act, 1900 50 Recommended Books: 1. Policies for sustainable forest management in the tropics. Kathleen Ann McGinley. 2012. 2. Forest Law and Sustainable Development: Addressing Contemporary Challenges Through Legal Reform by Lawrence C. Christy. 2007. 3. Forests People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia by Piers Blaikie, Oliver Springate-Baginsk. 2007. 4. Forest Policy Ministry of Food and Agri. Abeedullah J. 1991. Government of Pakistan. 5. Explanatory Notes on Forest Law with up-to-date amendments by Asif Jah. 2009. Compiled for the use of Forestry students at Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar. 6. Forest Policy, Law and Administration by F.A.O Rome. Government of West Pakistan. 7. West Pakistan Forest Manual Vol.I Govt. of Pakistan. 1975. 8. Forest Policy Directives Ministry of Food and Agri. Government of Pakistan. 9. Forest Act, 1927 Ideal Publisher, Karachi Forest 10. NWFP (KP) Forest Ordinance 2002. 11. Global Environmental Forest Policies: An International Comparison by McDermott, C., B. Cashore and P. Kanowski. 2009. Earthscan.

3. WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3 (2-1) Objective: To educate and train the students in forest products research and technology. Theory: 1. Structure of wood: wood definition, process of wood formation, anatomical properties, anisotropic structure of softwoods and hardwoods. Description of wood elements in three dimensions. Definition of related terms helpful in identification of Pakistani timbers. 2. Defects in wood: definition, kinds and classification of natural defects, cause of development of natural and drying defects during seasoning process. 3. Wood properties: definition of physical and mechanical properties, colour, luster, odour and taste, density wood- moisture relationship, shrinkage and swelling, electrical and thermal conductivities, calorific value, static bending, compression, tension, hardness, shear, impact bending, cleavage, nail/screw holding power. Applications of mechanical properties for various purposes, timber connectors and their types. 4. Wood seasoning: definition, preliminary techniques, timber storage, orthodoxal/non-orthodoxal methods of wood drying, different stacking methods, moisture content and it’s determination methods, recent developments in lumber drying, measurement and control of various

51 drying defects and their control, economics of different wood seasoning methods. 5. Wood preservation: definition, natural durability of wood, agencies of wood deterioration, types of preservatives absorption and retention of preservatives, control of biological agencies by preservative treatment, fire retardants, their types and application methods. 6. Sawmilling and wood working: various types of sawing machines operation and maintenance, design and layout of portable sawmills, common hand tools and wood working machines, their uses and maintenance, design and layout of modern wood-workshop, types of wood work, joints and their applications in wood work, machining properties of Pakistani timbers. 7. Pulp and paper: characteristics and classification of important fibrous raw materials, essential requirement of raw materials for pulp and paper manufacture, distribution and supply of raw material in Pakistan, chemistry and technology of various pulping and bleaching processes, consumption of paper and it’s products in Pakistan, future of paper industry in the country, current supply and demand of paper including import and export, brief description of paper manufacture. 8. Composite wood products: Basic theory of adhesion and cohesion as influenced by physical factors, wood adhesives; their formulation, characteristics and uses, impregnation of wood with resin forming chemicals, properties of impregnated wood, production, properties and uses of impregnated timbers, laminboard, chipboard, fiberboard, veneer cutting and peeling properties of local timbers, principles involved in the manufacture of plywood, advantages of plywood over solid wood construction. 9. Uses of woods: suitability of timbers for different uses, specialized, constructional, structural and decorative uses of Pakistani timbers. 10. Utilization of wood waste and integration of forest industries: what is waste? Types of wood waste, wood waste and it’s’ utilization, what is an industry? Principles of integration of forest industries, economic and technical advantages. Practical: 1. Studying gross features of wood. 2. Observation of wood elements in three dimensions under microscope. 3. Determination of physical properties. 4. Testing of timbers for different mechanical properties. 5. Demonstration of stacking techniques and measurement of seasoning defects. 6. Demonstration of various methods of wood preservation. 7. Manufacturing, testing and evaluation of plywood, particleboard, MDF etc. 8. Measurement of round and sawn timber. 9. Calculation of recovery of converted timber.

52 Recommended Books: 1. Timber by Peter Dauvergne, Jane Lister.2013 2. Seasoning of Wood by Joseph Bernard.2013 3. Forest Products and Wood Science; An Introduction. 4th Ed by Bower, L.J. 2003. Wiley-Blackwell. 4. Timber its structure, properties and utilization. 6th edition by Desch, H.E. and J.M. Dinwoodie. 1983. Macmillan Press Ltd. London 5. Timber, its nature and behavior by Dinwordie, J.M. 1981. Van Nostrand Reindold Co., New York. 6. Indian Forest Utilization; Vol. II. Editorial Board, Forest Research Institute and College Dehra Dun. 1972. Published by the Manger of publications, Dehli. 7. The Forests Handbook by Evans, J. 2008. Wiley Blackwell. 8. Wood, Pulp and Allied Products by Grant, J. 1947. London Leonard Hill, Ltd. 9. Bowyer. Forest Products and wood science, 2nd. Edition by Haygreen, G. John and L. Jim. 1989. Iowa State University Press/Ames. 10. Industrial Timber Preservation by Wilkinson J.G. 1979. Associated Business Press, London. 11. Dry Kiln Handbook by Backrich J.L. Published by H.A. Simons (International) Ltd. Vancouver, B.C. Canada. 12. Principles of Wood Science and Technology Vol. I and II, Solid Wood by Kollmann, F.P. Franz and A.C. Wilfred. 1968. Published by Springer- verlag Berlin, W. Germany. 13. A hand book of Forest Utilization by Mehta T. 1981. International Boode Distributor, Dehra Dun, India. 14. Wood Chemistry-Fundamentals and Applications by Sjostrom E. 1981. Academic Press, London. 15. Dielectric Properties of Wood and Wood based Material by Torgovnikov, G.I. 1993. Published by Springer NY. 16. Primary Wood Processing; Principles and Practices by Walker, J.C.F. 1993. Chapman and Hall. NY. 17. Brown, N.C. Lumber, New York; Wiley, 1950.

4. FOREST SURVEYING AND LEVELING 3 (2-1) Objective: To impart basic knowledge to forestry students of surveying for making forest roads and buildings. Theory: 1. Introduction: Definition, objectives, Principles and classification of survey. 2. Scales and their classification. Construction of scales and their usage. 3. Triangulation Survey: Use of survey instruments. Adjustment of chain/measuring tape. Selection of base line and formation of best and well conditioned triangles in the field. Offsetting and its classification.

53 Area calculation through triangulation. Use of GPS and its application for area calculation. Data recording in Field Book and plotting of survey. 4. Traverse Survey: Use of Prismatic and Surveyor’s compasses for taking Reduced and Whole circle bearings for an open and closed traverse. Calculation of angles from bearings. Magnetic declination and Dip. Effect of local attraction on bearings. Plotting of Traverse and distribution of closing error. 5. Plane Table Survey: Instruments and their use. Various methods of Plane Tabling. Location of observer’s position by three point’s problem. Contouring: Contour lines; vertical and horizontal equivalent. Methods of locating contour lines in the field through direct and indirect methods. Plotting of contours on ground and on sheet. 6. Leveling: Bench marks and their classification, Leveling instruments: dumpy level. Automatic Level, Theodolite, Leveling staff and its reading. Methods of leveling: simple, compound, flying and reciprocal leveling. Level book and is recording. Profile and Cross-section leveling and their plotting for a forest road. 7. Areas and Volumes: Calculation of areas and volume by various methods. 8. Use of Minor Instruments: Use of Abney level, hand level, tangent clinometers, spirit level, proportional compass, and planimeter. 9. Use of latest survey tools (Total Station) Practical: 1. Practice in: Chain Survey. Compass survey. Plane table survey. Longitudinal and cross sections of road. 2. Survey drawings: At least four survey drawings of the above exercises will be prepared by each student of which one will be in ink and colour. 3. Practical exercises in road alignment. Recommended Books: 1. Surveying: Principles and Applications by Barry, F., S. J. Kavanagh and G. Bird. 2000. 2. Surveying Principles for Civil Engineers by Paul, A. Z. 1997. 3. Surveying and leveling, Part I and II by Kanetkar. 1956. A.V. Griber, Prakashan, Pona-2, India. 4. Rasul Manual for subordinate Engineers, Surveying Part. I Sub-Engineers. The Punjab Govt. 1955. Govt. Printing Press, Punjab.

5. SILVICULTURE-I 2 (2-0) Objective: To impart knowledge and skills of growing and managing forest trees. Theory: Introduction to Silviculture and its definition. Role of Silviculture in forest resource management. Concept of forest, classification of forests, including major divisions of the world’s forest. Forest types of Pakistan and their

54 distribution. Forest composition, stand structure and tree classification, pure and mixed stands, even and un-even aged forest stands their characters and development, advantages and dis-advantages. Tree growth: stem development, growth rings, spiral grains, reaction wood and wood quality. Shoot development, crown shapes, and their development. Tree reproduction: flowering habit of trees, maturity in trees, seed periodicity, factors influencing periodicity, flower initiation and cone development in conifers, flowering in deciduous trees, induced seeding. Root growth: rooting characteristic, environmental effects on development, mycorhiza. Forest site: soil formation, soil profile, site quality and its evaluation. Stand density: methods for determining stand density. Recommended Books: 1. A Critique of Silviculture: Managing for Complexity by Klaus J. Puettmann. 2008. 2. Forest types of Pakistan by Champion, H.G., S.K Seth and G.M. Khattak. 1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 2. Manual of Silviculture for Pakistan by Chamption, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M. Khattak. 1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 3. Principles of Silviculture (2nd edition) by Daniel, T.W., J.A. Helms and F.S. Baker. 1979. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 4. Forestry and Environment by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 5. General Silviculture by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 6. Soil Conservation and Silviculture by Dvorak, J. and L. Novak. 1994. Elsevier Science. 7. The Practice of Silviculture. 7th Ed. By Smith, D.M. 1987. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

6. FOREST ENGINEERING-II 2 (1-1) Objective: To impart the knowledge and skills about constructional materials and lay out of buildings. Theory: Part-I (Building Materials) 1. Stones and Bricks: Common varieties and characteristics of building stones. Crushed stones, natural gravel and sand. Types and characteristics of good bricks. 2. Mortars: Lime and cement mortars; preparation, properties and uses. 3. Concrete: Proportioning of materials. Aggregates, water cement ratio. Shuttering, reinforcement (R.C.C.), placing and curing 4. Paints: Uses and types. Varnishes and polishers

55 Part-II (Building Construction) 1. Site and Foundations: Selection of site, sources of water and approach road. Object, types and design of foundations. 2. Roofs, Floors, and Joinery: Types of roofs, Beams and trusses coverings. Flat roof. 3. Brick, concrete and mosaic floors. 4. Parquetting. Joinery frames. Types of doors, windows and ventilators. 5. Fly and mosquito proofing. 6. Sanitation: Water supply and sanitary fittings. Water storage tank, septic tank, soakage pit and flue trap. Drains and manholes. 7. Finishing: Pointing, plastering, white and colour washing, distempering, painting and polishing 8. Building Estimates Practical: Drawings and estimates of a small building: Lay out of a small building, detail estimate of a small building. Recommended Books: 1. A Treatise of Building Construction by Deshpande, R.S. 1978. United Book Corporation, Poona, India.

7. STUDY TOUR (FOREST TYPES) 1 (0-1) Objectives: To demonstrate areas with all the forest types and different ecologies and their associated flora and fauna. Practical: Visit to different forest types of Pakistan for studying species composition, management practices and constraints and submit tour report/ tour diary.

SEMESTER-VI

1. FOREST MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0) Objective: To impart knowledge and skills to students about sustainable forest management approaches and techniques for optimal production of goods and services. Theory: 1. Introduction: Definition, history and scope of forest management in Pakistan. Objectives of forest management. Forest Policy objectives in relation to national economic objectives. Peculiar features of forestry in relation to other enterprises. Integrated resource management. Management of non-timber products. 56 2. Rotation: Concept of rotation in regular and irregular forests. Types of rotation, choice of rotation. Factors determining length of rotation. 3. Increment: Concept and significance, nature and component of increment: CAI and MAI, Age of maximum volume production. Increment determination methods. 4. Normal Forest: Concept of normality in even aged forest: Normal series of age gradation/age classes, normal increment, normal growing stock and their determination, Relationship between normal volume and normal Increment and Flury’s Constant. Concept of normality in uneven aged forest: normal distribution of trees of all ages per unit area and normal size class distribution. Concept of normality in Pakistani forestry. 5. Contemporary Resource Management Approaches (Participatory, Integrated, Joint management approaches). 6. Sustained Yield: Definition and concept of sustained yield. Types of sustained yield: Integral, Intermittent, and Annual. Objects of sustained yield. Economic aspects of obtaining sustained yield. Current status of sustained yield in Pakistan. 7. Yield and its Regulation: Objectives of felling. Methods of yield regulation: i- Area Method: Control by silvicultural and other felling rules. Control by area. ii- Area, Volume, and Increment method: Fixed, Revocable, Single/Floating Periodic Block Methods. Regeneration Area Method (French method by using Melard and Cotta’s formulae). iii- Volume and Increment Methods: Austrian, Hundeshagan’s and Von Mantel’s Formulae. Masson’s Ratio. Modification of Von Mantel’s formulae (Blandford and Simmons Method). iv- Regulation of yield in uneven aged forest by using: Brandis Method, Method of control, Residual Growing Stock Method and Current Growth Method. Note: Working plans of Hill Forests, Riverain Forests and Irrigated Plantations be referred for yield and its regulation.

v- Forest organization. Legal classification: Reserved, Protected, Guzara and Unclassed Forests. Territorial classification: Block, compartment, sub- compartment. Administrative (Organizational) classification: IGF, CCF, CF, DFO, Sub- DFO/ACF, RFO, Block Officer (Forester), Beat Officer (Forest Guard). Management (Silvicultural) classification: Working circle, felling series, coupe, cutting section, periodic blocks, felling cycle, felling series. vi- Preparation of Working Plans: Objectives and scope of working plans. Pc-I schemes. Period of working plans. Preliminary working plan report. Format of existing working plan. Annual plan of operations. Preparation of working plans

57 8. Forest fires and their control. Forest fires as management tool. Recommended Books: 1. Forest Management and Planning by Pete Bettinger, Kevin Boston, Jacek P. Siry and Donald L. Grebner (2008) 2. Forest Management and the Water Cycle: An Ecosystem-Based Approach by Michael Bredemeie (2010) 3. Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use by P.K. Ramachandran Nair. (2012) 4. Participatory Forest Management in South Asia by Golam Rasul, Madhav Bahadur Karki. 2007. 5. The Sustainable Forestry Handbook by Higman, S., J. Mayers S. Bass., N. Judd. and R. Nussbaum. 2004. Earthscan. 6. Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M. Khattak. 1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 7. Timber Management: A Quantitative Approach by Clutter, J.L., J.C. Fortson et al. 1982. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. NY. USA. 8. Forest Management by Davis, K.P. and R.N. Johnson. 1987. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 9. Forest Management by Khattak, G.M. 1973. Ferozsons, Peshawar. 10. Introduction to Forest Resource Management by Leuschner, W.A. 1984. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. NY, USA. 11. The Management of Forests by Osmoston, F.E. 1968. George Allan and Unwin Ltd. London. 12. Forest Management by Ram Parkash. 1986. International Book Distributors. Dehra Dun, (India). 13. Forests of Himalaya by Singh, S.P. and J.S. Singh. 1992. Nainital, Gtanodaya Prakashan. 14. The Forest Working Plan by Khattak, G.M. and S.K. Khanzada. 1977. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

2. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Objective: To introduce basic concepts of Watershed Management in soil and water conservation. Theory: 1. Introduction to Watershed Management Definition, importance, need, scope and application of Watershed and Watershed Mgt. The Hydrologic Cycle 2. Precipitation Definition, formation and types of Precipitation, measurement of precipitation. 3. Influence of Vegetation on Precipitation Influence on formation, interception and redistribution of precipitation 4. Run-off and its components 58 Types of run-off, factors affecting the runoff, infiltration and percolation, various forms of soil moisture, measurement of Runoff 5. Evapo-transpiration Definition, meteorological factors effecting the evapo-transpiration, measurement of evapo-transpiration(ET) 6. Erosion and Sedimentation Definition, Types of erosion and factors effecting erosion, Hydric erosion, sediment movement and deposition 7. Soil Conservation in Watershed Mgt. Managing watershed range and crop lands, biological and structural soil conservation measures 8. Modern concepts in Watershed Mgt. Participatory and integrated watershed Mgt., Watershed planning, climate change, watershed Mgt. for sustainable livelihood etc. 9. Water harvesting and water spreading. Practical: 1. Calculation of mean precipitation in a watershed by different methods 2. Measurement of infiltration capacity and stream flow. Recommended Books: 1. Integrated Watershed Management: Principles and Practice by Isobel W. Heathcote. 2009 2. Watershed Management 2010: Innovations in Watershed Management Under Land by Kenneth W. Potter. 2011. 3. Ecological Engineering Design: Restoring and Conserving Ecosystem Service by Marty D. Matlock, Robert A. Morgan. 2011. 4. Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: Fate and Transport Processes by David A. Chi. 2012. 5. Principles of Water Resources by Sech, T.V. 2002. John Wiley and Sons. 6. Design of Soil Conservation Works in Watershed Areas by Shah, B.H. and B. Heusch. 1991. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 7. Principles of Watershed Management by Tennyson, L.C. 1986. FAO PAK/78/036 Field Document No.9. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 8. Manual for Watershed Management by Quraiushi, M.A.A. and M. T. Siddiqui. 2001. UAF, Faisalabad. 9. Watershed Management in Pakistan by Quraishi, M.A.A. 2002. UAF. 10. Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal.. 2007. ICIMOD.

3. RANGE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1) Objective: To introduce basic concepts of rangelands, range improvement, rangeland vegetation , measurement and analysis. Theory:

59 1. Introduction. Definition and importance of Rangeland and Range resources of Pakistan (Description, distribution, status, constraints etc.) 2. Principles of Range Management: Proper stocking and their distribution of range animals and season of grazing. 3. Grazing effects on plant morphology and physiology. 4. Range vegetation analysis. 5. Basic Concepts: Animal unit (AU), Animal Unit Month (AUM), Range Frequency, Range Trend, Frequency of use, Intensity of use. Vegetation Preference. 6. Measurement of Vegetation: Estimation of grazing/carrying capacity. Range condition, range trend and range utilization. To Grazing Systems: Seasonal/yearlong grazing. Rotational grazing. Deferred grazing. Deferred- rotational grazing. Rest-rotation grazing. Nomadic and semi-nomadic grazing. Integrated range land management. 7. Range Improvement Techniques: Importance of range improvement. Artificial reseeding. Site selection. Seeding methods. Calculation of seed rate for artificial reseeding. Water Development. Water spreading. Sand dune fixation. Salting. Fencing. Herding. Range fertilization. Control of undesirable and poisonous plants. Eradication of invasive species. Practical: 1. Lab: Introduction to use of instruments for range vegetation analysis. 2. Identification of range plants. 3. Germination tests. 4. Field: Estimation of grazing/carrying capacity, cover, frequency, density, range condition, range trend and range utilization, multivariate analysis. 5. Visit to selected range areas. Recommended Books: 1. Grazing Management by Vallentine, F. John. 2000. Academic Press (Elsevier Science and Technology Books). 2. Range Management: Principles and Practices (6 th Edition) by Jerry L. Holechek, Rex D. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel Deceased. (2010). Prentice Hall, Inc. Newberry. USA. 3. Range Management in Pakistan by Quraishi, M. A. A., G.S. Khan and M.S. Yaqoob. 1993. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 4. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad, N. 1989. NARC Published by ICIMOD. 5. Range Management by Stoddard, L.A., A.D. Smith and T.W. Box. 1975. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 6. Quraishi, M.A.A., M. Ishaque, 1995. 7. Rangeland Management by Heady, H.F. 1975. McGraw-Hill Book, New York. 8. A guide to range analysis by Ashfaque, R.M. and S.M. Rafique 1999. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 9. Range Management Principles and practices by Sampson, A.W. 1962. Third Edition John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.

60 10. Range Management Principles and Practices. Fifth Edition by Jerry L., H. Rex, Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel. 2003. 11. Grazing Systems Planning Guide by Blanchet, K.H. Moechnig and J.D Hughes 2003. University of Minnesota Extension Service, USA.

4. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1) Objective: To acquaint the students with the knowledge and skills needed for the conservation of wildlife and its habitat. Theory: 1. Wildlife: Definition, importance and values, ecosystem concept, characteristics and management requirements for different eco-systems in Pakistan. 2. Population Dynamics of Wildlife 3. Wildlife Health: Wildlife handling, diseases, parasites and preventative management actions. 4. Principles of Wildlife Management. 5. The Wildlife of Pakistan, its distribution, status and importance. 6. Wildlife Laws and Regulations. 7. Protected areas: Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks. Game Reserves and Community Controlled Hunting Areas. IUCN categories of protected areas. 8. Study of endangered species as listed in CITES, IUCN Red Data Book and species listed as threatened under provincial legislation. 9. Preparation of wildlife Management plans: Purpose, structure, contents and reviews/approval procedures. 10. International treaties and conventions on biodiversity and wildlife, illegal trade of wildlife. 11. Trophy hunting (c0mmunity based). Practical: 1. To identify different important Wildlife species on the basis of specific taxonomic characteristics. 2. To prepare and submit Model Wildlife Management Plan. 3. Assignments on wildlife survey techniques (identification, counting from various direct and indirect signs). 4. Field tour: Visit to a protected area to review its management.. Recommended Books: 1. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation and Management by Sinclair, R.E. Anthony, Fryxell, M. John, Caughley, Graeme. 2009. Wiley Blackwell. Fulbright, Timothy E. 2007. Wildlife Science. CRC Press.UK 2. Principles of Wildlife Management by Bailey, J.A. 1984. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. USA. 3. Wildlife Management by Giles, R.H. Jr. 1987. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.

61 4. Practical Manual of Wildlife Management by Quraishi, M.A.A., R.A. Khan and Sh. M.A.Q. Hussain. 2002. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 1. Conservation and the future Trends and options towards the year 2025 by McNeely, J. 1997. IUCN H.Q. pp. 119. 2. Provincial Wildlife Acts and Ordinances. (Provincial Wildlife Departments). 3. Manual for wildlife management by Quraishi, M.A.A. Rashid A. Khan. 2002. UAF, Faisalabad. 4. Manual of Wildlife Techniques for India by Sale J.B. 1988. Special publication of the Wildlife Institute of India. 5. The Wildlife Legislation of Pakistan by Rao, A.L. 1984. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Edinburgh. National Council for Conservation of Wildlife, Islamabad. 6. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol. Iand II) by Roberts. T.J. 1991. Oxford University Press. 7. Mammals of Pakistan by Roberts. T.J. 1977. Oxford University Press. 8. Conservation of Biological Diversity; Perspectives and the future for the Wildlife Profession by Scott et al., 1995. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23(4): 645-657. 9. Wild life Acts and Rules of Pakistan compiled by Said Badsha Bukhari & Mian Muhammad Shafique 2013

5. FOREST BIOMETRICS 3 (2-1) Objective: To acquaint with techniques and methods of tree/forest resource measurement. Theory: 1. Introduction and scope. 2. Individual tree/ satnd measurements. i) Diameter at Breast Height Point and its significance. Instrument and its use: Calliper and Tapes. ii) Height measurement Instrument and its use iii) Tree Age: By record, ocular estimation, by counting whorls, annual rings. Use of increment borer. iv) Crown parameters iv) Form factor: Concept and use. 3. Area measurement 4. Volume Measurements: Standing tree volume and felled tree volume. a) Kinds of Felled Material: timber (in round and converted form) and small wood. b) Measurement of log volumes by Huber’s, Smalian’s, Prismoidal and Quarter girth formulae. c) Stacked Wood Measurement: Stacked volume versus solid volume. Conversion of stacked volume to solid volume or to weight. d) Measurement of Bark thickness and Bark Volume. Use of bark hammer and bark gauge. 62 e) Measurement of converted and sawn timber. Timber calculations. Log- Rules. 5. Introduction of volume and yield tables. Preparation and Application for determining site quality, volume and increment of a forest stand. 6. Sampling: Objectives. Full enumeration and partial enumerations. Stand and stock tables. Sample plots with fixed area and horizontal point sampling. Increment concept. 7. Site Quality: Significance in forestry. Estimation of site quality: a) Indirect methods: Over story interspecies relationships, ground flora / lesser vegetation characteristics, topographic, climatic and edaphic factors. b) Direct methods: Historical yield record, stand volume data, periodic height growth data. 8. Stand Density Determination: Methods for determining stand density. Methods of evaluation. 9. Tree biomass estimation and biomass expansion factors. 10. Site Index. Significance in forestry. Determination of site Index by using guiding curve methods and growth models. 11. Role of models in forest measurement. Practical: 1. Diameter and Height measurement of standing and felled tree. 2. Volume and biomass calculation of single tree and forest stand. 3. Case study of given site for inventory. 4. Data compilation, analysis and plotting (Construction of Height-Diameter- Age curve, Data processing of fixed area plots, Data processing of Horizontal Point Sampling) 5. Increment calculations (Single tree/stands). Recommended Books: 1. Sampling Techniques for Forest Inventories by Mandallaz, D. 2007. Chapman and Hall Publishers. 2. Forest Mensuration by Hunsch. T.W. Beers. And J. Kershaw. 2003. (4th edition) John Wiley and Sons. 3. Handbook of Forestry by Ashraf, M.M. and I. Ahmed. 1994. PARC. Islamabad. 4. Elements of Forest Mensuration by Hassan, A. 1996. PFRI. Faisalabad. 5. Forest dynamics, growth, and yield by Pretzsch, H. 2010. Springer Berlin Heidelberg Germany. 6. Forest measurements 5th Edition) by Avery, T. E., and Burkhart, H. E. 2001. McGraw-Hill Book Company, USA. 7. Manual of Forest Inventory by FAO. 1981. FAO, Forestry paper 27. 8. A guide book for Forestry by Hussain, R.W. and M.I. Sheikh. 1988. Research, PFI, Peshawar. 9. Text Book of Dendrology by Harlow, M. and S. Harrar. 1991. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 6. NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 2 (2-0) Objective: 63 Introduce the non-wood uses of forests for sustainable forest resource management based on multiple uses of forests and its products. Theory: 1. Introduction of principal non-wood forest products 2. Introductory sericulture 3. Morphology, anatomy, and developmental physiology Silkworm 4. Silkworm rearing and diseases 5. Cocoon harvesting and Processing 6. Mulberry cultivation 7. Bee keeping 8. Management of honey bee colonies 9. Honey bee flora 10. Pest and diseases of honey bee and their management 11. Mazri, Mushroom, Resins and Gums; their utilization and economic aspects 12. Medicinal plants of Pakistan; their importance and scope 13. Cultivation, Collection and Conservation of medicinal plants Recommended Books: 1. The Hive and the Honey bees by Atkins, E.L. and R. Banker. 1978. Dadant and Sons. 2. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II by Ganga, G. 2003. Moriculture. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 3. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II by Ganga, G. 2003. Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 4. Plants and Bee Keeping by Howes, F.N. 1979. Faber Paperbacks 5. Guide to Mushroom growing by Fred C. A. 1974. Faber and Faber Ltd, London. 6. Monograph on Nannorrhops ritchiana, H. Wendl (Mazri) by Mughal M.S. 1991. PFI, Peshawar. 7. Resin Tapping Instruction and Rules. Punjab Forest Leaflets No.13. 8. Hundred drug plants of Pakistan by Zaman M.B. 1972. 9. Guidelines for cultivation, collection, conservation and propagation of medicinal herbs by Gill M.A. 2006.

7. STUDY TOUR (FOREST MANAGEMENT) 1 (0-1) Objectives: To learn forest management techniques with respect to forest types and management objectives. Practical: Visit to all forest types of Pakistan for studying management practices and constraints and document in tour report/ tour diary. SEMESTER-VII

64 1. ECOTOURISM AND PARK MANAGEMENT 2 (2-0) Objective: To impart the knowledge and enable students in understanding significance of eco-tourism and park management. Theory: Ecotourism 1. Concepts of tourism, nature based tourism and sustainable tourism. 2. Ecotourism Resources: landscapes, endemic or rare flora and fauna. 3. Effects of tourism on plants and animals population 4. Economics of eco-tourism 5. Ecotourism Services: transportation, food, lodging, guiding and interpretation services which cause minimal damage to the biological and cultural environments and promote a better understanding of the natural and cultural history of an area. 6. Developing and execution of plans for eco-tourism under different conditions. Park Management 1. Introduction: Definition, Importance of recreation and park management. 2. Forests as outdoor recreational areas. Significance of Parks. Study of important National Parks of Pakistan. 3. Development of Facilities: Camp Ground, Picnic areas, Organized camps and Interpretative facilities. 4. Duties of Park Manager. 5. Landscaping, Plant material for landscaping. Introduction to arboriculture. Propagation of plants. Nursery practices and management. Protected areas systems. Recommended Books: 1. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development by Honey, M. 1999., Island Press, Washington DC, USA. 2. Adventure Foundation Pakistan.2004. Support to Promotion of Eco- tourism, Initiatives by Palas Conservation and Development Project (Consultancy No. 53), Pattan, Distt. Kohistan. 3. Recreational Use of Wildlands by Brockman C.F. and Merrium (1973). McGraw Hill Book Co. New York. 4. Forest Recreation by P. Dougles, R.W. 1975. ergamon Press Inc. New York. 5. Manual for Landscape Horticulture by Shaukat and M.I. Sheikh 1986. PFI, Peshawar.

65 2. FOREST RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2 (2-0) Objectives: To equip with the methods of valuation of goods and services. Theory: 1. Special characteristics of forest economics. Value (Total and Marginal). Demand and Supply chain. Elasticities of demand and supply. 2. Grading of goods: inferior and normal. 3. Valuation of Forest products and services. 4. Discounting and Compounding. Present worth of annuity, Methods of depreciation: straight-ling method, declining balance method. 5. Determination of economic rotation age. 6. Introduction to Location theory: Marketing transportation and other considerations. 7. Concept of World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to forest products trade. 8. Forests Certification. Recommended Books: 1. Forest Certification Handbook. Earthscan Forestry Library Press. By Ruth, N. and M. Simula. 2005. 2. Forest Resource Economics and Finance. Blacksburg, USA by Klemperer, K.D. 2003. 3. An Introduction to Modern Economics, Publishers United Ltd. 176-Anarkali, Lahore by Akhtar, S.M. 4. Forest Valuation. McGraw-Hill Book, New York by Champan, N.N. and W.H. Meyer. 1949 5. Forest Management (1966) McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York. 6. Forest Resources Management by Leuschnar, W. A. Jhon Wiley and Sons, New York.

3. SILVICULTURE -II 3 (2-1) Objectives: To increase the comprehension of advanced Silvicultural techniques and their implementation.

Theory: Regeneration: Definition, importance and types. Natural regeneration: factors affecting, natural regeneration, Silviculture Systems and their application in Pakistan. Introduction, definition and concepts. Execution advantages and disadvantages. Applicability of the silvicultural systems (Clear felling system, Shelter wood system, Coppice system, Selection system, Accessory system, Silvicultural systems for Mazri and Ephedra forests) in Pakistan, reproduction methods under various Silvicultural systems and their applications, tending

66 operations. Artificial regeneration: definition, objectives, choice of natural/artificial regeneration, silviculture of forest tree species, choice of species, local and exotic species, evaluation of site for planting, site preparation, sowing and planting methods, spacing, irrigation, cultural operation, protection. Seeds: seed collection and extraction, seed testing, storage, pre-sowing treatments. Nursery establishment: Objectives, types of nurseries, selection of site, layout, area preparation, growth medium/soil preparation, soil and seed treatments, manuring and fertilization, cultural operations, grading, transportation. Desertification: causes, impacts and control. Afforestation of special sites; arid and semi-arid areas, water logged and saline areas, canal side, highways/road sides, sand dunes, land slips, denuded hill slopes and ravine lands. Forest fires: Causes, prevention and control measures. Forest protection against various biotic factors. Practical: Establishment of student nursery of various tree species and presentations of seminar on important topic of silviculture Recommended Books: 1. Silviculture: Concepts and Applications by Ralph, D.N. 2007. Wavelend Press. McGraw Hills Forestry Series. 2. Forest types of Pakistan by Champion, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M. Khattak, 1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 3. Manual of Silviculture for Pakistan by Champion, H.G., S.K Seth and G.M. Khattak. 1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 4. Principles of Silviculture (2nd edition) by Daniel, T.W., J.A. Helms and F.S. Baker. 1979. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 5. Forestry and Environment by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 6. General Silviculture by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 7. Soil Conservation and Silviculture by Dvorak, J. and L. Novak. 1994. Elsevier Science. 8. The Practice of Silviculture. 7th Ed by Smith, D.M. 1987. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

4. ELECTIVE FORESTRY COURSES 09

Note: Three courses will be opted by the student from one of the specializations courses offered by the faculty/department.

67 SEMESTER-VIII 1. FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN -I 3 (3-0) Objectives: To impart in-depth knowledge about forest inventories, methodologies and preparation of working plans. Theory: 1. Working plan, Review, Impact and Need Assessment. 2. Procedure (Hierarchy) for working plan preparation. 3. Planning for working plan. 4. Sampling design used in forest inventories. 5. Inventory methods; continuous forest inventory, fixed area plot method and Prism or Point sampling. 6. Determining plot numbers, size and distribution in the forest, grid size calculations, conversion of forest map scales and representative factors. 7. Orientation of forest map. 8. Determining plot points. On plot measurements. Precautions in plot measurements. 9. Recording of data, tally sheets. 10. Present and future stand and stock tables. 11. Movement ratio and yield calculations using different formulas. Recommended Book: 1. Forest Management: Forest Working Plans by Carl A.S. 2009. Guide to Lectures Delivered at Biltmore Forest School. Cornell University. USA. 2. Working Plan For The Forests of The Bnajar Valley Reserve by Central Provinces (India) Forest Deptt. 2009. South Mandla Forest Division. India. 3. Tree and Forest Measurement by West, P.W. 2009. Springer verlag. 4. Inventory of Forest Resources For Sustainable Management and Biodiversity Conservation by Shiva, M.P. 1998. Indus Publishing Company. India. 5. The Management of Forests by Osmaston, F.E. 1968. George Allan and Unwin Ltd., Ruskin House, Manchester, London. 6. Development of a Model Forest Management Plan for Panjul Forest in Western Himalaya (Pakistan) by Khattak, A.K. 1992. LWF, LMU, Munich-Germany.

2. FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN-II 4 (0-4) Objectives: To acquaint the students with preparation of working plan through forest inventory. Practical: 1. Sampling Intensity, Sampling Design, Fixed area plots methods. 2. Scale conversions of Forest maps. Grid preparation. Collection of socio 68 economic data. 3. After conducting the inventory of the forests each group of students have to prepare the working plan of the given forests providing following (Format) information: The forest tract to deal with: Name and Situation, configuration of ground, Geology, soil type, State of boundary, Legal positions, Rights and concession.

The forest: Species Composition, Injuries liable to forest. Utilization of Produce: Agricultural crops, Market of the products.

Staff and Labour supply: availability of labour

Past system of Management: Statistics of Growth and Yield

Basis of Proposal: National Forest Policy, General objectives of Forest Management, Working circles, Blocks and compartments. Period of Plan, Allocation of working circles in the forest. Miscellaneous Regulation: Petty felling, Fire Protection, Maintenance of Boundaries. Financial Forecasts: Budget allocation, Control and Maintenance of records. Recommended Books: 1. Forest Management: Forest Working Plans by Carl A.S. 2009. Guide to Lectures Delivered at the Biltmore Forest School. Cornell University, USA. 2. Working Plan For The Forests Of The Bnajar Valley Reserve. Central Provinces (India) Forest Deptt. 2009. [south]-mandla Forest Division. India. 3. Tree and Forest Measurement by West, P.W. 2009. Springer verlag. 4. Inventory Of Forest Resources For Sustainable Management and Biodiversity Conservation by Shiva, M.P. 1998. Indus Publishing Company. India. 5. The Management of Forests by Osmaston, F.E. 1968. George Allan and Unwin Ltd., Ruskin House, Manchester, London. 6. Working Plan of Forest College Murree by Tabassum, A. 2002. Pakistan Forest Institute. Peshawar.

3. RESEARCH METHODS AND SCIENTIFIC WRITING 4 (4-0) Objective: To educate students for preparing research proposal, conducting research and to develop scientific writing skills. Theory:

69 1. Definition and concept of research 2. Concepts and types of Plagiarism and its consequences. 3. Funding sources and developing a format for seeking research grants 4. Selection of research topic, understanding the problems to be solved. 5. Review of literature. 6. Objectives of research projects. 7. Materials involved, methods and approach in handling of projects; 8. Data collection, Data Analysis and Interpretation by using modern statistical packages. 9. Preparing manuscripts for publications. Recommended Books: 1. Scientific Writing = Thinking in Words by David Lindsay (2011) 2. A Scientific Approach to Scientific Writing by John Blackwell, Jan Martin (2011) 3. The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing by Richard Dawkins (2008) 4. Anonymous. 2002. Cambridge University Press. 5. A Step-by-Step Guide for Bio-Medical Scientists (2nd Ed.) by Day, R.A. 1983. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper. ISI Press. Philadelphia. 6. Elementary Statistics by Bhatti, I.A. Bhatt, Publishers, Jhelum. 7. Introduction to Statistical Theory (Part I and II) by Chaudhry, S.M. 1985. Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore. 8. Field Plot Technique by Erwin L. LeClerg, et al., 1965. U.S.A. Library of Congress catalog No. 62-16455. 9. Understanding social statistics (2nd Edition) by Fielding, J and N. Gilbert. 2006. London: Sage. 10. Elementary Statistical Methods for Foresters by Frease, F. 1981. USDA Forest Service Handbook No.317. 11. A guide book for Forestry Research by Hussain, R.W. and M.I. Sheikh. 1988. PFI, Peshawar. 12. SPSS 14 Made Simple by Kinner, P. 2006. New York: Psychology Press 13. SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using spss 2nd Edition by Pallant, J. 2005. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd. 14. Foundations of Experimental Research by Plutchick, R. 1974. Harper and Row, London. 15. Successful Scientific Writing by Matthews, J.R., J.M. Brown and R.W. Matthews. 2000. McGraw-Hills.

4. RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP & STUDY TOURS 4 (0-4) Note: The students shall carry out either internship in different forestry related organization for enhancement of their practical knowledge or to conduct a research project envisaging problem oriented research on issues of importance The study tours of 10-15 days duration is compulsory to achieve the objectives of the course. 70 Objective: To put the students in the real situation for hands on exercise for planning execution, and results reporting and presentation of project/internship outcome.

71 DETAIL OF COURSES FOR BSc (HONS.) AGRICULTURE MAJOR IN FORESTRY SEMESTER-I TO IV

Note: The introductory courses of forestry named “Introduction to Forestry and Watershed management” and “Introduction to Rangelands and Wildlife Management” may be included in semester 1-4 for BSc. (Hons) Agriculture Major in Forestry.

INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Objective: To acquaint the students with basic knowledge of forestry and forest resources of Pakistan and principles used in watershed management. Theory: 1. Introduction to Forests and watersheds management. 2. Forest resources of Pakistan (description, composition, distribution and status) in different ecological zones. 3. Importance of forestry and watershed resources of Pakistan. 4. Constraints and problems in natural resource management. 5. Principles of sustainable forest management. 6. Forestry practices. 7. Role of Forestry in environment and food security 8. Principles of Watershed Management. 9. Watersheds of various streams/rivers of Pakistan, their area, distribution, land use patterns, past history, climatic, physiographic, ecological and socio-economic features. 10. Hydrological cycle. 11. Management problems and potentials of various watersheds, afforestation programmes. 12. Watersheds as a source of power generation and irrigation. 13. Watershed research and education. Practical: 1. Identification of important forest species 2. Visits to various forest types and watershed areas. 3. Watershed measurements (instruments, area, drainage, flow etc.). 4. Study of land use pattern, Recommended Books: 1. Trees on the Farm by Franzel S. and S.J. Scherr. 2001. CAB International. 2. Manual of Silviculture for Pakistan by Champion H.G. et al. 1967. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 3. Basics of Forestry and Allied Sciences by Quraishi M.A.A. 1999. A-One Publishers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

72 4. Introduction to Forestry by Sharpe G.W., C.W. Hendee and W. F. Sharpe. 1986. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 5. Forests and Forestry in Pakistan by Sheikh M.I. 1999. A-One Publishers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 6. Watershed Management in Pakistan by Quraishi M.A.A. 2002. Department of Forestry. UAF. 7. Forests of Himalaya by Singh S.P. and J.S. Singh. 1992. Nainital, Gtanodaya Prakashan. 8. Practical manual of watershed management by Quraishi M.A.A. and M.T. Siddiqui. 2002. Department of Forestry. UAF. 9. Glossary of forestry terms by Siddiqui, M.T., R. Sands and A.H. Shah. 2009. Pulschay Publishers. Faisalabad.

INTRODUCTION TO RANGELAND AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1) Objectives: To give basic knowledge of Rangelands and grasses grown in them and how they are becoming habitat of different wildlife. Theory: 1. Introduction to Rangelands, scope and importance. 2. Basic terminology, 3. Components of Rangelands 4. Constraints and problems of rangelands. 5. Rangeland Resources of Pakistan; ecological zones and vegetation types. 6. Range ecosystem, 7. Principles of Rangeland Management. 8. Grazing system of the world, 9. Grazing system and grazing pattern in Pakistan. 10. Range improvement techniques. 11. Wildlife: Definition and values, 12. Ecosystem concept, characteristics and management requirements for regional eco-systems in Pakistan including arid, wetland, forest, mountain and coastal ecosystems. 13. Introduction to protected areas (National Park, Game Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary. 14. Introduction to National Parks of Pakistan. 15. Important wildlife species of Pakistan Practical: 1. Identification and preservations of important grasses and Plant species of range areas. 2. Visits to various Rangeland types and Plantations. 3. Quantitative analysis of range vegetation, Range frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, cover and relative cover. 4. Measurements and analysis of wildlife population.

73 5. Visit to a zoological garden Recommended Books: 1. Grazing Management by Vallentine, F. John 2000. Academic Press (Elsevier Science and Technology Books). 2. Range Management: Principles and Practices (6 th Edition) by Jerry L. Holechek, Rex D. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel Deceased. (2010). 3. Prentice Hall, Inc. Newberry. USA. 4. Range Management in Pakistan by Quraishi M.A.A., G.S. Khan and M. S. Yaqoob. 1993. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 5. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad N. 1989. NARC Published by ICIMOD. 6. Range Management by Stoddard L.A., A. D. Smith and T. W. Box. 1975. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 7. Practical Manual of Range Management by Quraishi, M. A. A. and M. Ishaque, 1995. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

FORESTRY SPECIALIZATION COURSES

1. FOREST MANAGEMENT 9 (6-3)

(Specialization FM-I) FOREST INVENTORY TECHNIQUES 3(2-1) Objective: To equip students with modern technique of forest sampling, collection of data on sample plots and analysis of data with computer and development of volume and yield tables. Theory: 1. Concepts and application of different forest sampling techniques (random, cluster, stratified) and lay out of sample plots: i. Fixed area plots (square, round, 3P) ii. Point sampling (Prism and Relascope) 2. Cost and time effectiveness of different forest sampling techniques and their application in different forest types and forest stands. 3. Developing models of relationship of trees for different species and site qualities: a) Height - dbh b) Height - age c) dbh - age d) Volume - dbh e) Volume - age f) Increment - dbh g) Increment - age 4. Manual data processing and use of computer for date processing of stand and stock and increment tables. 5. Development and application of volume tables and yield tables.

74 Practical: 1. Field visit to test different forest sampling techniques. 2. Lab: Processing of forest inventory date manually and with computer. Recommended Books: 1. Manual of Forest Inventory. FAO. 1981. FAO, Forestry paper 27. 2. Forest Mensuration (4th Edition) by Husch, B., T.W. Beers, and J.A. Kershaw. 2003. John Willey and Sons Inc. NJ, USA. 3. Development of Model Forest Management Plan for the Panjul Forest in Western Himalaya (Pakistan) by Khattak, A.K. 1992. L.W.F, L.M.U, Munich, Germany. 4. Forest Inventory, Vol- II by Loetsch, F.L., F. Zoehrer, and K.F. Haller. 1973. Munich, Germany. 5. Sampling Techniques for Forest Inventories by Mandallaz, D. 2007. Chapman and Hall Publishers.

(Specialization FM-II) CONSERVATION FOREST MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1) Objective: To equip students with stand level planning of forest resources. Theory: 1. Concept of stand level planning of forest resources. 2. Advantages of stand level planning as compared to compartment level planning. 3. Criteria applied in stand level planning (Species composition, age stocking, slope, social uses). 4. Delineation of stands on maps and recording data of stands 5. Development of stand level management plans. 6. Implementation and monitoring of stand level forest management plans. Practical: 1. Field visit to forests and demonstration of delineation of stands on maps and recording various characteristics of stands. 2. Lab: Developing stand level management plan for forests. Recommended Books: 1. The Sustainable Forestry Handbook by Higman. S., J. Mayers S. Bass., N. Judd. and R. Nussbaum. 2004. Earthscan. 2. Forest Mensuration (4th Edition) by Husch, B., T.W. Beers, and J.A. Kershaw. 2003, John Willey and Sons Inc. NJ, USA. 3. Development of Model Forest Management Plan for the Panjul Forest in Western Himalaya (Pakistan) by Khattak, A.K. 1992. L.W.F, L.M.U, Munich, Germany. 4. Guidelines for Stand Delineation and Planning by Khattak, A.K. 1994. GTZ-Siran Forest Development Project, Abbottabad. (Specialization FM-III) PRODUCTION FOREST MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1) 75 Objective: To equip the students with theoretical and practical knowledge and skills of calculation of forest yield under different edaphic, social and ecological conditions. Theory: 1. Determination of forest yields by using different methods and formulas as (area, volumes increment, growth models) in different forest types. 2. Measurement of actual yield availability in forests under different silvicultural systems and under different social, ecological and edaphic conditions. 3. Comparison of yields by methods/formulas with actual availability of yield of different tree species and developing rational methods for yield calculations. 4. Developing methods of yield calculations of forest for meeting the objectives of: a. Social uses b. Biodiversity and wildlife conservation c. Environmental considerations d. Watershed values e. Eco-tourism. Practical: 1. Field: The students will make inventory of forests and determine yield through methods/ formulas. Actual yield available will be measured in forests. 2. Lab: The yield of both the methods will be compared and rational methods designed for yield determination. 3. Field/ Lab: the students will determine yield of forests under different considerations such as social use, biodiversity, watershed values etc. Recommended Books: 1. Timber Management: A Quantitative Approach by Clutter, J.L. J.C. Fortson et al., 1982. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. NY. USA. 2. Forest Management by Davis, K.P. and R.N. Johnson. 1987. McGraw- Hill Book Co., New York. 3. Introduction to Forest Resource Management by Lenschner, W.A. 1984. John Willey and Sons Inc. NY, USA. 4. The Management of Forest by Osmoston, F.E. 1968. George Allen and Unwin Ltd. London.

76 2. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 9(6-3)

(Specialization WM-I) SOIL CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES 3(2-1) Objective: To give the student proper concept of the subject for practical application in modern perspective Theory: 1. Surface Erosion Control, Sheet and Rill erosion, contour ditches and their design criteria, types and design of terraces, vegetative measures 2. Gully Erosion Control, Low head and high head gully control with wood, stone /masonry work, design, kinds and construction of checkdams, vegetative measures. 3. Channel Erosion Control, Stream bank stabilization, rip-raping, retaining walls, gabions, revetments, Vegetative control 4. Landslide Erosion control, Identification and delineation of factors responsible for landslide hazards, Engineering and vegetative control measures 5. Water Conservation, Water harvesting methods, water spreading methods Practical: 1. Design of Terraces 2. Water Pond Design 3. Design of rip-raping for channel 4. Design of Retaining walls Recommended Books: 1. Modelling Soil Erosion, Sediment Transport and Closely Related Hydrological Processes entry by Mingyuan Du, P. Du, T. Maki and S. Kawashima. 2. Predicting soil erosion by water, a guide to conservation planning in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, U.S. 1997. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural handbook no. 703. 3. A Designer's Manual, Increases in porosity enhance infiltration and thus reduce adverse effects of surface runoff by Bill Mollison. 1988. Tagari Press. 4. FAO Conservation guides No.1,2,3,4 for Watershed Mgt. and Conservation 5. Soil Conservation: Problems and Prospects by Morgan R.P.C.

(Specialization WM-II) FOREST METEOROLOGY 3 (2-1) Objective: To give the student proper concept of the subject for practical application in modern perspective.

77 Theory: 1. Atmosphere, Climate and Weather, Definitions, layers and composition of layers 2. Heat Balance, Temperature and Clouds, Energy Budget, time lag, Measurement of radiations, definition and identification of clouds as weather indicators, Energy/temperature transfer characteristics, Inversions, Adiabatic lapse rate, mts. of temperature 3. Atmospheric Moisture, Vapour pressure, relative and absolute, humidity, Thermal/seasonal changes and mts. 4. Wind, Atmospheric Stability and Pressure patterns, Wind speed/ direction, frontal and convective winds, Stable –unstable conditions, subsidence, convergence, high-low pressure system, mts of wind 5. Meteorological Observatory, Site selection, Layout, Establishment and orientation to various instrument and data collection. Practical: 1. Storm frequency analysis 2. Energy Budget exercise 3. Lapse rate of temperature 4. Meteorological observatory Recommended Books: 1. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology by Diodato N., G. Bellocchi, 2007. 2. Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather by Mark Monmonier. 3. Meteorology by Miller Albert. 4. Weather Life by Lowry, William. P. 1972. 5. Inventions of the Clouds. How an amateur meteorologist forged the language of skies by Richard Hamblyn. 2008.

(Specialization WM-III) FOREST and RANGE HYDROLOGY 3 (2-1) Objective: To give the student proper concept of the subject for practical application in modern perspective. Theory: 1. Introduction to Forest and Range Hydrology, Definition, Hydrologic cycle , historical development of Hydrology 2. Surface water, stream flows and Hydrograph, Run-off measurements, velocity area method, rating curve, stage recording, Weir and flumes, Salt dilution method 3. Evapo-transpiration, Definitions and terminology, measurement of ET, Thornwaites equation, Penman’s equation, reservoir pan evaporation

78 4. Infiltration and Sedimentation, Acquifers, measurement of infiltration, Hortons equation, measurement of surface, suspended and bed sediment, laboratory analysis of sediment. 5. Water Quality, Definition, need and standards of water quality, causes of deterioration, estimation of various parameters, Acid rain Practical: 1. Field visit of 2-3 hydrological stations with data collection for 2 days each. Recommended Books: 1. Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations by Buchanan, T.J. and Somers, W.P., 1969 2. Water in Environmental Planning by Dunne, T., and Leopold, L.B., 1978, 3. Forest Hydrology by Lee Richards (1980) 4. Hydrology for Engineers by Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler and J.L.H. Paulhus (1958) 5. An outline of Forest Hydrology, Hewlett, J.O and W.L Nutter (1969)

3. RANGE MANAGEMENT 9 (7-2)

Specialization (RM-I) RANGE VEGETATION ANALYSIS 3 (2-1) Objective: To impart the students theoretical as well as practical knowledge of range vegetation analysis. Theory: 1. Range vegetation sampling. Various techniques used for range sampling. 2. Grazing/carrying capacity determination by using clipping and double sampling techniques. 3. Estimation of cover by using line intercept and step-toe/point quadrates. 4. Estimation of frequency and density by using plot (quadrate) and plotless techniques. Relationship of frequency and density to plant cover. 5. Estimation of range utilization by using height-weight, stem count, number of grazed and un-grazed plots and paired cages methods. 6. Estimation of range condition by using climax approach criteria (covers and forage production methods). Relationship between range condition and livestock production. 7. Estimation of range trend by using historical record method and United States Forest Service (USFS) four-factor method. 8. Range vegetation analysis through remote sensing. 9. Digestibility of range forage: effect of season upon forage digestibility, effect of species of animals on digestibility. 79 10. Grazing patterns and practices in Pakistan. Practical: Study visit to various range land types of plantations of Forest Research Stations. Quantitative analysis to range vegetation, re-frequency Density and Relates cover.

Recommended Books: 1. Measurements of terrestrial vegetation by Bonham, C.D. 1989. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York. 2. Range Management by Stoddart, Smith and Box. 1975. McGraw- Hill Book, New York. 3. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5th Edition by Jerry L. Holechek, D. Rex. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel. 4. Range Management in Pakistan by Masood A.A. Quaraishi. 1993. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 5. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad, N.1989. P: 198. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. 6. Rangeland Management by Heady, H.F. 1975. McGraw-Hill Book, New York.

Specialization (RM-II) LIVESTOCK NUTRITION AND GRAZING MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1) Objective: Students will gain an understanding of the importance of range livestock nutrition and grazing management systems in major ecological zones of Pakistan. Theory: Range Livestock Nutrition 1. Physical features, palatability and nutrition of range forage species. 2. Methods for determining the nutritional value of grazing animal diets. 3. Diet and nutritional quality of livestock on different ranges. 4. Forage intake of grazing animals. 5. Comparative nutritive value of plant parts. 6. Seasonal effects on forage nutritional quality. 7. Grazing intensity effects on forage nutritional quality 8. Supplementing Range Livestock. 9. Poisonous and undesirable plants on rangelands and their control. Grazing Management 1. Introduction to grazing management systems 2. Grazing resource inventory

80 3. Grazing plan development 4. Pasture management 5. Grazing systems and their monitoring Practical: Plant analysis techniques. Visit to lab. and demonstration of plant chemical analysis. Visit to various pastures and range areas, demonstration of range vegetation and measurement of grazing pressure.

Recommended Books: 1. Range Management by Stoddart, Smith and Box. 1975. McGraw- Hill Book, New York. 2. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5th Edition by Jerry L. Holechek, D. Rex. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel. 3. Range Management in Pakistan by Masood A.A. Quaraishi. 1993. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 4. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad, N. 1989. P: 198. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. Specialization (RM-III) DROUGHT MANAGEMENT IN RANGELANDS 3 (3-0) Objective: To equip the students with different aspects of desertification, its control and drought problems in arid and semi-arid regions. Theory: 1. Desertification-definition and its extent, severity and frequency. Causes and effects of land degradation in different regions. 2. Desertification in Pakistan 3. Sand-dune stabilization in Pakistan 4. Measures for combating desertification. 5. Water harvesting techniques 6. Drought control strategies and options 7. Droughts in Pakistan , frequencies and probabilities 8. Drought resistant fodder varieties 9. Early warning systems and drought management issues in relation to rangelands 10. Drought management plans Recommended Books: 1. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Anonymous. 1990. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Islamabad. 2. National Plan of action to combating desertification. Anonymous. 2001. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Islamabad. 81 3. Range Management by Stoddart, Smith and Box. 1975. McGraw- Hill Book, New York. 4. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5th Edition by Jerry L. Holechek, D. Rex. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel. 5. Range Management in Pakistan by Masood A. A. Quaraishi. 1993. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 6. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad, N. 1989. P: 198. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal.

4. GIS and RS Technology 9 (3-6) (Specialization GRS-I) GEO INFORMATICS 3(1-2) Objective: To enhance the knowledge and skill of students in using GIS and RS as a modern tool for the management of forest resources. 1. Introduction to GIS 2. Map projections 3. Spatial Data 4. Spatial Data Models 5. Spatial Data Analysis 6. Global Positioning System 7. Map designing Practical: Introduction to GIS Software and hands on exercises on one of the current software. Recommended Books: 1. GIS and Science. 2nd edition by P.A. Longley, M.F. Goodchild, D.G. Maguire and D.W. Rhind. 2005. Wiley and Sons. 2. GIS Cartography: A guide to effective map design by Peterson G.N.. 2009. CRC Press.

(Specialization GRS-II) LAND USE PLANNING 3 (1-2) Theory: 1. Land use classification systems 2. Land use mapping 3. Land use Planning process 4. Role of GIS and RS in Land use Planning 5. Issues and constraints in Land use Planning 6. Strategies for sustainable Land use Planning Practical: Project on the use of GIS and RS for Land use planning

82 Recommended Books: 1. Monitoring Land supply with GIS: Theory, Practice and Parcel-based approaches by Moudon, A.M. and M. Hubner. (Eds.) 2000. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 2. GIS and Land Records: The Parcel Data Model by Von M.N. 2004. Esri Press. (Specialization GRS-III) FOREST/ RANGE ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING 3 (1-2)

Objective: 1. Remote Sensing of vegetation 2. Image characteristics 3. Digital image analysis for forest resources assessment 4. Monitoring of forest resources

Practical: Introduction to RS software and hands-on exercises on one of the current software. Recommended Books 1. Remote sensing of Forest Environments: Concepts and case studies by Michael A. Wulder and Steven. E. Franklin (Eds.) 2003. Springer. 2. Remote sensing: Principles and Interpretation by Sabins, F.F. 2007. 3rd Edition. Waveland Pr. Inc.

5. PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT 9 (7-2)

(Specialization PFM I) COMMUNITY BASED FORESTRY 3 (3-0) Objective: It will help students to understand socio-economic, cultural and ecological relationship between forests and people. It will acquaint students with the role of people in forest management through analysis of need dependence and traditional interactions between forests and society. Theory: Forests and its importance, forest societies, interactions between forests and people, importance of forests in traditional farming systems, livestock economy and forests, social and cultural factors of forest management, man in ecosystem in relation to ecophilosophy.

Forestry and Afforestation programs and forest, wildlife and human conflicts. People’s movement in forest conservation, Gender dimension of forest management. Tribals and forests. Forests and economic security of tribals. Pastoralists and their dependence on forests. Issues of people, forest and power.

83 Management of Commons and Common Property Resources (CPRs) and open access resources. Forest management and sustainable livelihood strategies. Forests and food security. Eco-tourism and local development. Land use change and forestry. Forest rights, customary rights of people, community participation. Joint Forest Management. Global environmental change and land use – case study, poverty alleviation, livelihoods and forests; tourism and forest management; role of NGOs and other community based organization (CBOs) in forest management. Recommended Books: 1. Strengthening Participation for Development Results: A Staff Guide to Consultation and Participation. ADB. 2006. Asian Development Bank. 2. Household characteristics and forest dependence: evidence from common property forest management in Nepal by Adhikari, B., S.D. Falco and J.C. Lovett. 2004. Ecological Economics 48: 245-257. 3. Participatory exclusion, community forestry and gender: an analysis for South Asia and a conceptual framework [Electronic version] by Agarwal, B. 2001. World Development 29:1623-1648. 4. Participatory Learning Action and Microplanning for JFM by Annamalai R. 1999. Dean SFRC, Coimbatore. 5. Forestry for Local Community Development by FAO. 1978. FAO Publication. 6. The New Institution. In Participatory Forestry: The Process of Change in India and Nepal. Rural Development Forestry Study Guide 3 by Hobley, M. 1996. Rural Development Forestry Network. Overseas Development Institute, London, UK:ODI 7. Putting ‘social’ into forestry? Forest Policy and Environment Programme by Hobley, M. 2005. Grey Literature: ODI. 8. Mobilisation and participation: social psychological expansions lessons from Kwara State of Nigeria by Klandermans, B. 1984. Community Development Journal. 17:121-133. 9. Community Participation: A Management Perspective on Obstacles and Options. In Bureaucracy and the Poor: Closing the Gap by Korten, F.F. 1983. Korten, (pp.183-200). David C. and Alfonso, Felipe B. Eds. West Hartford, Connecticut: Kumarian Press. 10. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir And Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia. 11. History of Forest Management by PFI. 1976. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 26:105-112. 12. State of Forestry in Pakistan (1999-2000). PFI. 1999. Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI). Peshawar. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Peshawar: Government of Pakistan 13. Local Institutional Development: An Analytical Sourcebook with Cases by Uphoff, N.T. 1986. Rural Development Committee, Kumarian Press:

84 Cornell University.

(Specialization PFM II) PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING 3 (2-1) Objective: It will help students to understand planning process in Participatory forest management. It will acquaint students with the role of people in forest management through analysis of need dependence and traditional interactions between forests and society. Theory: 1. Participatory forest management planning. 2. Evaluation of Participatory forest management. 3. Socio-economic considerations and policies. 4. Participatory approach for forest management and its impact. 5. Role of public organization, line departments and NGO’s. 6. Review of major Participatory forest management projects of Pakistan. Practical: Visits to various Participatory forest management projects: monitoring their characteristics: evaluation of their performance: observing local people’s attitude: noting politico-economics considerations: evaluating social and public institutions. Recommended Books: 1. SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS 2nd Edition by Pallant, J. 2005. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd. 2. Monitoring the Impact of Joint Forest Management on Rural Livelihoods. A report of the study conducted during the summer internship at Winrock International-India by Pandey, N. 2005. New Delhi. PGP-I. Aravali Institute of Management Jodhpur 342 006, Rajasthan. 3. Managing Development Programmes: The Lesson of Success by Paul, S. 1987. Boulders, Colorado: West View Press. 4. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir And Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia. 5. Experiences from Participatory Forest Management by Roy, S.B. 1995. Inter-India Publication

(Specialization PFM III) PARTICIPATORY FORESTRY ASSESSMENTS 3 (2-1) Objective: 85 It will help students to understand Peoples’ participation and management partnerships, socio-economic, and ecological impact assessments of PFM. It will acquaint students with the tools of participatory assessment. Theory: Peoples’ participation and management partnerships. Forest policies and social context. The basis of participatory assessment. Participatory baselines. Participatory evaluation. Information analysis and communication of results. The tools of participatory assessment. Guidelines for assessment of participatory forest management programs. Claims and aspirations for PFM by different actors and the main opportunities and constraints to their achievement. The most important factors in facilitating or inhibiting PFM to enhance livelihoods of poor. Socioeconomic and ecological Impact assessment reviews of different PFM programs and their implementation strategies in various countries. Practical/Project: Study visits to various PFM projects and note ehabater…. Socio-economic and ecological aspects highlight the difference in different participated levels visit in PFM and submit report as well. Recommended Books: 1. Framework for Mainstreaming Participatory Development Processes into Bank Operations. ADB. 1996. Manila: Asian Development Bank. 2. Analysis: Impact of participatory forest management on financial assets of rural communities in Northwest Pakistan [Electronic version] by Ali, T., M. Ahmad, B. Shahbaz, and A. Suleri. 2007. Ecological Economics. 63: 588-593. 3. Analysis of myths and realities of deforestation in Northwest Pakistan: implications for forestry extension [Electronic version] by Ali, T., B. Shahbaz and A. Suleri. 2006. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 81: 107–110 4. Forest or Farm? The Politics of Poverty and Land Hunger in Nepal by Ghimire, K. 1998. New Delhi, Manohar Publication 5. Participatory Forestry: The Process of Change in India and Nepal by Hobley, M. 1996. London, Overseas Development Institute, Rural Development Forestry Study Guide No 3 6. A New Moral Economy for India’s Forests? By Jeffery, R. and N. Sundar (eds). 1999. 7. Discourses of Community and Participation, New Delhi, Sage. 8. Twenty-five years of community forestry: Contribution to Millennium Development Goals’ by Kanel, K. 2004. Proceedings of the Fourth National Workshop on Community Forestry, 4–6 August, Kathmandu, Nepal. 9. Guide to participatory tools for forest communities by Kristen E. 2006. Center for International Forestry Research. 86 10. ‘Impact of community forestry policy on rural livelihoods and food security in Nepal by Malla, Y.B. 2000., Unasylva: International Journal of Forestry and Forest Industries, vol 51, no 202, pp37–45. 11. Why aren’t poor people benefiting more from community forestry?’ by Malla Y.B., N. Hari and P. Branney. 2003. ODI Rural Development Forestry Newsletter/Journal of Forests and Livelihoods, London, ODI 12. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir and Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia. 13. SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using spss 2nd Edition by Pallant, J. 2005. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd. 14. Monitoring the Impact of Joint Forest Management on Rural Livelihoods. A report of the study conducted during the summer internship at Winrock International-India by Pandey, N. 2005. New Delhi. PGP-I. Aravali Institute of Management Jodhpur 342 006, Rajasthan. 15. Managing Development Programmes: The Lesson of Success by Paul, S. 1987. Boulders, Colorado: West View Press. 16. History of Forest Management by PFI. 1976. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 26:105-112. 17. State of Forestry in Pakistan (1999-2000). PFI. 1999. Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI). Peshawar. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Peshawar: Government of Pakistan 18. Local vs official criteria and indicators for evaluating community forest management by Pokharel, R.K. and H.O. Larsen. 2007. Institute of Chartered Foresters. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpm005. Forestry 80(2). 19. Socio-Economic Impacts of Community Forest Management in Rural India by Rossi, F.J. 2007. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida. 20. Evaluation A Systematic Approach 5th ed. by Rossie, P.H. and H.E. Freeman. 1993. Newbury Park, London: SAGE Publications. 21. Experiences from Participatory Forest Management by Roy, S.B. 1995. Inter-India Publication.

6. SERICULTURE 9(5-4) (Specialization SC-I) SILKWORM REARING 3(2-1) Objective: To equip the students with sericulture cottage industry for rural development, multiple uses of forests, and sustainable forest resources management. Theory: 1. History of Sericulture 2. By-products of sericulture 3. The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori 4. Basic requirements for silkworm rearing 5. Incubation of silkworm eggs

87 6. Silkworm rearing techniques/methods and ecological requirements 7. Silkworm breeding and genetics of silkworm 8. Mechanization in sericulture 9. Mounting, types of mountages, and cocoon quality parameters 10. Diseases of silkworm and their management 11. Economics of sericulture, concepts of benefit-cost ratio, marketing 12. Extension education in sericulture

Practical: Study visits to any Sericulture cottage industry and submit study report as well.

(Specialization SC-II) SILK SEED AND COCOON TECHNOLOGY 4 (2-2) Theory: 1. Preparatory requirements of silk seed crop 2. Rearing and feeding methods of silk seed crop 3. Production of reproductive seeds 4. Production of industrial seeds 5. Preservation of silk seed 6. Oviposition and fertility parameters, and egg preservation 7. Egg treatment and hatchability 8. Hybrid vigour and heritability 9. Investigation of trans-oval diseases 10. Synthesis of silk proteins 11. Cocoon production technologies/mechanization 12. Post cocoon activities 13. Cocoon storage and environmental factors 14. Pre-reeling processes and silk reeling 15. Characterization of raw silk

Practical/Study visit. Production of silk seed Oviposition and fertility parameters Cocoon production technologies Post cocoon activities parameter Reeling and Raw Silk Testing.

(Specialization SC-III) MORICULTURE 2 (1-1) Theory: 1. Mulberry Plant and its ecological requirements 2. Nursery raising of mulberry 3. Methods of mulberry propagation and silvicultural treatments 4. Establishment of mulberry plantation and its management 5. Harvesting and storage of mulberry leaves

88 6. Diseases and insect pests of mulberry and their management Practical: 1. Practice of disinfection methods 2. Incubation of silkworm eggs 3. Practice of silkworm operations 4. Silk seed production 5. Cocoon harvesting and characterization 6. Reeling and raw silk testing 7. Silk seed preservation 8. Practice of mulberry propagation techniques 9. Nursery raining

Recommended Books: 1. Handbook of Sericulture. Anon. 1977. Seoul: Kyungpook National University. 2. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume I: Moriculture by Ganga, G. 2003. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 3. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II: Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling by Ganga, G. 2003. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 4. Silkworm Rearing on Artificial Diet by Hamamura, Y. (Ed.) 2001. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 5. Shoot Feeding and Sericultural Trends by Sathe, T.V. and S.H. Thite. 2004. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House. 6. Principles and Techniques of Silkworm Seed Production by Singh, T. and B. Saratchandra. 2004. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. 7. The Silkworm: an important laboratory tool by Tazima, Y. (Ed). 1978. Tokyo: Kodansha.

7. WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9 (5-4) (Specialization WST-I) WOOD HARVESTING TECHNIQUES 2(1-1) Objective: To educate the students with the knowledge and skills of cutting trees, transportation and stacking of timber. Theory: 1. Tree felling and Conversion. Merits and demerits of tree felling techniques used in Pakistan: Felling with saw, exe, saw and importance of direction of felling; choice of a felling method; timber losses in felling and their causes; measures for improving wood productivity during felling; safety measures against accidents during felling; felling vs soil conservation; forest protection; silvicultural aspects and watershed values; logging and other timber conversion operations; classification and description of various

89 forms of converted timber, safety measures in logging and cross cutting operations. 2. Timber Extraction and Transportation. Importance, economical aspects and scope of following timber extraction techniques in Pakistan; extraction by rolling. Dragging, animals, animal carts, slides, forest railways, overhead transport, water transport, skidding and winching; Timber sizes; minor and major means of timber transportation. 3. Grading and storage of timber. Basis and importance of grading of sawn and round timber; grading specifications for round and sawn timber used at the felling stations and forest depots; grading practices in Pakistan at different places; stacking of round and sawn timber at felling sites and forest depots. Latest sale price of various grades of timber and fuelwood in the depots. 4. Wood marketing: Difference between sale and disposal, merits, demerits and economic importance of different sale and disposal; systems in Pakistan, application and scope of different sale methods. Forestry in the market place: Forest Products; the economics of forestry. Grading and storage of timber in the market. 5. Work Organization: Types and availability of forest labour; different wage system; importance and choice of wage systems. Practical: To study tree felling, cross cuttings, sawing into scants, transportation and marketing of timber. Recommended Books: 1. Logging by Brown, N.C. 1950. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 2. Logging Reference Manual Vol.13 by Zaremba, W. 1976. Department of Forestry Private Bag-3. Republic of South Africa (Pretoria). 3. Forest product marketing by Sinclair, A. Steven. 1992. McGraw- Hills. Inc. New York

(Specialization WST-II) WOOD STRUCTURE 2 (1-1)

Objective: To acquaint the students with the latest enhance the knowledge and skills of identify wood structure/features within tree species to application in the field.

Theory: 1. Introduction: wood formation process, cambial zone and cambium, Kind and arrangement of cambial initials in the cambium, shape and size of cambial initial in softwood and hardwood ,longitudinal and transverse enlargement of young xylery cells following their formation ,increase in the girth of cambium. Complete description of different types of cells forming the wood, cell wall thickness and process of lignifications, pits, their structure and types, chemical composition of cell wall, different cell wall layers and their ultra-structure identification, anatomical, physical 90 and chemical properties of reaction wood, causes of formation of reaction wood. Reaction wood as a defect. 2. Special structural features of softwood and hardwoods. 3. Wood quality variations within a tree species. Quality of wood in relation to position in the stem. Variation in structure, density and strength at different heights and branch, trunk and root wood. Quality of wood in relation to growth increment. 4. Laboratory methods. Microscopy, optical and electron microscope, use and care of microscopes, fundamentals of micrometry, photographic cameras, films papers and photomicrography. Preparation of wood for microscopic examination. Practical: Laboratory work in the study of wood structure, micro techniques such as cutting of sections of timbers, staining and making of permanent slides, maceration of wood, microscopy of micrometry. Making photomicrographs, practical work in identification of Pakistani timbers.

Recommended Books: 1. Photomicrography by Allen, R.M D. 1946. Van Nostu and Company, Inc. New York. 2. Text book of wood technology(two vols.) by Brown, H.P. et al., 1940.McGraw Hill Book, New York. 3. Cellular ultra structure of woody plants by Cote, W.A.. 1965. Syraouse University Press. 4. Plant micro techniques by Johansen, D.A. 1940. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York and London. 5. Commercial timbers of India (two vols) by Pearson, R.S. 1932. Calcutta Brown, H.P Central Publications Brach. 6. Common commercial timbers of India and their use by Trotter, H. 1944. Dehra Dun, Vasant Press, India 7. The microscope by Wredden, J.H. J an A. Churchill. 1947. Ltd., London. 8. Electron microscopy by Wykoff, R.W.G. 1949. Interscience Publishers Inc., New York.

(Specialization WST-III) WOOD TESTING AND PROCESSING 2 (1-1)

Objective: To educate the student with the recent development in testing of wood and wood preparation for drying and treatment. Theory: 1. Wood testing: Recent developments in the testing of wood for physical and mechanical properties of wood such as wood moisture relationship, sorption, desorption and the phenomenon of hysterises. Flow of liquids and gases into wood. Electrical, thermal and acoustical properties, their significance and measurement. Electrical and thermal conductivity of 91 wood. Thermal expansion and calorific value of wood. Acoustical behaviour of wood. Factors affecting the thermal, electrical and acoustical properties. Non destructive methods of testing wood. Grading of sawn timber. Factors affecting the grade of wood, visual grading. Principles of machine grading. Derivation of basic grade and working stresses. Application of working stresses for the design of simple beams and columns. 2. Wood processing- Preparation of wood for drying and treatment. Energy consumptions in wood drying. Special drying methods like vapor drying, dehumidifiers, forced air drying, solvent drawing, high temperature drying, chemical seasoning. R.F. drying of wood and solar drying. Recent developments in the preservation of wood. Methods of testing the effectiveness of various preservatives including laboratory and field tests. Preservation of wood for special use such as marine timber for cooling towers, railway sleepers, cross arms, furniture and joinery. Fire retardant treatments. Theories of fire retardancy.

Practical: 1. Laboratory measurement of various physical and mechanical properties by different methods 2. Stacking of wood for air and kiln seasoning. 3. Control of kiln seasoning process. 4. Treat ability of different woods with preservatives Recommended Books: 1. Lumber seasoning by Annonymous. 1962.Forest series U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2. The strength properties of Timber by Armstrong, F. H. 1960. F.P.R. Bulletin No. 45 H.M.S.O. 3. Principals of wood science and technology, Vol. 1 by Kollmann, F.P. and W.A Cote. 1968. Springer Verllag. Berlin. 1968. 4. Flow in wood. Syracuse Wood Science Series 1 by Siau, J.F. 1972. Syracuse University Press, New York.

(Specialization WST-IV) WOOD BASED PRODUCTS 3 (2-1)

Objective: To educate the students in wood based fields research and technology. Theory: 1. Introduction, description, classification, properties and uses of panel products. 2. Plywood, veneer plywood, core plywood and other plywoods. 3. Particleboard, Particleboard flat pressed, particleboard extruded. 4. Fiber board, Insulating board, Medium hardboard regular S1-S, Medium hardboard regular S-2-S and hardboard. 92 5. Panels mineral bonded, wood particles based, straw panel board, and other panels. 6. Laminated wood, its manufacture and uses. 7. Characteristics of raw materials used in the manufacture of different wood based panels. Raw material supplies in Pakistan. 8. Advantages of panel products over solid wood. Role of panel products and laminated wood in forest conservation. Scope of panel products and laminated wood Industry in Pakistan. 9. Quality standards for predicting specific end use of different panel products. 10. Adhesives, Nature and properties of adhesives used in modern production of plywood, particleboard and laminated wood. Adhesive components, fillers and extenders. Catalysis, fortifiers, Polymerization. Factors governing choice of adhesives, durability of adhesives ease of use in manufacture, cost of adhesive. Methods of testing adhesives. Practical: Strength testing of panel products-Modulus of rupture, Modulus of elasticity, nail withdrawal resistance, screw holding capacity, water and moisture absorption. Bond quality testing of laminated products. Recommended Books: 1. Principles of Wood Science and Technology. Vol.II by Kollman, F.F.P. et al. 1975. Springer Verlag. Berlin. 2. Glulam by Chugg, W.A. 1964. Earnest Benn Ltd. London, 1964. 3. Modern plywood by Perry, T.D. 1948. Pitman Publishing Corporation, New York, 1948. 4. Adhesion and adhesives. Vol.I and II by Houwink, R. and Salomon. 1965. G. Elsevier Publishing Company London.

8. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 9 (9-0) (Specialization WLM-I) WILDLIFE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 3 (3-0) Theory: 1. Importance of invertebrates to conservation: role of invertebrates in food chains and diversity, insects and mollusks of importance in wildlife biology. 2. Vertebrates: review of biology of major groups with emphasis on important species in wildlife management. 3. Ecological principles: Ecosystem, communities and population. Productivity concept of hunting factors, competition and tolerance, dispersion. 4. Habitat Ecology: Broad classification of wildlife habitats in Pakistan. The role and practice of habitat evaluation in conservation.

93 5. Vertebrate Ecology: Animal habitat interactions. The niche concept. Feeding ecology: Feeding of herbivores, omnivores and carnivores, predation, food, nutrition and animal heath, carrying capacity, Biomass. 6. Population Ecology: Biological and geographical populations. Abundance and density, mortality and natality, population structure, age and sex classes. Age and sex determination. 7. Wildlife behavior, relevance of ecology to management. Recommended Books: 1. Conservation and Evolution by Frankel, O.H. and M.E. Soule. 1981. Cambridge University press. 2. The mammals of Pakistan by Robert, T.J. 1977. Oxford University press. 3. The birds of Pakistan (Vol –I and II) by Robert, T.J. 1991. Oxford University press. 4. Conservation Biology by Soule, M.E. and B.A. Wilcox. 1980. Sinuer Associates Inc. sunders land, Massachusetts. 5. Biological Management and Conservation by Usher M.B. 1973. Chapman and Hall, London. 6. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation and Management by Sinclair, Anthony R.E. Feycell, John M: Caughly, Graeme. 2009. Wiley Blackwell. 7. Wildlife Ecology and Management by Robinson, W.L and G.B. Eric 1984. Mc Millan Publishing Co. New York. 8. Robinson, W.L and Eric G. Bolen. 1984. Wildlife Ecology and Management Mc Millan Publishing Co. New York.

(Specialization WLM-II) WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH 3 (3-0)

Objective: To import the advance knowledge and skills needs forest and conservation of wildlife and its Rabbited.

To develop understanding regarding Wildlife policies and laws with reference to Pakistan.

Theory: Part – I Wildlife Management 1. Habitat Management: Design and implementation of monitoring programmes. The development and management of natural and artificial water supplies and salt licks. Fire as a supply tool. Management of vegetation as cover and as food supply. Grazing control. 2. Management of Animal Communities: Design and implementation of protection and monitoring. Management of small populations. Animal damage problems: Man eating, stock lifting and crop damage. Special management of rare and endangered animals including aquatic species. 3. Human Dimensions: Ecology and economy of rural communities. Land use pressures and incompatibilities. Control of human activities in 94 protected areas: Domestic stock, encroachment, removal of forest produce. Alternative development strategies. Management of multiple use and peripheral zones. 4. Captive management and utilization: Captive breeding programmes. Wildlife ranching wildlife farming. Possible utilization project. 5. Wildlife programmes planning. 6. Management planning and implementation: Protected area values, goals and objectives. Management strategies. Ecological and legal boundaries. Concept of zonations, zone objectives and management. Management plan preparation. Part - II Wildlife Research 1. Planning wildlife management investigation and project, programme development, problem statement, the planning process, the investigational plan. 2. Wildlife management literature, serial and monographic literature book reviewing media, abstracting and indexing services, subject bibliographic, organization and preparation of the research paper. 3. Making observation and records, field notes, photographic record taking. 4. Writing the scientific report. 5. Human surveys in wildlife management. 6. Wildlife investigational techniques.

Recommended Books: 1. Conservation and Evolution by Frankel, O.H. and M.E. Soule. 1981. Cambridge University press. 2. The mammals of Pakistan (Vol-I and II) by Robert, T.J. 1977. Oxford University press. 3. The birds of Pakistan (Vol-I and II) by Robert, T.J. 1991. Oxford University press. 4. Wildlife Management Techniques Manual by Schemmitz, D. Sanford. The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C. 5. Conservation Biology by Soule, M.E. and B.A. Wilcox. 1980. Sinauer Associates Inc. Sunder land, Massachusetts. 6. A Manual of Wildlife Conservation by Teague, D. Richard. Colarado State University, Fort Colins, Colarado. The Wildlife Society Washington D.C. 7. Biological Management and Conservation by Usher M.B. 1973. Chapman and Hall, London. 8. Wildlife Sciences by Fulbright, Timothy E. 2007. CRC Press UK. 9. Principles of Wildlife Management by Bailey, J.A. 1984. John Wiley and Sons Inc USA. 10. Wildlife Management by Giles, R.H. Jr. 1987. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francesco.

(Specialization WLM-III) WILDLIFE POLICY, LAWS AND ADMINISTRATION 3 (3-0) 95 I. Wildlife Policy and Laws 1. The legislative process and wildlife. 2. Historical background and evolution of current wildlife laws. 3. Provincial wildlife acts/ordinances and targets species. 4. International wildlife pacts, treaties and conventions. 5. Effectiveness of the current wildlife laws and scope for future improvement. II. Wildlife Administration 1. Current wildlife administration practices in Pakistan. 2. Conservation of natural resources: Wildlife as a natural resource. Objectives of conservation. History of conservation in Pakistan and factors affecting conservation. National conservation strategy. Protected areas: International, national and world heritage sites. The role of zoological and botanical gardens. National and International agencies for conservation. 3. Tourism, interpretation and wildlife education: Importance of tourism, tourism development. Techniques of wildlife interpretation for protected areas and zoos, visitor centers, museum, nature trails, guides, wildlife education and its importance for rural people, students and decision makers. Development of materials. Role of NGOs and the media. Recommended Books: 1. Conservation and Evolution by Frankel, O.H. and M.E. Soules. 1981. Cambridge University press. 2. Biodiversity Conservation and laws by IUCN. 1993. Environmental policy and law paper. No.29.PP 292. 3. Provincial wildlife acts and ordinances, (Provincial Wildlife Department). 4. The wildlife legislation of Pakistan by Rao, A.L. 1984. MSc Thesis, University of Edinburgh, National council for conservation of wildlife, Islamabad. 5. Compiled Wildlife Acts and Rules of Pakistan by Shafiq M.M. 2005. PFI, Publication. 6. The Mammals of Pakistan by Roberts, T.J. 1977. Oxford University press. 7. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol – I) by Roberts, T.J. 1991. Oxford University press.

9. AGROFORESTRY 9(7-2) (Specialization AF I) AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 3(3-0) Objective: To acquaint the students with the knowledge about Agroforestry system, planning and marketing of Agroforestry products.

96 Theory: 1. Introduction. a. Definition of Social Forestry, Types of Social Forestry: Agro forestry. Farm Forestry, Participatory Forestry, Village/community Forestry, Extension Forestry. Amenity Forestry, Rehabilitation Forestry and Compensatory Forestry. b. Other Types of Forestry: Energy Forestry and Industrial Forestry. c. Importance, Scope and Need of Agro Forestry regarding development of Forest Resource and its impact on Forest Management and Farm Management. d. Reviews of historical background of Agro forestry. Agroforestry in contrast with Traditional Agriculture, Range Management and Forestry. 2. Agriculture Farm Management: Scope and development of farm management. Economic conditions of the farmers in Pakistan. Farm possession, ownership, and lease, cash and crop lease, size of farm. Nature of farming and its characteristics. Types of farming present on various farm s. Introduction to major fruit crops. 3. Definition of a system, farming system and agro forestry system; Importance, need, objectives and potential of Agroforestry systems. Agro forestry Systems classification by: i- Major components: Agrisilvicultural, silvopastoral, Agro silvopastoral and other systems. ii- Temporal and spatial character. iii- Function or application. iv- Spread and management. 4. Agro forestry Systems Current Agro forestry systems in Pakistan in view of establishment, Cultural and Harvest Techniques. a. Rotation Systems (Hurri) b. Permanent Tree and Field Crop Systems. c. Tree-Pasture Systems: Broadleaved and conifer species with grass and other forage species with domestic animals. d. “Minor” Forest Products systems.

5. Agro forestry Systems in Latin American, African and Asian Countries. a. Rotation Systems. b. Intercropping c. Permanent Tree and Field Crop d. Tree and Aquatic e. Tee and Forage f. Misc. Forest Products such as Medicinal Plants. g. Kitchen Gardens (Home Gardens). 6. Designing Agro forestry Systems.

a. Land capability classifications and their application to design 97 of agroforestry. b. Diagnosis and Design (DandD) Method. i. Objectives of method and design criteria. ii. Use as iterative design and implementation process. iii. Procedural steps: Description. Diagnosis. Technology Design. Implementation Planning. Relationship to Farming Systems Approach. c. Farming Systems Research Methodology i. The farm as a system combining animal, field tree and pastoral crops. ii. Use as an analytical tool and for outreach program. iii. Procedural steps: Characteristics and analysis of system. Planning and design for improvement. Generation/Evaluation of technologies information accumulation and analysis of improved farm system. Re-evaluation of technology and dissemination via extension. 7. Role of Agroforestry/Farm Forestry. Specialist. a. Service to forestry department: Promote national and provincial departmental objectives. b. Service to farmers/land owners: Serve farmers’ objective, technical advisor, out reach capacity. c. Conflict of interest: Farmer’s objective vs. departmental objective. d. Financial and economical analysis of a farm and agroforestry system. e. Case studies in farm and agroforestry systems success and failure in Pakistan. Recommended Books: 1. Agroforestry and its strategies for Pakistan by Hafeez, M.C. 1986. MS. Thesis. Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford. Copy available at PFI, Peshawar. 2. The Use of Economics in Agro forestry. Working Paper No.1 by Hockstra, D.A. 1983 a. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agro forestry. 3. The Use of Economics in Agro forestry. Working Paper No.2 by Hockstra, D.A. 1983 b. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agro forestry. 4. DandD User’s Manual: An Introduction to Agro forestry Diagnosis and Design by ICRAF. 1987. ICRAF. Nairobi, Kenya. 5. Guide lines for Agro forestry Diagnosis and Design by ICRAF, 1983. Working PAPER No.6. International Council for Research in Agro forestry. ICRAF. Nairobi, Kenya. 6. Guide lines for Agro forestry Diagnosis and Design. Working PAPER No.7 by ICRAF. 1983. International Council for Research in Agro forestry. ICRAF. Nairobi, Kenya.

98 7. ICRAF “Agro forestry today”, (Quarterly), Nairobi. Kenya. 8. Handbook on Agroforestry: Management Practices and Environmental Impact by Lawrence R.K. 2010. Lawrence R. Kellimore (Editor). 9. Social Forestry and Agroforestry by Divya, M.P., K.T. Parthiba.. 2008. Satish Serial Publishing House. 10. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir and Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia. 11. Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production by N.A.S. 1983. Washington: National Academy Press. 12. “Agro forestry System in the Tropics” by Nair, P.K.R. et al., 1989. Klower Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 17 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 13. Towards Agroforestry Design: An Ecological Approach by Shibu J. and A.M. Gordan. 2008. 14. Agroforestry: Classification and Management by Vergara, N.T. and K.G. Mac Dicken. 1990. John Willey and Sons. New York. Pp. 382. (Specialization AF II) FARM FORESTRY MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Theory: 1. Multiplicity of Agroforestry products and services- ecological and economic and cultural considerations- gender equality- preservation of indigenous knowledge. Socioeconomic benefits of agroforestry. 2. Adoption of AF- Determinants of adoption: feasibility, profitability, and acceptability. Adoption behavior influenced by risk, biophysical, and resource factors: land, labor, income, inputs, experience, social capital, training and membership in farmer cooperatives. Self-efficacy in farmer decision-making - policy aspects. 3. Sustainability of land use systems- soil conservation and sustainability-agroforestry for soil conservation- soil restoration- need and reclamation of degraded soils, flood prone areas. Mine spoils and ravines- selection of species and techniques - agroforestry for maintenance of soil fertility, ecological balance and conservation of biodiversity. 4. Management innovation in agroforestry systems of the tropics. 5. Agroforestry for maintenance of soil fertility, ecological balance and conservation of biodiversity. Management innovation in agroforestry systems of the tropics. Practical: 1. Agroforestry product inventory 2. Lab Exercise on familiarization of multipurpose tree databases. Recommended Books: 99 1. Agroforestry in Sustainable Agri. Systems by Buck, Lassoie, Fernandes. 1999. CRC Press. 2. Agroforestry: Principles and Practices by Dwivedi A.P. 1992. Oxford and IBH. 3. North American Agroforestry by Garrett, Rieteveld, Fisher: 2000. ASA, Madison, USA. 4. Agroforestry Systems in the Temperate Zone by Gordon and Newman: 1997 CAB Int'l. 5. Agroforestry by McDicken and Vergara: 1990. Wiley, New York 6. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir And Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia. 7. Handbook on Agroforestry: Management Practices and Environmental Impact by Lawrence R.K. 2010. Lawrence R. Kellimore (Editor). 8. Social Forestry and Agroforestry by Divya, M.P., K.T. Parthiban. 2008. Satish Serial Publishing House. 9. Meta-analysis of nitrogen removal in riparian buffers. By Mayer, P.M., Reynolds, S.K., McCutchen, M.D., Canfield, T.J., 2007. Journal of Environmental Quality 36, 1172-1180. 10. New Vistas in Agroforestry by Nair, P.K.R., Rao, M.R. and Buck L.E. (eds.) 2004. A Compendium for the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 11. New Vistas in Agroforestry by Nair PKR, Rai MR and Buck LE. 2004. Kluwer. 12. An Introduction to Agroforestry by Nair PKR. 1993. Kluwer. 13. Tree Crop Interactions – A Physiologica Approach by Ong CK and Huxley P.K. 1996. ICRAF. 14. Trees and Tree Farming by Thampan PK. 1993. Peekay Tree Crops Development Foundation. 15. Riparian forest buffers in Agroecosystems - lessons learned from the Bear Creek Watershed, central Iowa, USA by Schultz, R.C., Isenhart, T.M., Simpkins, W.W., Colletti, J.P. 2004. Agroforestry Systems 61, 35-50. 16. Toward Agroforestry Design: An Ecological Approach by Shibu J. and Andrew M.G. 2008. 17. Agroforestry for Soil Management by Young A. 1997. CABI.

(Specialization AF III) MARKETING OF AGROFORESTRY PRODUCTS 3 (2-1)

Theory: 1. Nature and scope of marketing. Approaches to marketing functions. Marketing System, Marketing System of Agroforestry Products, Marketing of tree products, the ‘black box’ of agroforestry markets, characteristics of small and local markets.

100 2. Marketing Structure Analysis: Study of market structure and conduct of wood and wood product markets, marketing channels, costs, margins and price spread for selected wood and wood products. Locations and features of specialized markets 3. Marketing Channels of Agroforestry Products, Marketing Margin Analysis for Agroforestry wood products. 4. Agroforestry Marketing problems, prospects and challenges, and gender issue. 5. Agroforestry Marketing Policy. 6. Wood Product Percentage from Agroforestry Trees, Marketing Margins of Different tree species’ Products. Contribution of Agroforestry Products to Rural Livelihoods. 7. Marketing and Marketing strategies for non-wood forest products: Cooperative Societies. Exploring market expansion through value addition by improved post-harvest processing value addition methods, organic products, processing of bamboos and fruits. Practical: 1. Local surveys on agroforestry markets, product outflow, inflow regulatory mechanisms. 2. Case studies on harvesting, postharvest management and marketing of agroforestry products. 3. Visit to marketing institutions and forest industries. Recommended Books: 1. Community forestry ten years in review by Arnold, J.E. M. 1991. Forest, trees and people. Community Forestry Note 7: 20-23. 2. Retrospect and prospect. In farms, trees and farmers: Responses to agricultural intensification by Arnold, J. E. M. 1997. J. E. M. Arnold and Peter A. Dewees (eds.). pp 271-287. Earthscan, London. 3. Trees outside forests. Towards better awareness. FAO. 2002. FAO Conservation Guide 35. Rome: FAO. 4. Marketing of Wood Fuels in Peshawar City, Pakistan. FAO 1993. Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia. Bangkok. 5. Report on the Regional Course on Trade in Wood Fuel Related Products. FAO 1996. Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia. Bangkok. 6. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir And Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia. 7. The Role of Gender in Community forestry /Agro-forestry in Pakistan Published in the Proceedings of the Workshop “Forests for Poverty Reduction: Can Community Forestry Make Money?” by Mamoona, W.M. 2004. 1-2 September, 2003 Beijing China, FAO/APAFRI/CAF, RAP Publication 2004/04. 8. “ Gender Role in Agro-forestry” in District Attock, Punjab by Mamoona, W.M. 2000. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 87-96 Vol. 50(1-2) 2000.

101 9. "Feasibility Study Report on Agroforestry/Community Forestry of NWFP Barani Area Development Project Phase II (PPTA)" by Mamoona, W.M. 1999. Asian Development Bank / Government of NWFP, 1999. 10. The Role of Women and Biomass Energy in Small to Very Small Rural Industries in Pakistan” Mamoona, W.M. 1997. RWEDP Report No. 35 , p 52-63 FAO UN Bangkok. 11. Charcoal by Mayer, A. 1974. (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) 12. Proceedings of the National Training Workshop on Fuelwood Trade in Pakistan. PFI. 1986. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 13. Wood Based Energy System in Rural Industries and Village Application. Pakistan by Qazi, I.A. 1989. Field Document FAO/REWDP Bangkok. 14. Wood fuel Energy in Pakistan by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

10. FOREST ENGINEERING and LOGGING 9(7-2) Specialization (FEL-I) FOREST MACHINERY 3(3-0) Theory: 1. Engines: Petrol and Diesel engines and their working 2. Mechanics and hydraulics of forestry machines, clutches, and gear systems 3. Hydrostatic and hydro dynamic drives 4. Skidder in the terrain, trafficability, traction, friction, curve-radius, tilting. 5. Winches and cable cranes. 6. Power saws: engines, carburetor, clutch, chains 7. Repair and maintenance of chain saws 8. Forest machines and their maintenance, spare parts. 9. Machine cost calculation: Investment, repair and operational costs 10. Exercises and practical:

i. Machine cost calculation ii. Optimal depreciation period of a machine iii. Data and Record keeping of machines

Recommended Books: 1. Automotive machining and Engine repair. by Gery Lewis, 2000 2. Diesel Engine and Fuel System Repair by John F. Dogel, 1998 3. Modern Diesel Technology by D. Gruden, 2003 4. Chain Saw in Tropical FAO Teaching Series 1980

Specialization (FEL-II) FOREST LOGGING 3 (2-1)

Theory: Tree Felling and Conversion 102 1. Tree felling methods, directional felling 2. Tools: manual tools: axes, saws, wedges, sapies, bill hocks, log turners 3. Mechanical chain saws: mechanical and hydraulic devices for directional felling; felling machines. 4. Improvement of utilization by advanced felling methods. 5. Time and cost studies in timber harvesting operations 6. Wage system for felling and conversion. Piece rate, bonus system 7. Accident during felling and conversion and their control. 8. Safety regulations. 9. Debranching: methods, tools and machines, time consumption and cost calculation. Utilization of branches. 10. Debarking: methods, tools and machines: time consumption and cost calculation. Utilization of bark, un-debarked wood. 11. Cross-cutting: Utilization of logs; economical cross-cutting of logs, transportation of tree lengths and log lengths. 12. Mechanized timber harvesting system

Timber Extraction and Transportation 1. Primary Transportation: Methods, tools, machines, time consumption and cost calculation. i. Sliding by gravity ii. Rolling iii. Skidding by animal and tractors iv. Yarding by winches and cable cranes 2. Accidents and safety regulations. 3. Wage systems. 4. Secondary transportation: by trucks, loading and un loading, travel speed, costs 5. Improved logging Trucks, winches and cost for loading and unloading. 6. Rail-roads, shipping, floating, and other methods of secondary transportation. 7. Statistics of present transportation, intensity of logging roads, and future demand.

Recommended Books: 1. Timber Cutting Practices by Conway, S. 1978, LCCCNo.78-53017 2. Principles of timber harvesting systems. By Conway, S. 1976 3. Logging Cost analysis by Mathews, 1980 4. Chain Saw in tropical forests. FAO teaching series,1980

Specialization (FEL-III) APPLIED MECHANICS IN FORESTRY 3 (2-1) Theory:

103 1. Forces: Laws of forces, analytical and graphical conditions of equilibrium for a system of current forces. 2. Parallel forces: Center of gravity, Reaction of supports of beams. 3. Framed Structure: Analysis of forces in determinate frames, graphical solution, work, Energy, Power, Mechanics for lifting weights. Diagram of work IHP and BHP. 4. Friction: Laws of Friction, Machines bearings, Journals and pivots, Inclined planes, Screws. 5. Velocity and acceleration diagram: Angular velocity and acceleration, change in velocity, motion in circle, SH motion, Relative velocity, motion in circle. 6. Inertia: Translatory and rotational, Kinetic energy, Momentum, Impulsive forces, Moment of Inertia, Centrifugal forces, Impact of Elastic bodies. 7. Transmission of Motion: By belts, Velocity ration of pulleys, fraction and HP transmitted. 8. By Ropes: Centrifugal tension in ropes and belts, by toothed wheels, Angular velocity ration, HP transmitted. Trains of wheels.

Recommended Books: 1. Applied mechanics by J. Duncan 2. Mechanics for Technology by Bruch C.D, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1976

104 11. ENVIRONMENTAL FORESTRY 9 (8-2)

(Specialization EF-I) ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY 2 (2-0) Objective: To educate the students about the concept and importance of environmental forestry and management of forests for improvement of the environment. Theory: 1. Forests and Climate Control: Green house effect, forest and climatic change. Climatic change in Pakistan. Vegetation zones of Pakistan. Mountain and climate change. 2. Afforestation: Benefits of home and urban tree planting. Developing green belts in urban areas for improvement of environment. 3. Forest Fires and Control: Nature of forest fire, detection of forest fire, methods of control of forest fire by different mechanical and chemical methods and effects. 4. Impact of desertification and Control: Management and control of desertification, soil and water erosion, water logging and salinity, soil, water and air pollution, floods. Trees and noise 5. Importance of forests in protecting watersheds and providing clean water for drinking and controlling erosion, increasing life spans of water reservoirs through reduction of silt depositing in reservoirs and canal system, mitigating environmental pollution, sound and dust pollution. 6. Identification of tree species for improving environment in different zones. 7. Developing forest management plans for improvement of environment. Practical: Field: Visit to study impact of forests on environment. Lab: Develop forestry projects for different areas for improvement of environment. Recommended Books: 1. Proceedings on “Problems of Environmental Protection in Pakistan”. Centre for Applied Economics Studies. 1989. University of Peshawar in Collaboration with Federal Republic of Germany. 2. Education for environmental planning and conservation by Desh B. and N.L. Ramnathan. 1982. Natraj Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 3. Perspective in Environmental Management, Indian Science Congress by Khoshoo, T.N. 1987. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 4. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy by Govt. of Pakistan and IUCN. 1991. Environment and Urban Affair Division, GOP, Islamabad. 5. Environmental Management in India. Vol.I and Vol.II by Sapru, R.K. 1987. Ashosh Pub. Hon. New Delhi.

105 (Specialization EF-II) ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES 3 (3-0) Objective: To equip the students with the knowledge of environmental pollution and the measures required for mitigation of pollution. Theory: 1. Concept of environmental pollution including contamination of air, soil and water. 2. Study causes of environmental pollution: industrial emission and waste, sewage systems, emission from vehicles, household waste, insecticide, brick kilns, etc. 3. Methods and techniques applied for measuring environmental pollution. 4. Negative effects of environmental pollution on economy and health. 5. Affects of environmental pollution on vegetation (acid rains and tree diseases). 6. Role of forests in mitigating environmental pollution. 7. Study technical, engineering and legal measures to reduce environmental pollution. Recommended Books: 1. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable Global Economy Book Description by Brown, L.R., F.P. Brown, and Postel S. 1991. W. W. Norton and Company, USA. 2. Environmental biology by Calver, Mike, A. Lymbery, and J.M. Comb. 2009. Cambridge University Press, USA. 3. Global warming by Maslin, M. 2008. Oxford University Press, USA.

(Specialization EF-III) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) 2 (1-1) Objective: To equip the students with the techniques of Environmental Impact Assessment of applied to projects, town planning and industries. Theory: 1. Definition, concept and scope of EIA. 2. Using EIA in forestry and other projects. Procedures, guidelines and scoping in EIA. 3. EIA assessment standards applied for different activities (road construction, town planning, industries, dams construction, mining and oil drilling ) 4. Instruments, equipment and methodologies of EIA. 5. Legal aspects of EIA for public and private projects.

106 Practical: Field: Visit to conduct EIA of different projects, towns and industries. Recommended Books: 1. Concepts and Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIA activities in the management of Forestry, Watershed, Rangelands, National Parks, Wildlife etc. 2. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Govt. of Pakistan and IUCN. 1991. Environment and Urban Affair Division, GOP, Islamabad. 3. Environmental Management in India. Vol.I and Vol.II by Sapru, R.K. 1987. Ashosh Pub. Hon. New Delhi. 4. Environmental Impact Assessment by Shrivastara, A.K. 2003. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, 5, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi. 5. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook. Vol.II (World Bank Technical Paper No.140. The World Bank. 1991. Environment Department. The World Bank, Washington D.C.

(Specialization EF-IV) ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LAWS 2(1-1) Objective: To educate the students about national and provincial environmental laws and policies. Theory: 1. Study of national and provincial environmental policies and laws 2. Study the application of laws and regulations concerning disposal of wastes and emissions by industries and emission of gases and noise by vehicles. 3. Constraints and obstacles in implementing the environmental laws. 4. Strengths and weaknesses of Environmental Protection Agencies in implementing the laws. 5. How the environmental policies and laws could be made effective? Practical: Field: Visit to Environmental Protection Agencies and study their activities concerning implementation of the laws. Recommended Books: 1. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable Global Economy Book Description by Brown, L.R., F.P. Brown, and Postel S. 1991. W. W. Norton and Company, USA. 2. Environmental biology by Calver, Mike, Lymbery, A. and J.M. Comb. 2009. Cambridge University Press, USA. 3. Global warming by Maslin, M. 2008. Oxford University Press, USA.

107 12. FORESTRY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 9 (8-1) (Specialization FCC-I) FOREST CARBON AND CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (2-1) Objective: This subject will investigate the role of forests in the carbon cycle and in a changing climate. Students will learn the scientific basis for climate change and the impact that a changing climate might have on tree physiology and forest ecology. Theory:

1. Climate change: The role of CO2 and other atmospheric trace gases 2. Forest ecosystems as sinks and sources of trace gases 3. Effects of climate change on forest ecosystems 4. Forests and forest plantations in the global carbon cycle 5. Carbon sequestration in forests: a mitigation option? 6. Political responses to climate change all over the world. 7. UNFCCC ( UN framework convention on climate change) and Kyoto Protocol 8. Carbon accounting schemes in forests and forest plantations 9. Carbon accounting tools in hands-on sessions with industry partner. Practical: Visit to forest areas for assessment of carbon stocks and carbon sequestration in standing trees.

Recommended Books: 1. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable Global Economy Book Description by Brown, L.R., F.P. Brown, and Postel S. 1991. W. W. Norton and Company, USA. 2. Environmental biology by Calver, Mike, Lymbery, A. and J.M. Comb. 2009. Cambridge University Press, USA. 3. Global warming by Maslin, M. 2008. Oxford University Press, USA.

(Specialization FCC-II) TRENDS IN FORESTRY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (3-0)

Objective: To educate the students about Clean Development Mechanism. Theory: 1. Kyoto Protocol and idea of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Carbon Sequestration. 2. Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits and its importance for developing countries. 108 3. Relationship between sustainable development and emissions reduction. 4. Emissions reductions through renewable energy, energy efficiency, and fuel switching 5. Development of projects for emission reductions and carbon sequestration. 6. Study of CDM and carbon sequestration projects. Recommended Books: 1. "The Clean Development Mechanism: An assessment of current practice and future approaches for policy" by Boyd, E. et al. 2007. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. 2. "Carbon Trading: A Review of the Kyoto Mechanisms" by Hepburn, C. 2007). Annual Review of Environment and Resources.

(Specialization FCC-III) TREE ECO-PHYSIOLOGY 3 (2-1) Objective: This subject will provide a broad understanding of functional tree biology. Modern forest science, ecology and management relies on tools and models based on functional parameters of trees, e.g. in forest growth modeling, estimating water use by forests, assessing risks by environmental extremes, quantifying carbon sequestration by forests. Graduation level forest scientists are expected to adequately and critically interpret such scenarios and outputs, a task that can only be achieved by the fundamental understanding of how the main forest resource – trees work. Theory: 1. Fundamental processes of tree life and primary production - photosynthesis, respiration, nutrition 2. Water relations and water use of trees 3. Primary and secondary metabolism of trees 4. Principles of tree-environment interactions (ecophysiology) 5. Strategies used by trees to withstand adverse environmental conditions (stress physiology) 6. The structure of trees in relation to associated functional aspects (growth, wood formation, water and nutrient uptake, environmental interactions) 7. Overview of methods to measure the life functions of trees. Practical: Measurement of Photosynthesis, Stomata conductance, Leaf water potential, Transpiration Ascent of sap, Study of Anatomy of leaves, stems and root. Recommended Books: 1. A text book of Environmental Studies by Sinha, S., S. Manisha and S. Ranjana. 2005. AITBS Publishers. India. 109 2. Plant Physiology by Robert, M. D. 1999. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Melbourne Australia. 3. A Class Book of Botany. 20th Edition by Dutta, A.C. 2006. Satribari Road, Gauhati, Assam India.

13. NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 9 (7-2)

(Specialization NWFP-I) PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS/PHARMACOGNOCY 3 (3-0)

Theory: 1. Importance and scope 2. Classification of medicinal plants 3. Cultivation of medicinal plants: Soil conditions, Solid phase, Liquid phase, Gaseous phase, Living phase, Organic Matter, Soil reaction, Soil profile, Soil water, Land preparation for cultivation of medicinal plants: Time of planting, Actual planting/sowing of crop, Depth of seeding, Ecological environment and soil impact, Climate, Soil fertility management, Irrigation and drainage, Plant maintenance and protection, Weed management, Cultural practices, Harvesting

4. Medicinal plants of Pakistan: a. Medicinal herbs b. Medicinal shrubs c. Medicinal climbers d. Medicinal trees 5. Propagation of medicinal plants: Medicinal plants propagation methods, Seed as propagation material Propagation through nursery sowing, Handling of nursery seedlings, Irrigation in the nursery, Pest and disease control, Ventilation, Vegetative propagation, Propagation through cuttings, Types of cuttings, Stem cuttings, Hardwood cuttings, Semi-hardwood cuttings, Softwood cuttings, Herbaceous cuttings, Leaf cuttings, Leaf-bud cutting, Root cutting, Propagation through tubers, Propagation through suckers, Propagation through offsets, Undercutting seedbeds, Managing the propagation environment, Propagation structures, Sanitation in propagation 6 Conservation of medicinal plants:  Strategies and priorities  Conservation of medicinal plants  In-situ Conservation Ex-situ Conservation Germ-plasm collection and gene bank preservation 110 National parks and sanctuaries 7 Collection of medicinal plants: Permission to collect, Management plan for collection, Information of the target species, Population density of medicinal plants, Quality of medicinal plants to be collected, Environmental information, Selection of medicinal plants for collection, Collection procedure of medicinal plants  Suitable weather for collection  Suitable time of the day good for collection  Suitable season of collection  Proper tools for collection  Plant parts and proper stage of collection  Collection of leaves  Collection of buds  Flowers  Fruit and seeds  Bark  Collection of roots  Collection of tubers  Collection of bulbs  Cleaning and preparation of collected materials  Drying of collected materials  Outdoor drying  Indoor drying  Artificial drying  Storage of collected materials  Packing and labeling of collected materials  Personnel health, hygiene and sanitation 8 Poisonous plants of Pakistan 9 Registration of crop varieties

Pharmacognocy of Medicinal Plants  The scope of Pharmacognocy  Historical background and the drug trade  Plant morphology and plant description  Taxonomy and plant names  Plant anatomy  Plant cells  Cell contents  The cultivation of medicinal plants  Plant Genetics  The collection, drying and storage of drugs  Insects and other pests in drugs

111 Phyto-chemistry:  Introduction  Acids  Alcohols and ethers  Carbohydrates  Glycosides  Alkaloids  Volatile oils  Vitamins, Hormones and antibiotics  Examination of powdered drugs Recommended Books: 1. Guidelines for cultivation, collection, conservation and propagation of medicinal herbs. 2006. by Gil M.A.. 2. Hundred drug plants of Pakistan. 1972. by Zaman M. B. 3. The Indian Materia Medica by Nadkarni. 1954. 4. A pictorial guide to medicinal plants of Pakistan. 2006. by Shinwari Z.K. 5. Authenticity of folk medicinal plants of Pakistan by Hassan A., M. A. Khan and M. Ahmad. 6. Culltivation of Saussurea lappa, Mint cultivation in Pakistan, Atropa acuminata, Linum usitatissimum, Glycyrrhiza glabra,

(Specialization NWFP-II) SERICULTURE AND APICULTURE TECHNIQUES 3 (2-1) Objective: Introduce the non-wood uses of forests for sustainable forest resource management based on multiple uses of forests. Theory: 1. Silkworm rearing and its requirements 2. Rearing of early and late instar larvae 3. Mounting and cocoon spinning 4. Sexing and coupling 5. Cocoon harvesting and its treatment 6. Oviposition and fertility 7. Diseases of silkworm 8. Honey bee species 9. Organization of honey bee colonies 10. Seasonal Management of honey bee colonies 11. Natural enemies of honey bees 12. Honey bee flora 13. By products of honey bee 14. Supplementary feeding of honey bee colonies 15. Migratory schedule of honey bee colonies 16. Basic equipment of bee keeping

112 Practical: 1. Queen breeding method 2. Honey bee disease and prerdators, identification and control 3. Collection of bee products 4. Effect of supplementary feeding on colony development 5. Queen rearing, preparation of queen cells, grafting larvae Recommended Books: 1. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II: Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling by Ganga, G. 2003. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 2. Ganga, G. 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II: Silkworm Rearing and Silk Reeling. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 3. Atkins, E.L. and Banker, R. 1978. The Hive and the Honey bees. Dadant and Sons. 4. Howes, F.N. 1979. Plants and Bee Keeping. Faber Paperbacks 5. The Hive and the Honey bees by Atkins, E.L. and R. Banker. 1978. Dadant and Sons. 6. Plants and Bee Keeping by Howes, F.N. 1979. Faber Paperbacks.

(Specialization NWFP-III) MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS 2 (1-1) Theory: 1. Mazri Habitat and distribution of Mazri Silvicultural characterstics of Mazri Nursery techniques Afforestation and harvesting pattern Economic aspects Production in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, FATA and Balochistan Marketing of Mazri Utilization Processing facilities Domestic use Socio-economic impacts Employment Mazri control Act

2. Mushrooms Morphology of Fungi Importance of fungi for man and the living environment Poisonous fungi and the symptoms of poisoning Where and when to grow mushroom How to collect and identify fungi Development of the Mushroom industry 113 How mushrooms are grown commercially Edible mushrooms, their collection and use Crop management Pest and diseases 3. Resin Setting up the crop Freshening and collection of resin Methods of tapping Manufacture of Turpentine oil Uses of Rosen and Turpentine 4. Gum Description of Gum producing plants Gum Arabic Phulai gum Practical: 1. Demonstration of cultivation of mushroom 2. Collection, preservation and identification of mushrooms for presentation in the examination. Recommended Books: 1. Guide to mushroom growing by Fred. C. A. 1974. Faber and Faber Ltd 3 Queen Square, London WC1. 2. The Himlyn Book of Mushrooms and Fungi by Mirko Svrcek. Hamlyn, London. 3. Monograph on Nannorrhops ritchiana H. Wendl by Mughal M.S. 1991. Mazri. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 4. Punjab Forest Leaflets No. 13. Resin Tapping Instructions and Rules.

(Specialization NWFP-IV) ECONOMICS OF NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 1 (1-0)

Theory: 1. Valuation of non-wood forest products 2. Role of non-wood forest products in livelihood of forest dependent communities 3. Concepts of benefit-cost ratio 4. Marketing and its problem

a. Current status of markets b. Supply potential c. Regulations and quality requirements d. Qualitative survey of different ecological zones of Pakistan e. Quantitative survey of different drug markets of Pakistan f. Medicinal plants and their potential as minor forest produce in Pakistan g. Mechanism of marketing 114 Recommended Books: 1. Not by Timber Alone: Economics and Ecology for Sustaining Tropical forests by Panayotou, T. and P. Ashton. 1992. Washington: Island Press. 2. Handbook of Forestry. 1994. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad. 3. Survey of crude drug markets in Pakistan by Anwar Ahmad Khan.

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR MS/MSc. (HONS.) IN FORESTRY

1. THESIS RESEARCH FOR MS/MSc. (Hons.) AGRICULTURE (FORESTRY, RANGE, WATERSHED and WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT) 10 (0-20)

2. SPECIAL PROBLEM 1 (1-0)

3. SEMINAR 1 (1-0)

Note: Presented below is the list and detail of courses for MS/MSc (Hons.) Forestry. Each institution offering forestry degree may opt for these courses and set their distribution semester wise after approval through statuary bodies by fulfilling minimum credit hours requirements for the degree programme.

1 General Silviculture and Dry Afforestation in 4 (2-2) Arid/Semi Arid Areas 2 Tree Crop Volume Measurements 3 (2-1) 3 Advances in Forest Utilization 3 (2-1) 4 Agro Forestry Systems 3 (2-2) 5 Forest Resource Management 3 (3-0) 6 Wood Technology And Industries 3 (2-1) 7 Silviculture Of Farm Trees 3 (2-1) 8 Agro-Forestry As Business Enterprise 3 (2-1) 9 Applied Silviculture 3 (2-1) 10 Commercial Forestry In Irrigated Plains 3 (2-1) 11 Advances In Agro-Forestry 3 (2-1) 12 Advances In Agro-Forest Products 3 (2-1) 13 International Forestry 2 (2-0) 14 Forest Biometrics and Resource Economics 3 (2-1) 15 Functional Tree Biology 3 (2-1) 16 Forest Ecology 3(3-0) 17 Forest Tree Physiology 3(2-1) 18 Forestry And Environment 3(3-0) 115 19 Adaptation of Forests To Climate Change 3(3-0) 20 Drought Control Strategies 2(2-0) 21 Forestry And Environmental Pollution 3(2-1) 22 Advances In Range Vegetation Analysis 4 (2-2) 23 Rangeland and Forest Types Of Pakistan 2 (1-1) 24 Grazing Management On Rangelands 3 (2-1) 25 Range Animal Nutrition 3 (2-1) 26 Pastoral Communities And Range Development 2 (2-0) 27 Drought Management In Rangelands 3 (3-0) 28 Range Vegetation Manipulation and 3 (3-0) Management 29 Pastoral Communities and Range Development 3 (3-0) 30 Drought Management In Rangelands 3 (3-0) 31 Strategy For Developing Agro-Grazing 3 (3-0) 32 Ecophysiology Of Range Vegetation 2 (1-1) 33 Advanced Range Management 3 (2-1) 34 Advances In Range Vegetation Physiology 3 (2-1) Ecology. 35 Forest, Range And Atmosphere. 3 (2-1) 36 Forest, Range Resource Evaluation 3 (2-1) 37 Management Of Wildlife Sanctuaries And 3 (2-1) Zoological Gardens 38 Forest Recreation And Park Management 3(3-0) 39 Wildlife Management And Conservation 3 (2-1) 40 Urban Wildlife 3 (2-1) 41 Wetland Wildlife Management 3 (2-1) 42 Forestry, Wildlife And Recreation 3 (2-1) 43 Forest Soil And Water Conservation 3 (2-2) 44 Advances/Developments In Watershed 3 (2-1) Management 45 Forest Protection 3 (2-1) 46 Forest Diseases And Pest Management 3 (2-2) 47 Gis And Remote Sensing In Forestry 3 (2-1) 48 Forest Extension and Public Administration 2 (2-0) 49 Role Of Institutions In Forest Productivity 2 (1-1) 50 Role Of Institutions In Agro-Forest, Range 2 (2-0) Productivity 51 Range And Forestry Research Methods 3 (2-1) 52 Special Problem 53 Seminar 54 Thesis Research

116 DETAIL OF COURSES FOR MS/MSC (HONS.)IN FORESTRY

1. GENERAL SILVICULTURE AND DRY AFFORESTATION IN ARID/SEMI ARID AREAS 4 (2-2)

Theory: Silviculture and its place in forestry. Forest and wildlands. Role of silviculture. Classification of forest by region, species, composition. Tree morphology, crop morphology, tree production, artificial regeneration, Sowing and planting: nursery work, planting, tending. Silviculture of species: characteristics, distribution and regeneration. Plantation/dry forestation techniques in arid and semi arid lands of Pakistan.

Practical: Visit to various forest nurseries. Demonstration of nursery and planting techniques. Visit to Forest research stations and learning of tree propagation especially dry forestation techniques in arid and semi arid areas of Pakistan.

Recommended Books: 1. McEvoy, T.J. 2000. Introduction to Forest Ecology and Silviculture (Nraes (Series), 126.) Northeast Regional; 2nd Sub edition, ISBN-10: 0935817557 2. Siddiqui, K.M. 1987. Nursery techniques. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan. 3. Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Kelty, M.J and Ashton, P.M.S. 1996. The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology, 9th Edition, Wiley, ISBN-10: 047110941X ISBN-13: 978-0471109419 4. Fujimori, T. 2001. Ecology and Silviculture Strategies for Sustainable Forest management. Elsevier Science Publishers.

2. TREE CROP VOLUME MEASUREMENTS 3 (2-1)

Theory: Scope of Forest mensuration. Height and crown measurements. Crown measurements and its relationship with diameter and height. Volume measurements, standing tree volume and felled tree volume. Kinds of felled material, timber, small wood. Measurement of large volumes by using different methods and techniques. Stacked wood measurements, stacked volumes vs. solid volume. Measurement of bark thickness and bark volume. Use of instruments like bark hammer and bark guage. Measurement of converted or sawn timber. Timber calculations, timber tables and log rules. Measurement of weight of wood, moisture content of wood, charcoal. Crop measurements: age, diameter, increments. Forest inventory, crop volume, site index, yield tables.

117 Practical: Volume calculation of single tree. Field exercise with the measuring instrument. Data processing by full enumeration. Height, diameter, age curves, data processing of fixed area plots, data processing of horizontal point sampling. Recommended Books: 1. Hassan Abbas. 1996. Elements of Forest Mensuration. PFRI, Faisalabad. 2. Hunsch, B., Beers, T.W and Kershaw, J. 2003. Forest mensuartion. (4th Edition). John Wiley and Sons. 3. Negi S.S. 1986. A Handbook of Forestry. International Book Distributors. Dehra Dun, India. 4. West, P.W. 2009. Tree and Forest Measurement. Springer; 2nd edition,ISBN-10: 3540959653 ISBN-13: 978-540959656

3. ADVANCES IN AGRO-FORESTRY AND FOREST UTILIZATION 4 (3-1)

Theory: Economic concepts, detailed discussion on the interaction between various trees and crops with respect to different methods of mixture, land capability classes, locations and climatic conditions. Discussions on the scope and extent of agro-forestry as the only feasible solution of forestry crisis in Pakistan. Discussion on formulating a suitable strategy for its development. Role of small sized forest based industries involving low capital investment. Role of large industries associated with raw material collection points processing units widely scattered in the rural areas. Introduction and importance of various products of agro-forests. Different methods to prepare these products. Advanced utilization of forest products in different sectors. Economics and commercial business of wood products.

Practical: Critical evaluation of agriculture farms in various eco zones with respect to agro-forest identification of problems and suggesting their solutions. Report writing. Visit to various advanced plants dealing with forest products preparation. Collection of different wood products and study them scientifically in the field and laboratory.

Recommended Books: 1. Alavalapati, J.R.R., Mercer and D.E.Valuing.2004. Agroforestry Systems: Methods and Applications. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 1402024126, ISBN-13: 978-1402024122. 2. Gibson, C.C and McKean, M. 2000. People and Forests. MIT press. 3. Jose, S., Gordon, A.M. Toward Agroforestry Design: An Ecological Approach. 2004. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 140206571X, ISBN-13: 978-1402065712 118 4. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 3 (2-2)

Theory: Introduction; Define agro-forestry and its importance. Need and Potential of agro-forestry. Agroforestry as a tool for rural development. Ecological, Social and economical aspects of Agroforestry System. Classification of Agro forestry Systems and Choice of specie for Agroforestry system. Components of Agroforestry systems and classification. Agroforestry components are i) Major components ii) Temporal and spatial characteristics iii) Function on application. Ecology of Agroforestry Systems: interaction as a result of the addition of domestic animals to the plant-soil. Complementary relationships, Adverse relationships, Influence of forest components of field crop yield. Existing Agroforestry of Pakistan and World. Financial Analysis of a system

Practical: Field visits to various AF systems; observing their peculiarities and suitability; report writing. Valuation of products and benefits i.e. cost benefits ratio. IRR, NPV. Recommended Books: 1. Buck, Lassoie, Fernandes, 1999.Agroforestry in Sustainable Agriculture. Systems: CRC Press. 2. Huxley O. 1996. Tree Crop Interactions, Commonwealth Agriculture Bur. U.K. 3. Janaki R.R., Alavalapati and D. Evan Mercer. 2004. Valuing Agroforestry Systems: Methods and Applications (Advances in Agroforestry). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Springer, UK. 4. McDicken and Vergara: 1990. Agroforestry. Wiley, New York. 5. Nair P.K.R and Latt, 1998: Directions in Tropical Agroforestry Research, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 6. Nair, P. K. R. 1993. An Introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.p.399. 7. Nuberg, Dr Ian (ed.); George, Mr Brendan (ed.); Reid, Rowan (ed.). 2009 Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management Published by: CSIRO Publishin 8. Reference Journal: Agro-forestry Systems (Kluwer Academic Publishers) (Since 1982). 9. Sahibzada M. Hafeez. 1996. Agroforestry Vol. I, II, III, IV, V and VI. PFRI Faisalabad.

5. FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0)

Theory: Causes of deforestation and forest resource degradation. Analysis of Forest management Problems in Public and Private Organizations. Classical Forest Regulations. Linear and goal programming as applied to resource management. Forestry technologies for disturbed forests. Resource 119 development planning. Forest investment analysis Decision making methods for primary forest management activities and methodologies for incorporating non-timber values in forest management operations. Economic analysis of different management operations in Forestry Recommended Books: 1. Gregory S. Amacher, Markku Olikainen, Erkki A. Koskela. 2009. Economics of Forest Resources. McGraw-Hills. 2. Joseph Buongiorno and J. Keith Gilless. 2003. Decision Methods for Forest Resource Management. 2003. Academic press, Elsevier Science (USA) 3. Kumar, H.D. 2001. Forest Resources Conservation and Management. Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 4. Trivedi, P.R. 2004. Natural Resources Conservation. APH Publishing Corporation. India

6. WOOD TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRIES 3 (2-1)

Theory: Uses of wood. General Anatomical Characteristics of Wood. Wood defect: knots, compression and tension wood, shakes, pitch pockets, mineral streaks, sap stain, insect and fungal degradation and defects due to grain. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood. Factors affecting strength properties of wood. Wood Seasoning: Importance of wood seasoning and its application, air and kiln seasoning techniques and their relative importance, method of stacking, seasoning defects, seasoning characteristics of important local timbers. Wood Preservation. Sawmilling and Wood Working. Panel Products: Description and uses of panel products, plywood, multiply construction, laminated board, batten board, blackboard: particleboard; low, medium and high density particleboard, fiberboard: compressed and non-compressed, semi-rigid insulation and rigid insulation board, hardboard, standard and tempered. Advantages and disadvantages of panel products over solid wood. Practical: Preparation of wood for microscopic examination. Macroscopic and microscopic features of local timbers will be examined including Deodar, Partal, Chir, Shisham, Babul, Mango, Siris, Bakain, Semal, Ber, Oak, Eucalyptus and Popular. Measurement of wood drying defects. Methods of testing the effectiveness of various preservatives including laboratory and field tests. Visit to any wood industry to evaluate the application of wood technology Recommended Books: 1. Anonymous (1981). Plywood, its manufacture and uses. Timber Research and Development Association, England. 2. Armstrong, F.H. (1960). The Strength Properties of Timber. F.P.R. Bulleting No.45 HMSO, UK 3. Brown, H.P., et al. (1949). Text Book of Wood Technology Vol.I and II. McGraw-Hill, New York.

120 4. Kollman, F.F. and Pan, W.A. (1974). Principles of Wood Science Technology, Vol. 1 and II. Springer Village, New York. 5. Masood, Q. 2005. Basics of Forestry and allied Sciences. A-One Publisher Al Fazal Market Urdu Bazar Lahore. 6. Wangaard, F.F. (1950). The Mechanical Properties of Wood. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. NY.

7. SILVICULTURE OF FARM TREES 3 (2-1)

Theory: General description, origin, distribution, site requirements, silvicultural characteristics and operations of following farm-tree species; Acacia nilotica, Albizzia lebbek, A. procera, Azadirachta indica, Bauhinia purpurea, B. variegata, Bamboosa spp., Casuarina aquiseti-folia, Dalbergia sissioo, Dandro-calamus spp., Eucalyptus citriodora, E, camaldulensis, E. micro-theca, Eugenia jambolana, Heterophragma adenopylhum, Leucanea Leucocephala, Managifera indica, Melia azedarch, Moringa oliefera, Morus alba, Populus ciliata, P. deltoides, P. euromericana, Prosopis cineraria, P. juliflora, Salmalia malabarica, Salix tetrasperma, sesbania aegyptida, S. sesbans. Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna, Zizyphus mauritania, Z. nummuleria etc.

Practical: Practice of various silvicultural operations in the field. Collection of seed/planting material from plus trees. Raising quality seedlings/saplings in the nursery. Visits to farm forests. Recommended Books: 1. Ashton M.S. and F. Montagnini. 1999. The Silvicultural Basis for Agroforestry Systems. CRC Press. 296 p. 2. Beadle C.L. and A.G. Brown. 2007. Acacia Utilization and Management – Adding value. RIRDC Publication, Australia 3. Champion, H.G. 1967. Manual of silviculture for Pakistan. Pak. Forest Institute Peshawar. 4. David Smith 1986. The Practice of Silviculture. John Wiley and Sons, New York 5. Hensken F.L., M. Battaglia and M.L. Ottenschlaeger. 2008. Silvicultural Design Support for Farm Forestry. RIRDC Publication, Australia 6. Parkash Ram and L.S. Khanna 1979. Theory and Practice of Silviculture System. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, India. 7. Sheikh M.I. 1993. Trees of Pakistan. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Pictorial Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., Islamabad.

8. AGRO-FORESTRY AS BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 3 (2-1)

121 Theory: Economic concepts, detailed discussions on the interaction between various trees and crops with respect to different methods of mixtures, land capability classes locations and climatic conditions. Scope and extent of Agro-Forestry as the only feasible solution of Forestry crises in Pakistan. Discussions of formulating a suitable strategy for its development. The Business of Agroforestry: Establishment Costs and Interim Income, Marketing and Evaluating Agroforestry Options. Role of small sized forest based industries involving low capital investment. Role of large industries associated with raw material collection points processing units widely scattered in the rural areas. Practical: Critical evaluation of agricultural farms in various ecozones with respect to Agro-Forestry, identification of problems and suggesting their solutions. Report writing. Recommended Books: 1. Beadle C.L. and A.G. Brown. 2007. Acacia Utilization and Management – Adding value. RIRDC Publication, Australia 2. Godsey and D. Larry. 2000. Economic Budgeting for Agroforestry Practices. Publication UMCA-3-2000. University of Missouri Agroforestry, Columbia, MO. 20 p. 3. Hensken F.L., M. Battaglia and M.L. Ottenschlaeger. 2008. Silvicultural Design Support for Farm Forestry. RIRDC Publication, Australia 4. Jha L.K. and P.K. Sen Sharma. 2008. Agroforestry – Indian Perspective. 5. John, M. and B. Mortimer. 1996. Shelter and Shade: Creating a Healthy and Profitable Environment for Our Livestock with Trees. Green Park Press, Jackson, MS. 161 p. 6. Knowles, Leith and P. Middlemiss. 1999. Evaluating Agroforestry Options. A Continuing Professional Development course held at Hot Springs, AR, June 12, 1999. p. 6. 7. Sheikh M.I. 1993. Trees of Pakistan. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Pictorial Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., Islamabad.

9. APPLIED SILVICULTURE 3(2-1)

Objectives: 1. To educate the students with the silvicultural characteristics of important farm/forest trees of Pakistan. 2. To enable the students to evaluate the potential of different tree species and selection of suitable species for various ecological zones Theory: General introduction, origin, distribution, site requirements, silvicultural characteristics and operations of various tree species. Ecological aspects of silviculture. Silvicultural practices; Natural and artificial regeneration. Description of common farm grown trees. Compatibility of tree species for agro-forestry. Silvicultural systems, their types and implementation in various 122 types of forests. Distribution of trees in various cropping systems. Practical: Practice of various silvicultural operations in the field. Collection of seed/planting material from plus trees. Raising quality seedlings/ saplings in the nursery. Visits to various farm forests. Recommended Books: 1. Anonymous. 2007. Multipurpose Trees in The Tropics; Management and Improvement Strategies (IUFRO). Arid Forest Research Institute Jodhpur (India). 2. Champion, H.G. 1967. Manual of Silviculture for Pakistan. Pak. Forest Institute Peshawar. 3. Gary, L. R., J. M. Edington, I. I. Holland and G. C. Fortenberry. 2005. Forest and Forestry. . Book Co. Lucknow, India. 4. Quraishi, M.A.A. 2005. Basics of Forestry and Allied Sciences, Vol. I. A- One Publishers, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore. 5. Sharma, V. K. 2004. Trees and Protection of Environment. Deep and Deep Publications. LTD. New Delhi (India). 6. Sheikh, M.I. 1993.Trees of Pakistan. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. GOP-USAID Forestry Planning and development Project. Pictorial Printer (Pvt.) Ltd Islamabad. Pakistan.

10. COMMERICIAL FORESTRY IN IRRIGATED PLAINS 3 (2-1) Objectives: 1. To educate the students about the economic opportunities present in various forestry/agro-forestry systems. 2. To enable the students to learn for getting sustainable income from various forestry/agro-forestry systems by taping intermediate and final income. Theory: Principles of Forestry. Forestry as a business. Role of forest establishment, post planting care and cultural operations in maximizing yields and profits. Species selection in commercial forestry. Forest products measurement and evaluation; Exploring different types of Intermediate and by-product incomes and methods for their maximization. Choice of appropriate silvicultural and management systems. Harvesting, preliminary processing, grading and transport of forest produce. Irrigated forestry. Industrial forestry. Practical: Practice of various forestry operations. Estimating the effects of timing and intensity of forestry operations on yield and profitability. Visits to commercial forests. Collection of relevant data about case study of a commercial forest and its analysis. Recommended Books:

123 1. Champion, H.G., 1967. Manual of Silviculture, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar 2. Gary, L. R., J. M. Edington, I. I. Holland and G. C. Fortenberry. 2005. Forest and Forestry. Book Co. Lucknow, India. 3. Panwar, P. and S. D. Bhardwaj. 2005. Hand Book of Practical Forestry. Agribios Publishing. Jodhpur, India 4. Panwar, P. and S. D. Bhardwaj. 2006. Practical Manual of Plantation. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur (India). 5. Tewari, V. P. and Srivasta. 2006. Multipurpose Trees in the Tropics; Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur (India).

11. ADVANCES IN AGRO-FORESTRY 3 (2-1) Objectives: 1. To enable the students to understand the role of agro-forestry in the rural economy of Pakistan, especially its role in wood and crop production. 2. To enable the students to manage various agro-forestry models (tree-crop combinations) successfully. Theory: Ecotone concept. Detailed discussions on the interaction between various trees and crops with respect to different methods of mixtures, land capability classes locations and climatic conditions. Discussions on the scope and extent of Agro-Forestry as the only feasible solution of Forestry crises in Pakistan. Discussions of formulating a suitable strategy for its development. Role of small sized forest based industries involving low capital investment. Role of large industries associated with raw material collection points and processing units widely scattered in the rural areas. Practical: Critical evaluation of agricultural farms in various eco-zones with respect to Agro-Forestry, identification of problems and suggesting their solutions. Report writing. Recommended Books: 1. Chuhan, S. K., S. S. Gill, H. N. Khjuria and R. Chuhan. 2006. Production Technology and Management of Agroforestry Models. S. S. S. Printers New Delhi, India. 2. Gary, L. R., J. M. Edington, I. I. Holland and G. C. Fortenberry. 2005. Forest and Forestry. Book Co. Lucknow, India. 3. Kundu, S. S., O. P. Chaturvedi, J. C. Dogar and S. K. Sirohi. 2008. Environment, Agroforestry, and Livestock Management. Salasar Imaging system, New Delhi. India. 4. Nyland, R. D. 2007. Silviculture: Concept and Applications. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Singapore.

12. ADVANCES IN AGRO-FOREST PRODUCTS 3 (2-1)

124 Objectives: 1. To introduce the students with various modern woody and non-woody forest products, their uses and market potential. 2. To make them aware of potential marketing opportunities of various forest products at regional, national and international level. Theory: Introduction and importance of various products of Agro-Forests. Different methods to prepare these products. Commercial and medicinal uses of forest products. Cottage industry and forest products. Advanced utilization of forest products in different sectors. Economic and commercial business of products of wood. New avenues of forest product marketing in national, regional and international markets. Socio-economic impacts of forest products on society. Practical: Visit to various industrial units dealing with forest products preparation and manipulation. Collection of different wood products and study them scientifically in the field and laboratory. Detailed survey to determine the role of forest products in economic uplift of the people. Recommended Books: 1. Baqar, R.S. 2006. Comprehensive Forestry. Publishers Emporium, Urdu Bazar, India. 2. Gary, L. R., J. M. Edington, I. I. Holland and G. C. Fortenberry. 2005. Forest and Forestry. Int. Book Co. Lucknow, India. 3. Negi, S. S. 2002. Forest Products and their Utilization. IBD. Publishers, New Delhi India.

13. INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY 3 (3-0)

Theory: Introduction and scope of the subject. Forest of the world and their role for different nations. World geography with respect to forests. International affairs and solid understanding of world forestry situation. Forestry and economic relationship. Forest economy of the world. Role of forestry in economic development of the nations. Fire as a natural process in the world’s forest. Management of tropical rain forest. Study of the different report of world’s forestry. Recommended Books: 1. Chauhan. G. 2006 Global Forest Resources. Geographical Approach Kalayani Publisher. New Delhi, India. 2. Sands. R. 2005 Forestry in a Global Context CABI. Publishing, Wallingtonford, Oxfordshire OX108 DE, U.K. 3. Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Forestry and Environment. Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar, Pakistan. 14. FOREST BIOMETRICS AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS 3 (2-1) 125 Theory: Definition and scope of the subject. Units of timber measurement. Measurement of diameter, height, age, farm factor, basal area, volume and increment of felled and standing trees as well as of forest crops. Stem Form Studies, Volume tables, yield tables/management tables. Measurement of firewood and other minor forest products. Sampling methods. Determination of forest resource using Continuous inventory method, Fixed area plot method and Prism Sampling. Resource Economics. Basic statistics of forestry. Area value of fixed capital, working capital, annual production. Contribution of forestry to GNP and social welfare. Valuation and appraisal of forest. Taxes: Income tax and excise tax. Progressive, proportional ad regressive taxes. Determination of Returns from i) Recreation facilities ii) New technology iii) Public projects iv) Other non-market forestry products Project evaluation pay-back period, Benefit cost ratio, present value method, internal rate of returns, discount rates, Economists view of conservations, effects of discount rates on conservation and Forest rotations. Practical: Introduction to different instruments used for the determination of diameter, height, age, volume etc. Measurement of log volume. Measurement of forest crop diameter, height, age, basal area and volume. Determining quality class of a forest. Calculation of mean annual and current annual increment. Practice of measuring various parameters of different natural resources. Recommended Books: 1. J.L.G. Wong. 2000. The biometrics of non-timber forest product resource assessment: A review of current methodology. Oxford, UK. 2. Bruce, Bonals and Francis. 1982. Forest Mensuration. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York. 3. Ashraf, M. M., I. Ahmad. 1994. Handbook of Forestry. PARC, Islamabad 4. Hassan Abbas. 1996. Elements of Forest Mensuration. PFRI- Faisalabad 5. Husch Bertram, Charles I. Miller and Thomas W. Beera 1982. Forest Mensuration. John Wiley and Sons New York. 15. Functional Tree Biology 3 (2-2)

Theory: Fundamental processes of tree life and primary production - photosynthesis. Water relations and water use of trees. Primary and secondary metabolism of trees. Principles of tree-environment interactions (ecophysiology). Strategies used by trees to withstand adverse environmental conditions (stress physiology). The structure of trees in relation to associated functional aspects

126 (growth, wood formation, water and nutrient uptake, environmental interactions). Overview of methods to measure the life functions of trees. Anatomy of leaves, stems and root etc. Practical: Measurement of Photosynthesis, Stomata conductance, Leaf water potential, Transpiration Ascent of sap, Study of Anatomy of leaves, stems and root. Recommended Books: 1. Dutta, A.C. 2006. A Class Book of Botany. 20th Edition. Satribari Road, Gauhati, Assam India 2. Sinha, S., S. Manisha and S. Ranjana. 2005. A text book of Environmental Studies. AITBS Publishers. India 3. Robert, M. D. 1999. Plant Physiology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Melbourne Australia. 4. Salisbury, Frank, B. and C. W. Ross. 1992. Plant Physiology. 4th ed. Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publishers.

16. FOREST ECOLOGY 3 (3-0)

Theory: Ecology Concept and scope, Autecology and Syncology, Plant vs Forest Ecology. Environment, Complex, Influence of Environment on Forest, Micro environment, Environmental factors (Soil, Water, Temperature, light, Atmosphere, Topography, Biotic Factors, Pyric Factor), Climatic and Edaphic Regions of Pakistan, Concept of sites, Determining site quality, Method of vegetation surveys. Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Forest mapping. Relationship between overstorey and understorey, Plant -animal interactions in forest ecosystem, Regeneration/restoration ecology, Competition and effects of natural and human disturbance regimes at multiple scales, Forest succession and stand dynamics, Forest canopies, Natural disturbance in forest environments, Biological impacts of deforestation and fragmentation.

Recommended Books: 1. Panday, N.N. and Jyoto M.K. 2006. Ecology and Environment. Efficient Offset Printers. India 2. Florencia, M. and Carl F. Jordan. 2005. "Tropical Forest Ecology: The Basis for Conservation and Management”. Springer 1 edition. 3. Vicky, M. T., Richard J.,Tim, N. and Stefan, H. 2004. Assembly Rules and Restoration Ecology: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice. Society for Ecological Restoration International island press. 4. Hussain, S. S. 1995. Fundamental of Plant Ecology. National Book Foundation. Islamabad.

17. FOREST TREE PHYSIOLOGY 3 (2-1)

127 Theory: Water Absorption: Imbibition, diffusion, osmosis, water relation of plants cells, water potential, osmotic potential, matrix potential, turgor pressure. Root pressure, guttation, factors, effecting water absorption. Ascent of Sap, vertical and lateral ascent of sap. Vital Theory, Root Pressure Theory Reduced Atmospheric Pressure Theory, Surface Tension, Capillary Action Theory, Transpiration- Cohesion-Tension Theory. Photosynthesis: Definition, mechanism and factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. Photoperiodism, Geotropism. Respiration. Aerobic and Anaerobic respirations. Mechanism and factors affecting the process. Transpiration: Definition and Process. Factors effecting the transpiration. Control of transpiration. Energy relation of transpiration. Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata. Evopotranspiration. Water Deficit and Water Stress: Water requirement of plants. Causes of water deficit. Effect of water deficit, measurement of water deficit. Water use efficiency. Drought: Types, causes and resistance to drought. Anatomical and morphological adaptations in drought resistance of plants. Practical: Use of Microscope, other laboratory equipment, biological models and drawings. Drawing and labeling of typical flowers, TS of stems and roots in monocot, dicot and pine plants, Use of CIRAS to measure photosynthetic rate. Recommended Books: 1. Hopekins. W.G. 2004. Introduction to Plant Physiology. 3rd Ed. John Willey and Sons, NY. 2. Meidner. H. 1984. Class Experiments in Plant Physiology. George Allen and Unwir, London, UK. 3. Ridge. I. 2000. Plant Physiology. United Kingdom Open University, U.K. 4. Salisbury.F.B. and C.W.Ross. 1992. Plant Physiology. 4th Ed. Wordsworth Publishing Co. Inc., Belmont, Calif, U.S.A 5. Sutecliffe, J.F. (1968). Plants and Water. Edward Arnold (Publications) Ltd. London. 6. Taiz. L. and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology. 3rd Ed. Sinauer Associates Sunderland, USA.

128 18. FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT 3 (3-0)

Theory: Global concerns for forests, Forest types of Pakistan, Forests and Climate Control; Global warming and Green house effect, Forests and climate control. Effect of fuelwood use on environment, Pakistan’s Environmental Settings. Combating Desertification, Major deserts of Pakistan. Forests and desertification control, Mountain Forest Ecosystems. Control of water logging and salinity, Role of trees in water logging and salinity control. Conservation of biodiversity. Trees and noise abatement, Benefits of home and urban planting. Guidelines for tree planting. Nursery establishment, site preparation, thinning and tending operations. Major tree species used in mountain areas, plain areas and desert areas. Recommended Books: 1. Freer-Smith, P.H.; Broad Meadow, M.S.J.. 2007. Forestry and Climate Change. CAB International. 2. Innes, J.L.; Hickey, G.M.; Hoen, H.F. 2005. Forestry and Environmental Change. CAB International. 3. K.M. Siddiqui. 1997. Forestry and Environment. PFI, Peshawar. 4. Champion, Seth and Khattak. 1965. Silviculture of Pakistan, Ferozesons, Peshawar.

19. Adaptation of Forests to Climate Change 3 (3-0) Theory:

Climate change: The role of CO2 and other atmospheric trace gases. Forest ecosystems as sinks and sources of trace gases. Effects of climate change on forest productivity and Phenology. Forests and forest plantations in the global carbon cycle. Carbon sequestration in forests: a mitigation option? Forest ecosystem response and Vulnerability to recent climate change. Ecosystem Resistance and Resilience to climate change. Effects of Climate on disturbance in Forest Ecosystems (Fire, Insect and Pathogens, Invasive plants).Political responses to climate change all over the world. Current adaptation measures and policies. Management for adaptations. Future Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities. Recommended Books: 1. Brown, L.R., Brown, F.P. and Sandra.1991. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable Global Economy Book Description, W. W. Norton and Company, USA. 2. Innes, J.L.; Hickey, G.M.; Hoen, H.F. 2005. Forestry and Environmental Change. CAB International. 3. Maslin, Mark 2008. Global warming. Oxford University Press, USA 4. Risto, S., B. Alexender and K. Pia. 2009. Adaptation of forests and people to climate change. A global Assessment Report. IUFRO World series Vol. 22. Esa-Print oy, Tampere. Finland.

129 5. Smith, P.H.; Broadmeadow, M.S.J. 2007. Forestry and Climate Change.2 CAB International.

20. DROUGHT CONTROL STRATEGIES 2 (2-0) Theory: Desertification: definitions and its extent, severity and frequency. Causes and effects of Land degradation in different regions. Drought control strategies and options. Drought information systems. Droughts in Pakistan, frequencies and probabilities. Global environmental perspective. Early warning systems and drought management issues in relation to rangelands. Drought management plans. Recommended Books: 1. Arnon, I. 1972. Crop Production in dry regions. Vol. 1and 2. National Book Foundation of Pakistan. 2. Melard. 1990. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Ministry of Environment, Local Govt. and Rural Development. Islamabad. Quraishi, 3. Melard. 2001. National plan of action to combating desertification. Ministry of Environment and Local Govt. and Rural Development, Islamabad. 4. NAP. 1990. Saline agriculture. Salt tolerant plants for developing countries. Report of a Panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. Office of International Affairs. National Research Council National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 143. 5. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S. Khan and S. Yaqoob 1998. Range Management in Pakistan. Kazi Publishers, Ganpat Road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

21. FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 3 (2-1) Objective: To enable the students to identify environmental challenges and to propose forestry based developed strategies to tackle these problems. Theory: Environmental pollution, its causes and extent. Major pollutants damaging the environment. Tangible and Intangible benefits of trees. Scope and role of the forestry for improvement of the environment. Various burning environmental problems of the world. Impacts of environmental hazards for the living organisms. Various measures to control the environmental issues. Contribution of forests to mitigate this problem. Practical: Demonstration of pollution effects. Estimation of various environmental parameters as affected by pollution. Collection and analysis of relevant data. Review of various reports and articles on environmental pollution. Recommended Books: 1. Quraihi, M. A. A. 2005, Watershed Management in Pakistan, University of 130 Agriculture, Faisalabad. 2. Sharma, V. K. 2004. Trees and Protection of Environment. Deep and Deep Publication. New Delhi (India). 3. Sheikh, M. I. and S. M. Hafeez. 2001. Forest and Forestry in Pakistan. A- One Publishers Urdu Bazar Lahore. 4. Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Forestry and Environment. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

22. ADVANCES IN RANGE VEGETATION ANALYSIS 4 (3-1) Theory: Methods of vegetation analysis, Statistical concepts for field sampling for frequency and cover, density, biomass, importance value, Delineation of plant communities, Range use and Carrying capacity, vegetation survey: intensive and extensive sampling, stock mapping, quadrats, transects and bisects. Basis for characterizing a community. Practical: On-hand training/practice of vegetation analysis techniques in field, Use of various sampling techniques for vegetation attributes analysis including cover and biomass analysis. Recommended Books: 1. Ashfaque, R.M and Rafique, S.M. 1999. A Guide to Range Analysis. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 2. Kent, M. and Coker, P. 1995.Vegetation Description and Analysis: A Practical Approach. John Wiley and Sons Pap/Dis edition, ISBN-10: 0471948101, ISBN-13: 978-0471948100 3. Solomon, A.M and Shugart, H.H. 2009. Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 0412036819, ISBN-13: 978- 0412036811

23. RANGELAND AND FOREST TYPES OF PAKISTAN 2 (1-1) Theory: Range ecological regions of Pakistan, distribution of vegetation types. Environmental/Forest Site Factors: Study of factors constituting environmental complex and their effects on forest vegetation: Communities/stand dynamics: Forest types of Pakistan. Definition, Basis of classification. Floristic and distribution of major forest types of Pakistan. Tropical forests, Tropical dry deciduous shisham forests, tropical thorn forest, Montane sub-tropical forests, montane temperate forests, subalpine forests, alpine scrub. Utility of forest influences. Ecological approaches to forest resource management in different ecological zones of Pakistan. Practical: Approaches to range mapping and inventory, Estimation of range condition

131 and trend, Estimation of range forage production, utilization and grazing capacity. Recommended Books: 1. Champion, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M. Khattak. 1965. Forest types of Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 2. Heady, H and Child, R.D. 1999. Rangeland Ecology and Management. West view Press, ISBN-10: 0813337992, ISBN-13: 978-0813337999 3. Hodgkinson, K.C and Grice, A.C. 2006. Global Rangelands: Progress and Prospects. CABI, ISBN-10: 0851995233, ISBN-13: 978-0851995236 4. Mohammad, N. 1989. Rangeland management in Pakistan. ICIMOD, Nepal. 5. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S. Khan and M.S. Yaqoob. 1993. Range Management in Pakistan. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

24. GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON RNAGELANDS 3 (2-1) Theory: Pasture establishment techniques, grasses-legumes and their mixtures in various eco-zones of Pakistan. Grazing management, carrying capacities and pasture, growth, effect of stocking rate. The importance of browse. Utilization and management of browse. Ecology in relation to grazing. Animal nutrition in relation to range management. Nutritional value of shrubs and trees as fodder for ruminants. Grazing habits and diet selection by various kinds of livestock on rangelands. Management of feed quantity and quality on rangelands. Plant responses to grazing with reference to phytotoxicosis. Diet learning in herbivores from social models and experience. Practical: Visits to various pastures and range areas, demonstration of forage vegetation and measurement of grazing pressure, balancing herbage vegetation and browse through animals. Recommended Books: 1. Gerrish, J. 2004. Management-Intensive Grazing: The Grassroots of Grass Farming. Green Park Press, ISBN-10: 0972159703, ISBN-13: 978- 0972159708. 2. IDRC. 1989. Shrubs and tree fodders for farm animals. (Ed. Devendra, C.). Proceedings of a workshop in Depensar. Indonesia. July 24-29, 1989. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Pp. 349. 3. Muhammad, N. 1989. Rangeland Management in Pakistan. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. 4. Skerman, P.J. 1997. Tropical Forage Legumes. FAO, Rome. 5. Vallentine, J.F.2000. Grazing Management, 2nd Edition. Academic Press, ISBN-10: 0127100016, ISBN-13: 978-0127100012

25. RANGE ANIMAL NUTRITION 3 (2-1) 132 Theory: Animal grazing in relation to range nutrition, feed resources availability and distribution. Feed analysis and composition, role of secondary compounds in animal grazing/browsing. Animal response to range grazing in terms of growth and digestibility. Plant response to animals grazing at various intensities. Practical: Plant analysis techniques, Visit to labs. and demonstration of plant chemical analysis, Visit to Animal nutrition facilities, Feed mills, etc. Recommended Books: 1. Pond, W.G., Church, D.C., Pond, R.P and Schoknecht, P.A. 2004. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding, A Wiley; 5 edition ISBN-10: 0471215392,ISBN-13: 978-0471215394 2. Robbins, C.T and Cunha, T.J. 1994. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition, Second Edition Academic Press, ISBN-10: 0125893833, ISBN-13: 978-0125893831 3. Skerman, P.J. 1997. Tropical Forage Legumes. FAO, Rome, Italy.

26. PASTARAL COMMUNITIES AND RANGEDEVELOPMENT 2 (2-0) Theory: Major Pastaral Communities of Range areas of Pakistan. Socioeconomic profile . General condition and income, family size and its structure, literacy, nutrition and health, housing and household. Migration routes of nomadic tribes, ownership of rangelands/local rights, social life and life styles, gender views, size of bords, livestock marketing systems, inter community relationship. Participatory approach for range development role of public organization and live departments. Role of NGO’s. Training of local people and concept of range development with community participation. Recommended Books: 1. Gerrish, J. 2004. Management-Intensive Grazing: The Grassroots of Grass Farming. Green Park Press, ISBN-10: 0972159703, ISBN-13: 978- 0972159708 2. Heady , H and Child, R.D. 1999. Rangeland Ecology and Management. West view Press, ISBN-10: 0813337992, ISBN-13: 978-0813337999 3. Hodgkinson, K.C and Grice, A.C. 2006. Global Rangelands: Progress and Prospects. CABI, ISBN-10: 0851995233, ISBN-13: 978-0851995236 4. Muhammad, W. 1989. Range Management in Pakistan, ICIMOD, Nepal. 5. Quraishi, M.A.A. 1998. Range Management in Pakistan. Kazi Publishers, Lahore. 6. Solomon, A.M and Shugart, H.H. 2009. Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 0412036819, ISBN-13: 978- 0412036811

27. DROUGHT MANAGEMENT IN RANGELANDS 3 (3-0) 133 Theory: Desertification-definitions and its extent, severity and frequency. Causes and effects of Land degradation in different regions. Drought control strategies and options. Drought information systems. Droughts in Pakistan, frequencies and probabilities. Global environmental perspective. Early warning systems and drought management issues in relation to rangelands. Drought management plans. Recommended Books: 1. Galvin, K.A., Reid, R.S., Behnke, R.H and Hobbs, T. 2006. Fragmentation in Semi-Arid and Arid Landscapes: Consequences for Human and Natural Systems. Springer; 1st edition ISBN-10: 1402049056,ISBN-13: 978- 1402049057 2. Heady , H and Child, R.D. 1999. Rangeland Ecology and Management. West view Press, ISBN-10: 0813337992, ISBN-13: 978-0813337999 3. Hodgkinson, K.C and Grice, A.C. 2006. Global Rangelands: Progress and Prospects. CABI, ISBN-10: 0851995233, ISBN-13: 978-0851995236 4. Ladle, R. 2008. Biodiversity and Conservation: Critical Concepts in the Environment. Routledge; 1st edition. ISBN-10: 0415456541 ISBN-13: 978- 0415456548 5. Melard. 1990. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Ministry of Environment, Local Govt. and Rural Development. Islamabad. Quraishi, 6. Melard. 2001. National plan of action to combating desertification. Ministry of Environment and Local Govt. and Rural Development, Islamabad. 7. NAP. 1990. Saline agriculture. Salt tolerant plants for developing countries. Report of a Panel of the Board on Science and

28. RANGE VEGETATION MANIPULATION AND MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0) Theory: Methods of manipulating range vegetation for multiple use purposes. Ecological and biological principles, structural and functional aspects of manipulated ecosystems. Range plant growth and development. Integration of vegetation manipulation technologies and management. Site specificity vs. general application. Fire as a management tool, mechanical control of woody plants, chemical control of range plants, biological manipulation of range vegetation. Recommended Books: 1. Holechek, J. et al., 1989. Range Management, Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall, Inc. Newberry. USA. 2. Committee on Rangeland Classification, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. 1994. New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands. National Academic Press, USA. 3. Noor, M. 1989. Rangeland Management in Pakistan. ICIMOD, Katmandu, Nepal. 134 4. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S.Khan and S.Y. Mian. 1998. Range Management in Pakistan. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 5. Stoddart, Smith and Box. 1975. McGraw Hill Series in Forest Resources. 6. Quraishi, M.A.A., M. Ishaque, 1995. Practical Manual of Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 6. Call, C.A. 2002. Lecture notes. Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.

29. STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPING AGRO-GRAZING 3 (3-0) Theory: Need for a comprehensive approach for range development, Importance of understanding social structure, aspirations and limitations. Land use policies and laws and integrate land use. Growth of viable, progressive, local organizations of the grazing and their role. Appropriate governmental organizations and their role. Easy availability of financial resources and transfer of appropriate technology. Systematic and gradual development of site resources and potentials. Adoption of advances in range forage production. (establishment, watering, fertilization, weeding, mixed cropping etc.), animal improvement, animal protection and sustaining their maximum growth rate. Adoption of advances in range management, intensive food lots and fattening yards, hay and silage making, development in communication, transport and marketing. Emergency squads. Recommended Books: 1. Jerry, L.H., Rex D. Pieper, H. Carlton. 1989. Range Management Principle and practices. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffes, New Jersey. 2. Masood, Q. 2005. Basics of Forestry and allied Sciences. A-One Publisher Al Fazal Market Urdu Bazar Lahore. 3. Muhammad, N. 1989. Rangeland Management in Pakistan. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. 4. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S. Khan and S. Yaqoob 1998. Range Management in Pakistan. Kazi Publishers, Ganpat Road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. 5. Singh, L.N., A. Singh and J. Singh. 2000. Grassland Techniques and Management. Scientific Publications (India) Jodhpur.

30. ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF RANGE VEGETATION 2 (1-1) Theory: Introduction, aspects of carbon and energy requirement of photosynthesis considered in relation to the environmental constraint pertaining to ranges, principles of ecology, Impact of the environment and man on various populations of ranges, important ecological process, systems measurement and analysis. Range plants as integrated ecophysiological units.

Practical: Study of different physiological phenomena of range vegetation by advanced and latest techniques both in the field and laboratory. Use of different 135 apparatus/instruments for measuring ecological factors.

Recommended Books: 1. Dirzo and Sarukhan. 1984. Perspectives on plant population ecology. Sinecer Associates Ince. Massachusetts, USA. 2. Muhammad, N. 1989. Rangeland Management in Pakistan. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. 3. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S. Khan and S. Yaqoob. 1998. Range Management in Pakistan. Kazi Publishers, Ganpat Road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

31. ADVANCES IN RANGE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1) Objective: The major aim of teaching this course is to familiarize the students about various range management practices. By learning this course, the students will be able to manage the rangeland resources more effectively in future, during their field assignments.

Theory: Significance of rangelands. Principles of range management. Rangeland physical characteristics, rangelands and human population. Range management history, description of rangeland types, range ecology, range inventory and monitoring, considerations concerning stocking rate, selection of grazing methods, methods of improving livestock distribution in rangeland. Range animal nutrition, Range livestock production. Range management for multiple use, manipulation of range vegetation, Range management planning. Practical: Visits to various rangelands, determination of vegetational attributes, rangeland utilization, carrying capacity, range trend, forage intake of grazing animals, vegetational mapping. Developing a range management plan for a given range area. Recommended Books: 1. Arunachalan, A. and K. Arunachalan. 2008. Biodiversity Utilization and Conservation. Aavishkar publishers, Jaipur, India pp.204. 2. Holechek, J.L., R .Pieper and C.H. Herbal. 2011. Range Management Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp.456. 3. Trivedi, P.C. 2006. Biodiversity: Assessment and conservation, Agrobios, India, pp. 324.

32. ADVANCES IN RANGE VEGETATION PHYSIOLOGY, ECOLOGY 3 (2-1)

136 Objective: The major objective of teaching this course is to train the students about ecology and the physiological responses of range plants under stress conditions. This course will help the students in future for conducting research and understanding the growth adaptations of the range plants in the field.

Theory: Introduction, carbon and energy requirements of range species in relation to environmental constraints, principles of ecology, Impact of the environment and man on various populations of ranges, important ecological process, systems measurement and analysis. Range plants as integrated ecophysiological units. Practical: Study of different physiological phenomena of range vegetation by advanced and latest techniques both in the field and laboratory. Use of different apparatus/instruments for measuring ecological factors. Recommended Books: 1. Bora, K.K., K. Singh and A. Kumar 2001.Stress and Environmental Plant Physiology. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India. 2. Devlin. 2004. Plant Physiology 4th Ed. CBS Publishers and Distributers. New Delhi, India. 3. Govil, S.R. 2004. Experimental Plant Ecology. CBH Publisher, New Delhi, India. 4. Tas, P.C. 2007. Plant Ecology. A.I.T.B.S Publishers, New Delhi, India

33. FOREST, RANGE AND ATMOSPHERE 3 (2-1) Objective: The major objective of this course would be to expose the students about the harmful impacts of atmospheric pollution on the flora and fauna of the land. Theory: The atmosphere energy and ecology, radiation, environmental temperatures and moisture, wind, convection and turbulent transfer energy budgets of particular systems. The biological impacts of forest and range plants on the atmosphere, range animals and their atmosphere, artificial control of environment for promoting forest/range ecosystem. Air pollution meteorology. Practical: Site selection for atmospheric data collection. Relevant instruments and their use for obtaining measurements of different climatic parameters.

Recommended Books: 1. Holechek, J.L., R.D. Pieper and C.H. Herbal 2011. Range Management Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 137 2. Sharma, V.K. Trees and Protection of Environment 2004. Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. LTD. New Delhi, India. 3. Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Forestry and Environment PFI, Peshawar, Pakistan. 4. Sinha, P.C. 2006. Guide lines for Human Environment and sustainable Development. SBS Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India

34. FOREST/RANGE RESOURCE EVALUATION 3 (2-1)

Theory: Basic concepts and scope of the subject. Objectives of resource evaluation. Determination of vegetational attributes and its utilization. Various elements of resource evaluation. Timing, periodicity, planning principles and sampling designs. Maps and mapping. Role of aerial photography. Determining vegetation condition and trend. Determining annual yields/carrying capacity and its various components. Estimating future demographic changes Practical: Practice of various field measurement procedures, calculations for forest/range productivity assessment. Biomass estimation by various techniques. Recommended Books: 1. Ashfaque, R.M. and S.M. Rafique 1999. A Guide to Range Analysis. PFI, Peshawar. 2. Holeckek, J,L., R.. Pieper and C.H. Herbal. 2011. Range Management, Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 3. Laar, A. V and Akca 2007. Forest Mensuration. Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Netherlands.

35. MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES AND ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS 3 (2-1)

Theory: Ecology and distribution of major wildlife species in Pakistan. Study of biotic communities and habitat analysis. Conservation strategies of important fauna in Pakistan. Feeding and management of wild ungulates in exclosures and zoological gardens. Wildlife sanctuaries policies and laws. Practical: Visits to major wildlife recreational parks and zoological gardens.Study of management and feeding of wild ungulates in sanctuaries and zoological gardens. Sighting and marking techniques of wild fauna in national park areas.

Recommended Books: 1. Natl. 1996. Animal Kingdoms: Wildlife Sanctuaries of the World. National Geographic Society. ISBN-10: 0792227344, ISBN-13: 978-0792227342 138 2. Quraishi M.A.A. 2002 Basic of Forestry and allied sciences. A one Publisher, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore. 3. Quraishi, M.A.A. R. A. Khan and S.M.a. Qayyum Hissaan. 2003. Practical Manual of Wildlife Management. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 4. Robert, T.J Birds of . 1991. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol-I), Oxford University Press. 5. Robert, T.J. 1992. The Pakistan (Vol-II), Oxford University Press. 6. Robert, T.J. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan. Ervest, Benn Ltd. 7. Wright, R.G. 1992. Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks. University of Illinois Press, ISBN-10: 0252018249 ISBN-13: 978- 0252018244

36. FOREST RECREATION AND PARK MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0) Objective: To train the students regarding management of regular based out door recreation, park planning, landscaping concept, environmental cultural interpretation, public opinion series communication.

Theory: Definition, Importance of recreation, and need. Factors responsible for Recreation and Planning. Important outdoor facilities and services: Roads and trails, signs, camping grounds, picnic areas. Economic values of recreational lands. Difficulties of determining economic importance of recreational lands. Organized tours, facilities and services. Landscaping concept, objectives, importance. Floriculture and Landscape gardening; garden design, lawns, ground covers, annual and perennial flowers. Management plan preparation by each student for any recreational park.

Recommended Books: 1. Robert W. Douglass. 2000. Forest Recreation (5th Edition). Waveland Press. NY. 2. William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole. 1998. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management, (2nd Edition). Wiley. NY. 3. Brockman, C.F. 1979. Recreational Use of Wildlands. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 4. Avery, T.E. 1975. National Resources Measurements. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York 5. Steele R.C. 1972. Wildlife Conservation in Woodlands. London.

37. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION 3 (2-1)

139 Objective: To acquaint the students with the basic knowledge of wildlife management, ecologically based management strategies for the further cooperation management of endorsed ….. registration to Pakistan.

Theory: Wildlife as a National Resource, major wildlife species of Pakistan: their distribution, status and problems. Study of endangered species as listed in CITES, IUCN Red Data Book and species listed as threatened under provincial legislation. Principles of wildlife management and management tools: Protection and protected areas, habitat improvement, hunting, predation, damage control, population analysis/counts, zoo-cum-botanical gardens, captive breeding, reintroduction of species. echnological advances in wildlife and protected areas management including remote sensing, GIS, advance computer applications and satellite tracking of wildlife. Wildlife management education, extension, and community participation: role of Islam in porting conservation concepts in today’s society. Animal behaviour and its role in Wildlife management. Management of important resident and migratory wildlife species. Current developments in Wildlife Management and conservation in Pakistan with special reference to International Conventions of particular importance to wildlife (e.g. CBD, CITES, CMS and Ramsar). Wildlife Policy, Laws and Regulations in Pakistan. Practical: Field study trips: Students will be required to undertake field trips to review wildlife and protected areas management in different eco-systems, and also prepare and present case studies for evaluation in their study tour examination. Sighting and marking techniques of wild fauna in national park areas. Preparation of wildlife Management plans: Purpose, structure, contents and reviews/approval procedures. Recommended Books: 1. Ahmad, A. 1996. Management Plan of Khunjrab National Park, WWF, Pakistan. 2. Ali Salem and S.D. Ripley. 1983. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. OUP, NY. 3. Hosetti, B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife Management. (2nd Revised and Enlarged ed) (India) Delhi. 4. IUCN, Pakistan .1998. Biodiversity Assessment Methods. IUCN Nepal, Katmandu. 5. Quraishi M.A.A. 2002 Basic of Forestry and allied sciences. A one Publisher, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore. 6. Quraishi, M.A.A., R. A. Khan and S.M.A. Q. Hussain. 2003. Practical Manual of Wildlife Management Vol. I, II. Univ. of Agri., Faisalabad. 7. Robert, T.J. 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, (Vol. I and II) Oxford University Press. 8. Robert, T.J. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan. Ervest Benn Limited 140 9. Sale, J.B. 1988. Manual of Wildlife Management Techniques for India. Special publication of the Wildlife Institute of India. 10. Singh, S.K. 2005. Text Book of Wildlife Management. (India) Jharkhand. 11. SKB Conservation Committee. 1997. Wildlife Conservation Plan: IUCN, Islamabad.

38. URBAN WILDLIFE 3 (2-1) Objective: To provides educational training in various aspects of urban wildlife management and conservation.

Theory: Introduction and importance of urban wildlife, related definitions, wildlife of urban areas of Pakistan and their current status. Factors reducing urban wildlife, Benefits of wildlife in urban areas, how to promote urban wildlife, Related rules and regulations, role of urban areas in wildlife conservation. Food chain and food web. Management problems associated with such wildlife, planning resources for urban wildlife enrichment, management of nuisance wildlife species. Role of parks and recreation sites in urban wildlife. Needs for the establishment of zoo and wildlife parks in urban environment.

Practical: Visit to different urban areas and identification of urban wildlife species. Studying their food and feeding habits, useful and harmful impacts of such wildlife species. Visit to local zoo and museums for wildlife identification. Specimen collection and its preservation in laboratory. Data collection on wildlife. Recommended Books: 1. Chaudhri A.B,.2003.Wild and Ground Flora. Arumina printing Works. India. 2. Hosetti. B.B,. 2003.Wildlife Management in India. Pointer publishers Jaipur India. 3. Hosetti B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife Management (Revised edition.). Daya Publishing house New Delhi. India. 4. Hudson, R.J. 1989. Wildlife production systems Cambridge University Press, UK. 5. Prabhakar. V.k., 1999. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Vol.3. Anmol publications New Delhi India. 6. S.K. Singh, 2005. Wildlife Management. International Books Distributing Co. Charbagh, India.

39. WETLAND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1) Theory: Importance of man-made lakes and wetlands, critical discussion on the forces 141 influencing location of wetlands such as topography, present material, geopolitics, sociology, finance availability. Creation of wetlands, management of wetland and lakes, Impacts of floods on wetland and lakes, role of drains on the management of wetlands. Famous lakes and wetlands of Pakistan. Environmental pollution and wetland management, Technology and industrial development affecting wetlands, agricultural needs for water and power. Identification, extent and analysis of major issues of man-made lakes. Various approaches for overcoming these issues, adoption of various pre and post lake construction measures for increasing the life of these lakes and enhancing their utilization.

Practical: Visits to various wetlands and lakes, collecting of relevant data on various parameters. Studying problems of various lakes/wetlands and discussing measures being adopted for lake management. Studying local wetlands and in the current scenario of environmental changes. Report writing on the management of given lake. Recommended Books: 1. Atabaster 1985. Habitat Modification and Fresh Water Fisheries. FAO. Butter Worth., London. 2. Choudry A.B. 2007. Endangered Wetland. Daya Publishing House. New Delhi, India. 3. Hosetti B.B 2005. Concepts in Wildlife Management. (Revised edition.). Daya Publishing House Delhi, India. 4. Nazir, A. and G.R. Chaudhary. 1988. Irrigated Agriculture of Pakistan. 61, 13/2 Ghulberg III, Lahore. 5. Singh S.K,.2005.Wildlife Management. International Books Distributing Co. Charbagh, India.

40. FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND RECREATION 3 (2-1)

Theory: Introduction and importance of the subject. Role of forestry and wildlife for various purposes. Wildlife habitats, Wildlife of urbanized areas of Pakistan. Behaviour and food chain of major wildlife species. Management and problems associated with such wildlife. Extent of wildlife conservation management, Recreation area development. Major recreation legislation, Forest recreation planning. Practical: Visit to an area having effective forestry and Wildlife programme. Determining role of forestry and wildlife in recreational values of site. Visit of urban areas and identification and collection of wildlife specimens. Study of their food composition in the laboratory. Recommended Books:

142 1. Bornkamm, R., J.A. Lee and M.R.D. Seaward. 1982. Urban Ecology. Blackwell. Scientific Publications. Edinburgh Boston Melbourne. 2. Douglass R.W. 1975. Recreation. Pergamon Press Inc. New York. 3. Hosetti, B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife Management. (2nd Revised and Enlarged ed) (India). 4. Payne, N.F and Bryant, F.C. 2005.Wildlife Habitat Management of Forestlands, Rangelands, and Farmlands. Krieger Publishing Company, ISBN-10: 1575240939, ISBN-13: 978-1575240930 5. Quraishi, M.A.A., R. A. Khan and S.M.A. Qayyum Hussain. 2003. Practical Manual of Wildlife Management Vol. I, II. Univ. of Agri., Faisalabad. 6. Robert, T.J. 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, (Vol. I and II) Oxford University Press. 7. Sale, J.B. 1988. Manual of Wildlife Management Techniques for India. Special publication of the Wildlife Institute of India. 8. Sinclair,S., R.E, Fryxell, J.M and Caughley, G. 2006. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation and Management. Wiley-Blackwell; 2nd edition, ISBN-10: 1405107375 ISBN-13: 978-1405107372.

41. Forest Soil and Water Conservation 3 (2-1)

Theory: Characteristics of Forest Soil. Difference between Agricultural and Forest Soil. Soil Erosion Control. Contour ditches and their design criteria, types and design of terraces, vegetative measures. Construction of check dams, vegetative measures. Control, Stream bank stabilization, rip-raping, retaining walls, gabions, revetments, Vegetative control. Landslide Erosion control, Identification and delineation of factors responsible for landslide hazards, Engineering and vegetative control measures. Water Conservation, Water harvesting techniques for Surface water Resource Development and Range Improvements. Dry Zone Afforestation Techniques. Role of Water Harvesting in dry land Forestry. Water spreading methods. Practical: Visit to watershed areas for gathering data for design of Terraces, Water Pond, rip-raping for channel and Retaining walls. Recommended Books: 1. Mingyuan Du, Peiming Du, Taichi Maki and Shigeto Kawashima. 2009. Modelling Soil Erosion, Sediment Transport and Closely Related Hydrological Processes. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural handbook no. 703. 2. FAO. 2007. Conservation guides No.1,2,3,4 for Watershed Mgt. and Conservation 3. Shah, B.H. 2006. Filed Manual on the role of water harvesting for dryland management in Pakistan. Verve Communication, Islamabad. 4. Morgan, R. P. C. 2005. Morgan Soil Conservation: Problems and Prospects. Spingier publisher. 143 5. Bill Mollison. 1998. A Designer's Manual, Tagari Press, India

42. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 4 (3-1) Theory: Integrated Watershed Management, Forestry, grazing and farming. Hydrological cycle. Advances in methods of improving watersheds. Watershed management planning Evaluation of watershed management. Socio-economic considerations and policy. Biological and engineering practices to control soil erosion and conserve water. Numerical estimation of soil erosion. Practical: Visit to watershed projects and river dams. monitoring their characteristics: evaluation of their performance, Reading of maps, aerial photographs. Preparation of maps. Writing a report of a given watershed.

Recommended Books: 1. Brooks, N, K., Ffolliott, P.F., Gregersen, H.M and DeBano, L.F. 2003. Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds. Blackwell, 3rd edition, ISBN-10: 0813829852, ISBN-13: 978-0813829852 2. Cech, T.V. 2002. Principles of Water Resources. John Wiley and Sons. 3. FAO. 1986. Strategies, approaches and systems in integrated watersheds management. FAO., Rome. 4. ICIMOD. 1997. Recent concepts, knowledge, practices and new skills in participatory integrated watershed management. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. 5. Quraishi, M. A. A. 2005. Watershed Management in Pakistan, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 6. Quraihi, M. A. A. 2005, Basics of Forestry and Allied Sciences, Vol: 1 and 2:A-One Publishers Urdu Bazar Lahore. 7. Quraishi, M.M.A. and Tahir Siddiqui. 2001. Practical Manual of Watershed Management in Pakistan, UAF. Faisalabad. 8. Raghunath, H.M. 2006. Hydrology: Principles, analysis, design. New age international publications 9. Sharma, P.N. 1996. Recent developments, status and gaps in participatory watershed management education and training in Asia, FAO, Rome. 10. Sharma, P.N. and M.P. Waglay. 1996. Case studies of people’s participation in Watershed Management in Asia: Nepal, China and India. FAO, Rome. 11. Sheikh, M. I. and S. M. Hafeez. 2001. Forest and Forestry in Pakistan. A- One Publishers Urdu Bazar Lahore. 43. FOREST PROTECTION 3 (2-1) Theory: Entomology: Introduction: Scope of the subject. Brief introduction to the animal kingdom. Brief study of important internal systems of a typical animal. Role of 144 harmful and beneficial worms, rodents, birds and insects in Pakistan. Forest pests: Brief study and control of important pests of trees as follows: Standing trees: Pests of Poplar, Shisham, Bakain, Deodar, Kail, Babul, Mulberry and Semul. Felled trees: Powder post beetles. Flat and Round headed borers, Pin hole borers, Termites. Nursery pests: Cockchafers, Cutworms, Crickets, Grasshoppers, Termites, Weevils and Snails. Seed Pests: Chilghoza cone borer, Walnut weevil and stored seed pests of trees. Beneficial Insects: Apiculture, Lac-culture, Sericulture and other useful insects. Identification of honeybee, lac insect and silkworm. Host plants. Methods of rearing and economic products obtained, parasites, predators and scavengers. Insect Control. General principles of control method. Natural control. Applied control: Silvicultural, Biological, Mechanical, Physical and Chemical. Spraying and dusting equipment. Practical: Drawing and Labeling of important internal systems of a typical animal. Drawing and Labeling of different parts of an insect. Drawing and Labeling of life history stages of a typical insect. Study of forest injuries caused by insects with the help of specimens and slides in the lab: and field visits. Collection and preservation of insects for presentation at the time of the final examination. Method of dispatch of insect at their various stages of life to an Entomologist for identification. Visits to sericulture, Apiculture and Lac-culture stations. Recommended Books: 1. Edmonds, R.L., Agee, J.K and Gara, R.I. 2005. Forest Health and Protection. Waveland Pr Inc, ISBN-10: 1577663969,ISBN-13: 978- 1577663966 2. Manoin, P.D. 1996. Tree Disease Concepts. Pearson Educational Press. 3. Negi, S.S. 2008.Handbook of Forest Protection. International Book Distributors Publisher, ISBN-10: 8170892341 ISBN-13: 978-8170892342 4. Tainter, F.A and Baker, F.H 1996. Principles of Forest Pathology. Johgn Wiley and Sons.

44. FOREST DISEASES AND PEST MANAGEMENT 3 (2-2) Theory: An overview of forest insects, Ecology of insects in the forest environment, Insect pests in natural forests and plantations, Insect pest of stored timber, Management of forest insect pests, Mycology, fungi classification, Bacteria, Viruses, Nematodes and other pathogens. Specific fungi causing different diseases such as wood decay, discoloration, cankers and foliage diseases etc. Forest Pathology: Plant diseases and their effects. Pathology in relation to forestry practices. Principles of forest diseases control. Symptoms, causal organisms, modes of infection, biology and control diseases of important forest 145 tree species. Pests of shisham, kail, chir, deodar, poplar, kikar, eucalyptus, etc. Vertebrate pest of Forests, Important nursery pests, important seed pests, general control methods. Integrated pest management. Practical: Identification and Collection of major fungi and insects causing diseases in forest trees. Field study of important insects of major forest tree species and their identification. Identification of important diseases of forest trees. Field study of forest tree diseases in different ecological zones. Recommended Books: 1. Blanchard, R.O. and T.A. Tattar. 1981. Field and laboratory Guide to Tree 2. Mehrotra, R.S. Plant Pathology 2nd edition. 2003. TATA McGraw-Hills. 3. NAIR, K. S. S. 2007. Tropical Forest Insect Pests: Ecology, Impact, and Management,. Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi, Kerala, India. Cambridge university press, UK. 4. Wain and David. 2004. Ecological Methods in Forest Pest Management. OUP Oxford.

45. GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN FORESTRY 3 (2-1) Theory: Photogrammetry and Photo-interpretation: Aerial Photographic Systems, Specifications of Aerial Photography, Taking of Aerial Photographs, Procurement, Handling and Storage of Aerial Photographs, Measurement on Aerial Photographs, Measurement of Tree Height, tree crown diameter, crown closure, tree count, Problems in height estimation of trees, Measurement of Slope, Measurement Characteristics of a Tree and a Stand, Aerial Photo- Interpretation, Photo Characteristics of Some Important Forest Species: Chir pine, Deodar, Blue pine, Oaks, etc., Difference between Photograph and a Map, Application of Aerial Photographs in Forestry. Remote Sensing: History of Remote Sensing, Space Imaging, Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing in Thermal Infrared Region of Spectrum, the interaction of thermal infrared radiation with vegetation, soil and water, characteristics of thermal infrared images, use of thermal imagery in forestry, Microwave Remote Sensing, applications of space borne remote sensing techniques in forestry. Practical: Air Photo Interpretation: Size, Shape, Tone Texture, Pattern, Location and Association, Identification of Vegetation on Aerial Photos, Broad Forest Types, Species and Land Use, Introductory digital image analysis of satellite data for Image enhancement, Image rectification, Supervised classification, Un- supervised classification. Recommended Books:

146 1. Abeedullah Jan 1972. Fundamentals of Photo interpretation and Photogrammetry, A.F.I.P., Peshawar. 2. Leonard, W.B. 1988. Manual of Remote Sensing (Vol. I and II). 3. Lillesand, T.M., R.W. Kiefer and J.W. Chipman. 2004. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 5th Edition. Published by John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. 4. Sharma, M.K. 1986. Remote Sensing and Forest Surveys. International Book Distributors. Dehra Dun. India.

46. FOREST EXTENSION AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 2 (2-0) Theory: Principles and types of extension, functions of forestry extension, factors limiting forestry extension, communication processes, extension methods, individuals methods, group methods. Mass media, speech communication, Audio-visual aids, Diffusion of innovations. Role of extension and factors in their success. Programme development and evaluation. Public administration and community organization. Recommended Books: 1. Bekkering, T., Naughton, G and Werter, F. 1993. Workshop on Forestry extension in Pakistan. FAO and Government of Pakistan, Peshawar, Pakistan. 2. Buford J. A., A. G. Bedeian and J. R. Lindner. 1995. Management in Extension. 3rd Ed. Ohio State University, USA. 3. Lionberger, Herbert, F. and P.H. Gwin. 1983. Communication strategies: A guide for Agricultural Change Agents. The Interstate Pronters and Publishers, Inc. Danville, Illinois, USA. 4. Jha L.K. 2008. A manual of Forestry Extension Education. 5. Negi, S.S. 2008. Forestry Extension Handbook. International Book Distributors, ISBN-10: 817089199X, ISBN-13: 978-8170891994

47. ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN AGRO-FOREST/ RANGE PRODUCTIVITY 2 (1-1) Theory: Introduction and importance of the subject. Special need for institutional support in view of peculiar features of Forestry/Agro- forestry/Range/Watershed/Wildlife Management. Types of institutions: their magnitude, mode of functioning, effectiveness, resourcefulness and efficiency. Role of institutions in framing strategy policy for Forests, Agro-forests or other allied disciplines. Enactment and their role in execution of law, resources acquisition establishment, management and utilization. Direct versus indirect role of institutions. Limitations on the role of institutions. Types of institutions, their mode of functioning, effectiveness, resourcefulness and efficiency. Practical:

147 Brief survey of federal, provincial, regional and local institutions in the country with discussion on their mode of functioning and effectiveness. Annual progress reports of various International, national, regional and local organization, agencies and bodies like Economic Survey of Pakistan, Statistics of Pakistan, Newsletters of PARC, SDPI, NIAB, HEC, Universities and research institutions etc. Recommended Books: 1. Annual Progress Reports of various International, National, Regional and Local Organization, Agencies and Bodies. 2. Masood, Q. 2005. Basics of Forestry and allied Sciences. A-One Publisher Al Fazal Market Urdu Bazar Lahore. 3. WAPDA. 1965-75. Management Plans of River Jhelum and Indus Watersheds, Lahore.

48. RANGE AND FORESTRY RESEARCH METHODS 3 (2-1)

Theory: Definitions and concepts of different research methods/techniques used in range and forest science. Principles of research. Peculiarities of field research. Peculiarities and role of various survey designs. Application of bio- mathematical and statistical tools. Study plans, layout of experiments, experimental designs, conduct of experiments and analysis, Discussion and evaluation of research projects, Control measures for plagiarism. Practical: Designing and planning laboratory and field experiments related to climate, soil, water, forage vegetation, grazing animals, wildlife and plant communities. Designing experiments related to eco-systems research such as watershed, food chain and nutrient cycle, etc. Preparing research plans on selected topics. Recommended Books: 1. Hussain, R.W. and M.I. Shieikh. 1988. A guidebook for forestry research, PFI, Peshawar. 2. Katz, M.J. 2007. From Research to Manuscript: A Guide to Scientific Writing. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 1402040458 ISBN-13: 978- 1402040450 3. Korner, A. 2008. Guide to Publishing a Scientific Paper. Routledge; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 041545266X, ISBN-13: 978-0415452663 4. Methews, J.R., Brown, J.M and Methews, R.W. 2000. Successful scientific writing: A step by step guide for bio-medical students. 2nd Ed., Cambridge Uni. Press. 5. Peat, J., Elliot, E., Baur, L an Keena, V. 2002. Scientific Writing: Easy When You Know. BMJ Books; 1 edition, ISBN-10: 0727916254, ISBN-13: 978-0727916259 6. Salem, A. and S.D. Ripley. 1983. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Oxford Univ. Press: New York. 148 7. Schroth, G and Sinclair, F.L. 2003. Trees, Crops and Soil Fertility: Concepts and Research Methods. CABI, ISBN-10: 0851995934, ISBN-13: 978- 0851995939 8. Shah, N.H. and W.W. Bryan. 1996. Tropical pasture research. Principles and methods. Common Wealth Agriculture Bureau, UK.

49. THESIS RESEARCH FOR MS/MSc (Hons.) AGRICULTURE (FORESTRY, RANGE, WATERSHED and WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT) 10 (0-20)

50. SPECIAL PROBLEM 1 (1-0)

51. SEMINAR 1 (1-0)

149 RECOMMENDATIONS

Following recommendations were given by the participant of the Final meeting of NCRC in the discipline of Forestry.

i. Keeping in view the paucity of the latest national text books, the National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) recommended that experts in the field of forest, range, watershed and wildlife management should be encouraged by HEC to write and publish monographs, practical manuals and text books.

ii. Forestry is a field based professional discipline therefore, physical training and field visits should be integral part of forestry education. Hence, universities and institutions’ administration should take up with HEC to allocate adequate funds for conducting field.

iii. An Accreditation Council for Forestry degree (ACF) in Pakistan should be established to ensure uniformity and quality standards in all departments/ institutes offering Forestry degree(s) at graduate and Post- graduate level. The ACF may be made responsible to ensure the quality of forestry education.

iv. Adequate funds and facilities in laboratories for equipment, chemicals, etc. should be made available. Special development funds need to be provided on priority basis to strengthen newly established Forestry Departments in different Universities/institutions in collaboration with HEC.

v. Teachers training programmes may be organized in collaboration with HEC on important and emerging aspects like forest certification, forest modeling, climate change, GIS, CDM and REDD+.

vi. Regional orientation workshops may be organized by HEC for faculty members regarding scheme of studies for BS (Forestry)/BSc (Hons.) Agriculture major in Forestry and MS (Forestry)/MSc (Hons.)/MPhil.

vii. HEC may urge the provincial forest departments for providing possible facilities for conducting research in natural forests and plantations, under their jurisdiction. viii. University authorities must give due consideration in nominating faculty members to participate in the NCRC meetings.