The Secular Franciscan Order

General Constitutions 2000 1

CHAPTER I

THE SECULAR FRANCISCAN ORDER

Article 1

1. All the faithful are called to holiness and have a right to follow their own spiritual way in communion with the Church.1

2. Rule Paragraph 1* There are many spiritual families in the Church with different charisms. Among these families, the Franciscan Family, which in its various branches recognizes St. Francis of Assisi as its father, inspiration, and model, must be included.

3. Rule Paragraph 2* From the beginning, the Secular Franciscan Order2 has had its own proper place in the Franciscan Family. It is formed by the organic union of all the Catholic fraternities whose members, moved by the Holy Spirit, commit themselves through profession to live the Gospel in the manner of St. Francis, in their secular state, following the Rule approved by the Church.3

4. The Holy See has entrusted the pastoral care and spiritual assistance of the Secular Franciscan Order (SFO), because it belongs to the same spiritual family, to the Franciscan First Order and Third Order Regular (TOR). These are the "Institutes" who are responsible for the altius moderamen, referred to by Canon 303 of the Code of Canon Law.4

5. The Secular Franciscan Order is a public association in the Church.5 It is divided into fraternities at various levels: local, regional, national, and international. Each one has its own juridical personality within the Church.

* 1. The Franciscan family, as one among many spiritual families raised up by the Holy Spirit in the Church, unites all members of the people of God -- laity, religious, and priests - who recognize that they are called to follow Christ in the footsteps of Saint Francis of Assisi. In various ways and forms but in life-giving union with each other, they intend to make present the charism of their common Seraphic Father in the life and mission of the Church. * 2. The Secular Franciscan Order holds a special place in this family circle. It is an organic union of all Catholic fraternities scattered throughout the world and open to every group of the faithful. In these fraternities the brothers and sisters, led by the Spirit, strive for perfect charity in their own secular state. By their profession they pledge themselves to live the gospel in the manner of Saint Francis by means of this rule approved by the Church.

1 See Can. 210; 214; Lumen Gentium 40. 2 It is also called "Secular Franciscan Fraternity", or "Franciscan Third Order" (TOF). See Rule 2, footnote 5. Canon 303 of the CCL defines third orders: "Associations whose members live in the world, but share in the spirit of some religious institute, under the overall direction (altius moderamen) of the same institute, and who lead an apostolic life and strive for Christian perfection, are known as third orders, or are called by some other suitable title." 3 After the Rules approved by Pope Nicholas IV in 1289 and by Pope Leo XIII in 1883, the present Rule was approved by Pope Paul VI, June 24, 1978. 4 See General Constitutions SFO 85,2. When the Constitutions are cited without any other specification, the reference is to the present text. 5 See Can. 116; 301,3; 312; 313.

1 2 General Constitutions 2000

Article 2

1. The vocation to the SFO is a specific vocation that gives form to the life and apostolic activity of its members. Therefore, those who are bound by a perpetual commitment to another religious family or institute of consecrated life cannot belong to the SFO.

2. The SFO is open to the faithful of every state of life. The following may belong to it: — the laity (men and women); — the secular clergy (deacons, priests, bishops).

Article 3

1. The secular state characterizes the spirituality and the apostolic life of those belonging to the SFO.

2. Their secularity, with respect to vocation and to apostolic life, expresses itself according to the respective state, that is: — for the laity, contributing to building up the Kingdom of God by their presence in their life- situations and in their temporal activities;6 — for the secular clergy, by offering to the people of God the service which is properly theirs, in communion with the bishop and the presbytery.7 Both are inspired by the gospel options of Saint Francis of Assisi, committing themselves to continue his mission with the other components of the Franciscan Family.

3. The vocation to the SFO is a vocation to live the Gospel in fraternal communion. For this purpose, the members of the SFO gather in ecclesial communities which are called fraternities.

Article 4

1. The SFO is governed by the universal law of the Church, and by its own: the Rule, the Constitutions, the Ritual, and the particular statutes.

2. The Rule establishes the nature, purpose, and spirit of the SFO.

3. Rule Paragraph 3* The Constitutions have as their purpose: — to apply the Rule; — to indicate concretely the conditions for belonging to the SFO, its government, the organization of life in fraternity, and its seat.8

* 3. The present rule, succeeding "Memoriale Propositi" (1221) and the rules approved by the Supreme Pontiffs Nicholas IV and Leo XIII, adapts the Secular Franciscan Order to the needs and expectations of the Holy Church in the conditions of changing times. Its interpretation belongs to the Holy See and its application will be made by the General Constitutions and particular statutes.

6 See Can 225, and the Discourse of Pope John Paul II to the SFO, September 27, 1982 in L'Osservatore Romano, September 28, 1982. 7 See Can. 275 ff, Presbyterorum ordinis 12; 14; 15 ff. 8 See Can. 304.

2 General Constitutions 2000 3

Article 5

1. Rule Paragraph 3* The authentic interpretation of the Rule and of the Constitutions belongs to the Holy See.

2. The practical interpretation of the Constitutions, with the purpose of harmonizing its application in different areas and at the various levels of the Order, belongs to the General Chapter of the SFO.

3. The clarification of specific points which require a timely decision is the competence of the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO (CIOFS). Such a clarification is valid until the next General Chapter.

* 3. The present rule, succeeding "Memoriale Propositi" (1221) and the rules approved by the Supreme Pontiffs Nicholas IV and Leo XIII, adapts the Secular Franciscan Order to the needs and expectations of the Holy Church in the conditions of changing times. Its interpretation belongs to the Holy See and its application will be made by the General Constitutions and particular statutes.

Article 6

1. The international fraternity of the SFO has its own statutes approved by the General Chapter.

2. National fraternities have their own statutes approved by the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO.

3. The regional and the local fraternities may have their own statutes approved by the council of the higher level.

Article 7

All regulations not in accordance with the present Constitutions are abrogated.

CHAPTER II FORM OF LIFE AND APOSTOLIC ACTIVITY Title I THE FORM OF LIFE

Article 8

1. The Secular Franciscans commit themselves by their profession to live the Gospel according to Franciscan spirituality in their secular condition.

2. They seek to deepen, in the light of faith, the values and choices of the evangelical life according to the Rule of the SFO: — Rule Paragraph 7* in a continually renewed journey of conversion and of formation; — Rule Paragraph 4,3* open to the challenges that come from society and from the Church's life situation, "going from Gospel to life and from life to Gospel;" — in the personal and communal dimensions of this journey.

* 7. United by their vocation as "brothers and sisters of penance" and motivated by the dynamic power of the gospel, let them conform their thoughts and deeds to those of Christ by means of that radical interior change which the gospel calls "conversion." Human frailty makes it necessary that this conversion be carried out daily. On this road to renewal the sacrament of reconciliation is the privileged sign of the Father's mercy and the source of grace. * 4. The rule and life of the Secular Franciscans is this: to observe the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ by following the example of St. Francis of Assisi who made Christ the inspiration and the center of his life with God and people. Christ, the gift of the Father's love, is the way to him, the truth into which the Holy Spirit leads us, and the life which he has come to give abundantly. Secular Franciscans should devote themselves especially to careful reading of the gospel, going from gospel to life and life to gospel.

Article 9

1. Rule Paragraph 5* The spirituality of the Secular Franciscan is a plan of life centered on the person and on the following of Christ,9 rather than a detailed program to be put into practice.

2. Rule Paragraph 4,3* The Secular Franciscan, committed to following the example and the teachings of Christ, must personally and assiduously study the Gospel and Sacred Scripture. The fraternity and its leaders should foster love for the word of the Gospel and help the brothers and sisters to know and understand it as it is proclaimed by the Church with the assistance of the Spirit10.

* 5. Secular Franciscans, therefore, should seek to encounter the living and active person of Christ in their brothers and sisters, in Sacred Scripture, in the Church, and in liturgical activity. The faith of St. Francis, who often said, "I see nothing bodily of the Most High Son of God in this world except His most holy body and blood," should be the inspiration and pattern of their Eucharistic life.

9 See Rule of 1221, Chapt. 22; Second Letter to All the Faithful 51. 10 See Dei verbum 10.

Article 10

Rule Paragraph 10* "Christ, poor and crucified", victor over death and risen, the greatest manifestation of the love of God for humanity, is the "book" in which the brothers and sisters, in imitation of Francis, learn the purpose and the way of living, loving, and suffering. They discover in Him the value of contradictions for the sake of justice and the meaning of the difficulties and the crosses of daily life. With Him, they can accept the will of the Father even under the most difficult circumstances and live the Franciscan spirit of peace, rejecting every doctrine contrary to human dignity.

* 10. United themselves to the redemptive obedience of Jesus, who placed His will into the Father's hands, let them faithfully fulfill the duties proper to their various circumstances of life. Let them also follow the poor and crucified Christ, witness to Him even in difficulties and persecutions.

Article 11

Mindful that the Holy Spirit is the source of their vocation and the animator of fraternal life and mission, Secular Franciscans should seek to imitate the faithfulness of Francis to His inspiration. They should listen to the exhortation of the Saint to desire above all things "the Spirit of God at work within them."11

Article 12

1. Gaining inspiration from the example and the writings of Francis and, above all, filled with the grace of the Holy Spirit, each day the brothers and sisters faithfully live the great gift which Christ has given: the revelation of the Father. They should bear witness to this faith before all: — in their family life; — in their work; — in their joys and sufferings; — in their associations with all men and women, brothers and sisters of the same Father; — in their presence and participation in the life of society; — in their fraternal relationships with all creatures.

2. Rule Paragraph 10* With Jesus, obedient even to death, they should seek to know and do the will of the Father. They should give thanks to God for the gift of freedom and for the revelation of the law of love. In order to carry out the will of the Father, they should accept the help which is offered to them through the mediation of the Church by those who are constituted as authority in her and by their confreres. They should take on the risk of courageous choices in their life in society with decisiveness and serenity.

3. Rule Paragraph 8* The brothers and sisters should love meeting God as His children and they should let prayer and contemplation be the soul of all they are and do. They should seek to discover the presence of the Father in their own heart, in nature, and in the history of humanity in which His plan of salvation is fulfilled. The contemplation of this mystery will dispose them to collaborate in this loving plan.

11 Rule of 1223, Chapt. 10.

* 10. United themselves to the redemptive obedience of Jesus, who placed His will into the Father's hands, let them faithfully fulfill the duties proper to their various circumstances of life. Let them also follow the poor and crucified Christ, witness to Him even in difficulties and persecutions.

* 8. As Jesus was the true worshipper of the Father, so let prayer and contemplation be the soul of all they are and do. Let them participate in the sacramental life of the Church, above all the Eucharist. Let them join in liturgical prayer in one of the forms proposed by the Church, reliving the mysteries of the life of Christ.

Article 13

1. Rule Paragraph 7 Secular Franciscans, called in earlier times "the brothers and sisters of penance," propose to live in the spirit of continual conversion. Some means to cultivate this characteristic of the Franciscan vocation, individually and in fraternity, are: listening to and celebrating the Word of God; review of life; spiritual retreats; the help of a spiritual adviser, and penitential celebrations. They should approach the Sacrament of Reconciliation frequently and participate in the communal celebration of it, whether in the fraternity, or with the whole people of God.12

2. In this spirit of conversion, they should live out their love for the renewal of the Church, which should be accompanied by personal and communal renewal. The fruits of conversion, which is a response to the love of God, are the works of charity in the interactions with the brothers and sisters.13

3. Traditional among Franciscan penitents, penitential practices such as fasting and abstinence should be known, appreciated, and lived out according to the general guidelines of the Church.

Article 14

1. Aware that God wanted to make of us all a single people and that he made his Church the universal sacrament of salvation, the brothers and sisters should commit themselves to a faith-inspired reflection on the Church, its mission in today's world and the role of the Franciscan laity within it. They should take up the challenges and accept the responsibilities that this reflection will lead them to discover.

2. Rule Paragraph 8* The Eucharist is the center of the life of the Church. Christ unites us to himself and to one another as a single body in it. Therefore, the Eucharist should be the center of the life of the fraternity. The brothers and sisters should participate in the Eucharist as frequently as possible, being mindful of the respect and love shown by Francis, who, in the Eucharist, lived all the mysteries of the life of Christ.

3. They should participate in the sacraments of the Church, attentive not only to personal sanctification, but also to fostering the growth of the Church and the spreading of the Kingdom. They should collaborate in achieving living and conscious celebrations in their own parishes, particularly in the celebrations of baptism, confirmation, marriage, and the anointing of the sick.

4. The brothers and sisters, as well as the fraternities, should adhere to the indications of the Ritual with respect to the different forms of participating in the liturgical prayer of the Church, giving priority to the celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours14.

12 Ordo Poenitentiae. Praenotanda 22 ff. 13 See Second Letter to All the Faithful 25 ff. 14 Ritual SFO, Appendix 26, 27.

5. In all places and at all times, it is possible for true worshippers of the Father to give him adoration and to pray to him. Nevertheless, the brothers and sisters should try to find times of silence and recollection dedicated exclusively to prayer.

Article 15

1. Rule Paragraph 11* Secular Franciscans should pledge themselves to live the spirit of the Beatitudes and, in a special way, the spirit of poverty. Evangelical poverty demonstrates confidence in the Father, creates interior freedom, and disposes them to promote a more just distribution of wealth.

2. Secular Franciscans, who must provide for their own families and serve society by means of their work and material goods, have a particular manner of living evangelical poverty. To understand and achieve it requires a strong personal commitment and the stimulation of the fraternity in prayer and dialogue, communal review of life, and attentiveness to the instructions of the Church, and the demands of society.

3. Secular Franciscans should pledge themselves to reduce their own personal needs so as to be better able to share spiritual and material goods with their brothers and sisters, especially those most in need. They should give thanks to God for the goods they have received, using them as good stewards and not as owners. They should take a firm position against consumerism and against ideologies and practices which prefer riches over human and religious values and which permit the exploitation of the human person.

4. They should love and practice purity of heart, the source of true fraternity.

* 11. Trusting the Father, Christ chose for Himself and His mother a poor and humble life, even though He valued created things attentively and lovingly. Let the Secular Franciscans seek a proper spirit of detachment from temporal goods by simplifying their own material needs. Let them be mindful that according to the gospel they are stewards of the goods received for the benefit of God's children. Thus, in the spirit of the Beatitudes, and as pilgrims and strangers on their way to the home of the Father, they should strive to purify their hearts from every tendency and yearning for possession and power.

Article 16

1. Rule Paragraph 9* Mary, Mother of Jesus, is the model of listening to the Word and of faithfulness to vocation; we, like Francis, see all the gospel virtues realized in her.15 The brothers and sisters should cultivate intense love for the most holy virgin, imitation, prayer, and filial abandonment. They should manifest their own devotion with expressions of genuine faith, in forms accepted by the Church.

2. Mary is the model of fruitful and faithful love for the entire ecclesial community.

15 Salutation of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Secular Franciscans and their fraternities should seek to live the experience of Francis, who made the Virgin the guide of his activity. With her, like the disciples at Pentecost, they should welcome the Spirit to create a community of love.16

* 9. The Virgin Mary, humble servant of the Lord, was open to His every word and call. She was embraced by Francis with indescribable love and declared the protectress and advocate of his family. The Secular Franciscans should express their ardent love for her by imitating her complete self-giving and by praying earnestly and confidently.

16 See 2 Celano, 198.

Title II ACTIVE PRESENCE IN THE CHURCH AND IN THE WORLD

Article 17

1. Rule Paragraph 6* Called to work together in building up the Church as the sacrament of salvation for all and, through their baptism and profession, made "witnesses and instruments of her mission," Secular Franciscans proclaim Christ by their life and words. Their preferred apostolate is personal witness17 in the environment in which they live and service for building up the Kingdom of God within the situations of this world.

2. The preparation of the brothers and sisters for spreading the Gospel message "in the ordinary circumstances of the world"18 and for collaborating in the catechesis within the ecclesial communities should be promoted in the fraternities.

3. Those who are called to carry out the mission of catechists, presiders of ecclesial communities, or other ministries, as well as the sacred ministers, should make the love of Francis for the Word of God their own, as well as his faith in those who announce it, and the great fervor with which he received the mission of preaching penance from the Pope.

4. Participation in the service of sanctification, which the Church exercises through the liturgy, prayer, and works of penance and charity, is put into practice by the brothers and sisters above all in their own family, then in the fraternity and, finally, through their active presence in the local Church and in society.

* 6. They have been made living members of the Church by being buried and raised with Christ in baptism; they have been united more intimately with the Church by profession. Therefore, they should go forth as witnesses and instruments of her mission among all people, proclaiming Christ by their life and words. Called like Saint Francis to rebuild the Church and inspired by his example, let them devote themselves energetically to living in full communion with the pope, bishops, and priests, fostering an open and trusting dialog of apostolic effectiveness and creativity

For a Just and Fraternal Society Article 18

1. Secular Franciscans are called to make their own contribution, inspired by the person and message of Saint Francis of Assisi, towards a civilization in which the dignity of the human person, shared responsibility, and love may be living realities.19

2. Rule Paragraph 13* They should deepen the true foundations of universal kinship and create a spirit of welcome and an atmosphere of fraternity everywhere. They should firmly commit themselves to oppose every form of exploitation, discrimination, and exclusion and against every attitude of indifference in relation to others.

17 See Rule 1221, 17,3; Legend of the Three Companions 36; Second Letter to All the Faithful 53. 18 Lumen Gentium 35. 19 See Gaudium et Spes 31 ff.

3. Rule Paragraph 13* They should work together with movements which promote the building of fraternity among peoples: they should be committed to "create worthy conditions of life" for all and to work for the freedom of all people.

4. Following the example of Francis, patron of ecologists, they should actively put forward initiatives that care for creation and should work with others in efforts that both put a stop to polluting and degrading nature and also establish circumstances of living and environment which would not be a threat to the human person.

* 13. As the Father sees in every person the features of his Son, the firstborn of many brothers and sisters, so the Secular Franciscans with a gentle and courteous spirit accept all people as a gift of the Lord and an image of Christ. A sense of community will make them joyful and ready to place themselves on an equal basis with all people, especially with the lowly for whom they shall strive to create conditions of life worthy of people redeemed by Christ.

Article 19

1. Rule Paragraph 14 * Secular Franciscans should always act as a leaven in the environment in which they live through the witness of their fraternal love and clear Christian motivations.

2. In the spirit of minority, they should opt for relationships which give preference to the poor and to those on the fringe of society, whether these be individuals or categories of persons or an entire people; they should collaborate in overcoming the exclusion of others and those forms of poverty that are the fruit of inefficiency and injustice.

* 14. Secular Franciscans, together with all people of good will, are called to build a more fraternal and evangelical world so that the kingdom of God may be brought about more effectively. Mindful that anyone "who follows Christ, the perfect man, becomes more of a man himself," let them exercise their responsibilities competently in the Christian spirit of service.

Article 20

1. Rule Paragraph 14* Secular Franciscans, committed by their vocation to build the Kingdom of God in temporal situations and activities, live their membership both in the Church and in society as an inseparable reality.

2. As the primary and fundamental contribution to building a more just and fraternal world, they should commit themselves both to the generous fulfillment of the duties proper to their occupation and to the professional training that pertains to it. With the same spirit of service, they should assume their social and civil responsibilities.

* 14. Secular Franciscans, together with all people of good will, are called to build a more fraternal and evangelical world so that the kingdom of God may be brought about more effectively. Mindful that anyone "who follows Christ, the perfect man, becomes more of a man himself," let them exercise their responsibilities competently in the Christian spirit of service.

Article 21

1. Rule Paragraph 16* For Francis, work is a gift and to work is a grace. Daily work is not only the means of livelihood, but the opportunity to serve God and neighbor as well as a way to develop one's own personality. In the conviction that work is a right and a duty and that every form of occupation deserves respect, the brothers and sisters should commit themselves to collaborate so that all persons may have the possibility to work and so that working conditions may always be more humane.

2. Leisure and recreation have their own value and are necessary for personal development. Secular Franciscans should maintain a balance between work and rest and should strive to create meaningful forms of using leisure time.20

* 16. Let them esteem work both as a gift and as a sharing in the creation, redemption, and service of the human community.

Article 22

1. Rule Paragraph 15* Secular Franciscans should "be in the forefront ... in the field of public life." They should collaborate as much as possible for the passage of just laws and ordinances.

2. The fraternities should engage themselves through courageous initiatives, consistent with their Franciscan vocation and with the directives of the Church, in the field of human development and justice. They should take clear positions whenever human dignity is attacked by any form of oppression or indifference. They should offer their fraternal service to the victims of injustice.

3. The renunciation of the use of violence, characteristic of the followers of Francis, does not mean the renunciation of action. However, the brothers and sisters should take care that their interventions are always inspired by Christian love.

* 15. Let them individually and collectively be in the forefront in promoting justice by the testimony of their human lives and their courageous initiatives. Especially in the field of public life, they should make definite choices in harmony with their faith.

Article 23

1. Rule Paragraph 19* Peace is the work of justice and the fruit of reconciliation and of fraternal love. 21 Secular Franciscans are called to be bearers of peace in their families and in society: — they should see to the proposal and spreading of peaceful ideas and attitudes; — they should develop their own initiatives and should collaborate, individually and as a fraternity, with initiatives of the Pope, the local Churches, and the Franciscan Family; — they should collaborate with those movements and institutions which promote peace while respecting its authentic foundations.

20 See Gaudium et Spes 67; Laborem exercens 16 ff. 21 See Gaudium et Spes 78.

2. While acknowledging both the personal and national right to legitimate defense, they should respect the choice of those who, because of conscientious objection, refuse to bear arms.

3. To preserve peace in the family, the brothers and sisters should, in due time, make a last will and testament for the disposition of their goods.

* 19. Mindful that they are bearers of peace which must be built up unceasingly, they should seek out ways of unity and fraternal harmony through dialogue, trusting in the presence of the divine seed in everyone and in the transforming power of love and pardon. Messengers of perfect joy in every circumstance, they should strive to bring joy and hope to others. Since they are immersed in the resurrection of Christ, which gives true meaning to Sister Death, let them serenely tend toward the ultimate encounter with the Father.

In the Family

Article 24

1. Rule Paragraph 17* Secular Franciscans should consider their own family to be the first place in which to live their Christian commitment and Franciscan vocation. They should make space within it for prayer, for the Word of God, and for Christian catechesis. They should concern themselves with respect for all life in every situation from conception until death. Married couples find in the Rule of the SFO an effective aid in their own journey of Christian life, aware that, in the sacrament of matrimony, their love shares in the love that Christ has for his Church. The way spouses love each other and affirm the value of fidelity is a profound witness for their own family, the Church, and the world.

2. In the fraternity: — the spirituality of the family and of marriage and the Christian attitude towards family problems should be a theme for dialogue and for the sharing of experiences; — they should share the important moments of the family life of their Franciscan brothers and sisters and they should give fraternal attention to those — single, widows, single parents, separated, divorced — who are living difficult situations; — Rule Paragraph 19* they should create conditions suitable for dialogue between generations; — the formation of groups of married couples and of family groups should be fostered.

3. The brothers and sisters should collaborate with the efforts undertaken in the Church and in society to affirm both the value of fidelity and respect for life and to provide answers to the social problems of the family.

* 17. In their family they should cultivate the Franciscan spirit of peace, fidelity, and respect for life, striving to make of it a sign of a world already renewed in Christ. By living the grace of matrimony, husbands and wives in particular should bear witness in the world to the love of Christ for His Church. They should joyfully accompany their children on their human and spiritual journey by providing a simple and open Christian education and being attentive to the vocation of each child.

Article 25

Out of the conviction of the need to educate children to take an interest in community, "bringing them the awareness of being living, active members of the People of God"22 and because of the fascination which Francis can exercise on them, the formation of groups of children should be encouraged. With the help of a pedagogy and an organization suitable to their age, these children should be initiated into a knowledge and love of the Franciscan life. National statutes will give appropriate orientation for the organization of these groups and their relationship to the fraternity and to Franciscan youth groups.

Messengers of Joy and Hope

Article 26

1. Even in suffering, Francis experienced confidence and joy from: — the experience of the fatherhood of God; — the invincible faith of rising with Christ to eternal life; — the experience of being able to meet and praise the Creator in the universal fraternity of all creatures.23 Rule Paragraph 19* Following the Gospel, Secular Franciscans, therefore, affirm their hope and their joy in living. They make a contribution to counter widespread distress and pessimism, preparing a better future.

2. In the fraternity, the brothers and sisters should promote mutual understanding and they should see to it that the atmosphere of their meetings is welcoming and that it reflects joy. They should encourage one another for the good.

Article 27

1. Rule Paragraph 19* The brothers and sisters, progressing in age, should learn to accept illness and increasing difficulties and to give a deeper sense to their life. This should be undertaken with increasing detachment as they set out for the Promised Land. They should be firmly convinced that the community of those who believe in Christ and who love one another in Him will go forward into eternal life as the "communion of saints."

2. Secular Franciscans should commit themselves to create in their environment and, above all, in their fraternities, a climate of faith and hope so that "Sister Death" may be regarded as a passage to the Father, and all may prepare themselves with serenity.

22 Apostolicam actuositatem 30. 23 See 2 Celano, 125; Legend of Perugia 43; Major Life, 9.

CHAPTER III

LIFE IN FRATERNITY Title I GENERAL ORIENTATIONS Article 28

1. The fraternity of the SFO finds its origin in the inspiration of Saint Francis of Assisi to whom the Most High revealed the essential gospel quality of life in fraternal communion.24

2. Rule Paragraph 20* "The SFO is divided into fraternities of various levels," the purpose being to promote, in an orderly form, the union and mutual collaboration among the brothers and sisters and their active and communal presence in both the local and the universal Church. The SFO shall also support the commitment of the fraternities in their service to the world, and specifically to the life of society.

3. The brothers and sisters gather in local fraternities established in connection with a church or a religious house, or in personal fraternities, constituted for specific and valid reasons recognized in the decree of establishment.25

* 20. The Secular Franciscan Order is divided into fraternities of various levels -- local, regional, national, and international. Each one has its own moral personality in the Church. These various fraternities are coordinated and united according to the norm of this rule and of the constitutions.

Article 29

1. Local fraternities are grouped into fraternities at various levels: regional, national and international according to criteria that are ecclesial, territorial, or of another nature. They are coordinated and connected according to the norm of the Rule and the Constitutions. This is a requirement of the communion among the fraternities, of the orderly collaboration among them, and of the unity of the SFO.

2. Rule Paragraph 20* These fraternities, that each have their own juridical personality in the Church, should acquire, if possible, a civil juridical personality for the better fulfillment of their mission. It pertains to the national councils to give guidelines concerning the motivations and the procedures to be followed.

3. National statutes should indicate the criteria for the organization of the SFO in the nation. The application of these criteria is left to the prudent judgement of the leaders of the fraternities concerned and of the national council.

* 20. The Secular Franciscan Order is divided into fraternities of various levels -- local, regional, national, and international. Each one has its own moral personality in the Church. These various fraternities are coordinated and united according to the norm of this rule and of the constitutions.

24 See Constitutions 3,3; Testament 14. 25 See Can. 518.

Article 30

1. The brothers and sisters are co-responsible for the life of the fraternity to which they belong and for the SFO as the organic union of all fraternities throughout the world.

2. The sense of co-responsibility of the members requires personal presence, witness, prayer, and active collaboration, in accordance with each one's situation and possible obligations for the animation of the fraternity.

3. Rule Paragraph 25* In a family spirit, each brother and sister should make a contribution to the fraternity fund, according to each one's means, to provide the financial means needed for the life of the fraternity and for its religious, apostolic, and charitable works. The brothers and sisters ought to provide the means necessary for supporting the activities and the operations of the fraternities at higher levels, both by their financial assistance and by their contributions in other areas as well.

* 25. Regarding expenses necessary for the life of the fraternity and the needs of worship, of the apostolate, and of charity, all the brothers and sisters should offer a contribution according to their means. Local fraternities should contribute toward the expenses of the higher fraternity councils.

Article 31

1. Rule Paragraph 21* “On various levels, each fraternity is animated and guided by a council and minister (or president).” These offices are conferred through elections, in accordance with the Rule, the Constitutions, and their own Statutes. Only by way of exception or in the first phase of their establishment may fraternities exist without a regular council. The council of the higher level will make the arrangements necessary for this inadequate situation only for the specific amount of time it takes to get a fraternity back on sure footing or to establish a new fraternity; to give its leaders the proper formation and to carry out the elections.

2. The office of minister or councilor is a fraternal service, a commitment to hold oneself available and responsible in relation to each brother and sister and to the fraternity so that each one will realize his or her own vocation and each fraternity will be a true community, ecclesial and Franciscan, actively present in the Church and in society.

3. The leaders of the SFO at every level should be perpetually professed, convinced of the validity of the Franciscan evangelical way of life, attentive to the life of the Church and of society with a broad and encompassing vision, open to dialogue, and ready to give and receive help and collaboration.

4. The leaders should see to the spiritual and technical preparation and animation of the meetings, both of the fraternities and of the councils. They should seek to inspire life and soul into the fraternities by their own witness, suggesting appropriate means for the development of the life of the fraternity and of apostolic activities in the light of the fundamental Franciscan options. They should see to it that the decisions made are carried out and they should promote collaboration among the brothers and sisters.

* 21. On various levels, each fraternity is animated and guided by a council and minister who are elected by the professed according to the constitutions. Their service, which lasts for a definite period, is marked by a ready and willing spirit and is a duty of responsibility to each member and to the community.

Within themselves the fraternities are structured in different ways according to the norm of the constitutions, according to the various needs of their members and their regions, and under the guidance of their respective council.

Article 32

1. The ministers and councilors should live and foster the spirit and reality of communion among the brothers and sisters, among the various fraternities, and between them and the Franciscan family. They should, above all, cherish peace and reconciliation in and around the fraternity.

2. Rule Paragraph 21* The ministers' and councilors' task to lead is temporary. The brothers and sisters, rejecting all ambition, should show love for the fraternity with a spirit of service, prepared both to accept and to relinquish the office.

* 21. On various levels, each fraternity is animated and guided by a council and minister who are elected by the professed according to the constitutions. Their service, which lasts for a definite period, is marked by a ready and willing spirit and is a duty of responsibility to each member and to the community. Within themselves the fraternities are structured in different ways according to the norm of the constitutions, according to the various needs of their members and their regions, and under the guidance of their respective council.

Article 33

1. In the guidance and co-ordination of the fraternities and of the Order, the personality and capacity of the individual brothers and sisters and of the individual fraternities should be promoted. The plurality of expressions of the Franciscan ideal and cultural variety must be respected.

2. The councils of higher levels should not do what can be adequately carried out either by the local fraternities or by a council of a lower level. They should respect and promote their vitality so that they fulfil their duties properly. The local fraternities and councils concerned should commit themselves to carry out the decisions of the international council and of the other councils of higher levels, and to implement their programs, adapting them when necessary to their own situation.

Article 34

Where the situation and the needs of the members require it, sections or groups which gather members sharing particular needs, common interests, or the same choices, may be established within the fraternity under the guidance of the one council. Such groups can give themselves specific norms relative to their meetings and activities, firmly remaining faithful, however, to the requirements which arise from membership in the one fraternity. National statutes may establish criteria suitable for the formation and functioning of these sections or groups.

Article 35

1. Secular priests who recognize that they are called by the Spirit to participate in the charism of Saint Francis of Assisi within the secular fraternity should find in it specific attention in conformity with their mission among the People of God.

2. Secular Franciscan priests may also gather in personal fraternities in order to pursue the ascetical and pastoral incentives which the life and doctrine of Francis and the Rule of the SFO offer them to live their vocation in the Church better. It is proper that these fraternities have their own statutes which envision concrete forms for their composition, their fraternal meetings and for spiritual formation as well as for making their communion with the whole Order living and functional.

Article 36

1. The brothers and sisters who commit themselves with private vows to live in the spirit of the beatitudes and to make themselves more disposed to contemplation and to the service of the fraternities, can be a great help in the spiritual and apostolic development of the SFO.

2. These brothers and sisters may gather in groups according to statutes approved by the national council, or when these groups spread beyond the borders of a nation, by the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO.

3. Such statutes should be in harmony with the present Constitutions.

Title II

ENTRANCE INTO THE ORDER AND FORMATION

Article 37

1. Rule Paragraph 23* Membership in the Order is attained through a time of initiation, a time of formation, and the profession of the Rule.

2. The journey of formation, which should develop throughout life, begins with entrance into the fraternity. Mindful that the Holy Spirit is the principal agent of formation and always attentive to collaboration with Him, those responsible for formation are: the candidate, the entire fraternity, the council with the minister, the master of formation, and the assistant.

3. The brothers and sisters are responsible for their own formation, developing in an ever more perfect way the vocation received from the Lord. The fraternity is called to help the brothers and sisters in this journey by means of a warm welcome, prayer, and example.

4. The elaboration and adoption of means of formation, adapted to the local situations and offered as a help to those responsible for formation in the individual fraternities, belong to the national and regional councils in common agreement.

The Time of Initiation

Article 38

1. Rule Paragraph 23* The time of initiation is a phase preparatory to the true and proper time of formation and is intended for the discernment of the vocation and for the reciprocal acquaintance between the fraternity and the aspiring member. It should guarantee the freedom and the seriousness of entrance into the SFO.

2. The duration of the time of initiation and the forms employed in its development are established by the national statutes.

3. It belongs to the fraternity council to decide possible exemptions to this time of initiation, keeping in mind the guidelines of the national council.

* 23. Requests for admission to the Secular Franciscan Order must be presented to the local fraternity, whose council decides upon the acceptance of new brothers and sisters. Admission into the Order is gradually attained through a time of initiation, a period of formation of at least one year, and profession of the rule. The entire community is engaged in the process of growth by its own manner of living. The age for profession and the distinctive Franciscan sign are regulated by the statutes. Profession by its nature is a permanent commitment. Members who find themselves in particular difficulties should discuss their problems with the council in fraternal dialogue. Withdrawal or permanent dismissal from the Order, if necessary, is an act of the fraternity council according to the norm of the constitutions.

Admission to the Order

Article 39

1. Rule Paragraph 23* The request for admission to the Order is presented by the aspirant to the minister of a local or personal fraternity by a formal act, in writing if possible.

2. Conditions for admission are: to profess the Catholic faith, to live in communion with the Church, to be of good moral standing, and to show clear signs of a vocation.26

3. The council of the fraternity decides collegially on the request, gives a formal answer to the aspirant, and communicates this to the fraternity.

4. The rite of admission is performed according to the Ritual.27 The act is to be registered and preserved in the records of the fraternity.

The Time of Formation

Article 40

1. Rule Paragraph 23* The time of formation lasts at least one year. The national statutes can establish a longer period. The purpose of this period is the maturation of the vocation, the experience of the evangelical life in fraternity, and a better knowledge of the Order. This formation should be carried out with frequent meetings for study and prayer and with concrete experiences of service and of apostolate. These meetings should be held, as far as possible and opportune, in common with the candidates of other fraternities.

2. The candidates are guided to read and meditate on Sacred Scripture, to come to know the person and writings of Francis and of Franciscan spirituality, and to study the Rule and Constitutions. They are trained in a love for the Church and acceptance of her teaching. The laity practice living their secular commitment in the world in an evangelical way.

3. Participation in the meetings of the local fraternity is an indispensable presupposition for initiation into community prayer and into fraternity life.

4. A style of teaching which is Franciscan in character and which fits the mentality of the persons concerned should be adopted.

26 See Can. 316. 27 See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 10 ff.; Chapt. I.

The Profession or Promise of Evangelical Life

Article 41

1. Rule Paragraph 23* Having completed the time of initial formation, the candidate submits to the minister of the local fraternity a request to make his or her profession. Having heard the master of formation and the assistant, the fraternity council decides by secret ballot on the admission to profession, gives its reply to the candidate, and informs the fraternity.

2. The conditions for the profession or promise of evangelical life are: — attainment of the age established by the national statutes; — active participation in the time of formation for at least one year; — the consent of the council of the local fraternity.

3. Where it is held to be opportune to lengthen the time of formation, it must not be extended to more than a year beyond the time established by the national statutes.

Article 42

1. Profession is the solemn ecclesial act by which the candidate, remembering the call received from Christ, renews the baptismal promises and publicly affirms his or her personal commitment to live the Gospel in the world according to the example of Francis and following the Rule of the SFO.

2. Rule Paragraph 23* Profession incorporates the candidate into the Order and is by its nature a perpetual commitment. Perpetual profession, because of objective and specific pedagogical reasons, may be preceded by a temporary profession, renewable annually. The total time of temporary profession may not be longer than three years.28

3. Profession is accepted by the minister of the local fraternity or by his or her delegate in the name of the Church and of the SFO. The rite is carried out according to the norms of the Ritual.29

4. Profession does not only commit those professed to the fraternity, but also, in the same way, it commits the fraternity to be concerned with their human and religious well-being.

5. The act of profession is registered and preserved in the records of the fraternity.

28 See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 18. 29 See Ritual SFO, Preface n. 13 ff.; Part I, Chapter II.

Article 43

The national statutes establish: — Rule Paragraph 23* the minimum age for profession which, however, may not be less than eighteen years completed; — the distinctive sign of membership in the Order (the "Tau" or other Franciscan symbol).

Continuing Formation

Article 44

1. Begun by the preceding stages, the formation of the brothers and sisters takes place in a permanent and continuous way. It should be understood as an aid in the conversion of each30 and everyone and in the fulfillment of their proper mission in the Church and in society.

2. The Fraternity has the duty to give special attention to the formation of the newly professed and of the temporarily professed, to help them become fully mature in their vocation and develop a true sense of belonging.

3. Ongoing formation – accomplished by means of courses, gatherings, and the sharing of experience – aims to assist the brothers and sisters: — Rule Paragraph 4* in listening to and meditating on the Word of God, "going from Gospel to life and from life to Gospel;" — in reflecting on events in the Church and in society in the light of faith, and with the help of the documents of the teaching Church, consequently taking consistent positions; — in discerning and deepening the Franciscan vocation by studying the writings of Saint Francis, Saint Clare and Franciscan authors.

* 4. The rule and life of the Secular Franciscans is this: to observe the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ by following the example of St. Francis of Assisi who made Christ the inspiration and the center of his life with God and people. Christ, the gift of the Father's love, is the way to him, the truth into which the Holy Spirit leads us, and the life which he has come to give abundantly. Secular Franciscans should devote themselves especially to careful reading of the gospel, going from gospel to life and life to gospel.

Promotion of Vocations

30 See Constitutions 8; 1 Celano 103.

Article 45

1. The promotion of vocations to the Order is a duty of all the brothers and sisters and is a sign of the vitality of the fraternities themselves. The brothers and sisters, convinced of the validity of the Franciscan way of life, should pray that God may give the grace of the Franciscan vocation to new members.

2. Although nothing can substitute for the witness of each member and of the fraternity, the councils must adopt appropriate means to promote the Secular Franciscan vocation.

Title III

THE FRATERNITY AT THE VARIOUS LEVELS

The Local Fraternity

Article 46

1. Rule Paragraph 22* The canonical establishment of the local fraternity belongs to the competent religious major superior at the request of the brothers and sisters concerned and with the prior consultation and collaboration of the council of the higher level to which the new fraternity will be related according to the national statutes. The written consent of the local Ordinary is necessary for the canonical establishment of a fraternity outside the houses or churches of the Franciscan religious of the First Order or the TOR.31

2. For the valid establishment of a local fraternity, at least five perpetually professed members are required. The admission and profession of these first brothers and sisters will be received by the council of another local fraternity or by the council of a higher level which will have provided for their formation in appropriate ways. The acts of admission and profession and the decree of establishment are preserved in the records of the fraternity. Copies are sent to the council of the higher level.

3. If there is not yet a fraternity of the SFO in a nation, it belongs to the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO to make provision in this regard.

Article 47

1. Rule Paragraph 22* Each local fraternity, the primary cell of the one SFO, is entrusted to the pastoral care of the religious Franciscan Order that canonically established it.

2. A local fraternity may pass to the pastoral care of another religious Franciscan Order in the ways determined by the national statutes.

Article 48

1. In the case of cessation of a fraternity, the patrimonial goods of the same, the library and the records are acquired by the fraternity of the immediately higher level.

2. In the case of revival according to the canonical laws, the fraternity will repossess any remaining goods, its own library, and records.

* 22. The local fraternity is to be established canonically. It becomes the basic unit of the whole Order and a visible sign of the Church, the community of love. This should be the privileged place for developing a sense of Church and the Franciscan vocation and for enlivening the apostolic life of its members.

31 See Can. 312.

The Fraternity Council

Article 49

1. The council of the local fraternity is composed of the following offices: minister, vice-minister, secretary, treasurer, and master of formation. Other offices may be added according to the needs of each fraternity. The spiritual assistant of the fraternity forms part of the council by right.32

2. The fraternity, meeting in an assembly or chapter, discusses questions regarding its own life and organization. Every three years, in an elective assembly or chapter, the fraternity elects the minister and the council in the way established by the Constitutions and statutes.

Article 50

1. It is the duty of the council of the local fraternity: — to promote the initiatives necessary for fostering fraternal life, for improving the human, Christian, and Franciscan formation of its members and for sustaining their witness and commitment in the world; — to make concrete and courageous choices, appropriate for the situation of the fraternity, from among the numerous activities possible in the field of the apostolate.

2. The duties of the council are also: a. to decide on the acceptance and admission to profession of new brothers and sisters;33 b. to establish a fraternal dialogue with members in particular difficulties and to adopt consequent measures; c. to receive the request for withdrawal and to decide on the suspension of a member from the fraternity; d. to decide on the establishment of sections or groups in conformity with the Constitutions and the statutes; e. to decide on the destination of available funds and, in general, to deliberate on matters concerning financial management and the economic affairs of the fraternity; f. to assign duties to the councilors and to the other professed members; g. to request from the competent superiors of the First Order and the TOR suitable and prepared religious as assistants; h. to perform such other duties as are required by these Constitutions or which are necessary to carry out its proper purposes.

The Offices in the Fraternity

Article 51

1. While firmly upholding the co-responsibility of the council to animate and guide the fraternity, the minister, as the primary person responsible for the fraternity, is expected to make sure that the directions and the decisions of the council are put into practice and will keep the council informed about what he or she is doing.

32 See Constitutions 90,2. 33 See Constitutions 39, 3; 41, 1.

2. The minister also has the following duties: a. to call, to preside at, and to direct the meetings of the fraternity and council; to convoke, every three years, the elective chapter of the fraternity, having heard the council on the formalities of the convocation; b. to prepare the annual report to be sent to the council of the higher level after it has been approved by the council of the fraternity; c. to represent the fraternity in all its relations with ecclesiastical and civil authorities. When the fraternity acquires a juridical personality in the civil order, the minister becomes, when possible, its legal representative; d. to request, with the consent of the council, the pastoral and fraternal visits, at least once every three years. e. to put into effect those acts which the Constitutions refer to his or her competence.

Article 52

1. The vice-minister has the following duties: a. to collaborate in a fraternal spirit and to support the minister in carrying out his or her specific duties; b. to exercise the functions entrusted by the council and/or by the assembly or chapter; c. to take the place of the minister in both duties and responsibilities in case of absence or temporary impediment; d. to assume the functions of the minister when the office remains vacant.34

2. The secretary has the following duties: a. to compile the official acts of the fraternity and of the council and to assure that they are sent to their respective proper recipients; b. to see to the updating and preservation of the records and the registers, noting admissions, professions, deaths, withdrawals, and transfers from the fraternity;35 c. to provide for the communication of the more important facts to the various levels and, if appropriate, to provide for their dissemination through the mass media.

3. The master of formation has the following duties: a. to co-ordinate, with the help of the other members of the council, the formative activities of the fraternity; b. to instruct and enliven the inquirers during the time of initiation, the candidates during the period of initiation formation, and the newly professed; c. to inform the council of the fraternity prior to profession, concerning the suitability of the candidate for a commitment to live according to the Rule.

4. The treasurer, or bursar, has the following duties: a. to guard diligently the contributions received, recording each receipt in the appropriate register, with the date on which it was given, the name of the contributor, or the one from whom it was collected; b. to record in the same register the items of expense, specifying the date and the purpose, in conformity with the directions of the fraternity council;

34 See Constitutions 81,1. 35 Each local fraternity is to have at least a register of enrollments (admissions, professions, transfers, deaths, and every other important annotation relative to the individual members), the register of minutes of the council and the register of administration.

c. to render an account of his or her administration to the assembly and to the council of the fraternity according to the norms of the national statutes.

5. The provisions regarding the rights and duties of the vice-minister, the secretary and the treasurer apply, with the appropriate adaptations, to all levels.

Participation in the Life of the Fraternity

Article 53

1. Rule Paragraph 24* The fraternity must offer to its members opportunities for coming together and collaborating through meetings to be held with as great a frequency as allowed by the situation and with the involvement of all its members.

2. Rule Paragraph 6; 8* The fraternity should come together periodically, also as an ecclesial community to celebrate the Eucharist in a climate which strengthens the fraternal bond and characterizes the identity of the Franciscan family. Where, for whatever reason, this particular celebration may not be possible, they should participate in the celebration of the larger ecclesial community.

3. Insertion into a local fraternity and participation in fraternity life is essential for belonging to the SFO. Appropriate initiatives should be adopted according to the directives of the national statutes, to keep those brothers and sisters united to the fraternity who — for valid reasons of health, family, work, or distance — cannot actively participate in community life.

4. The fraternity remembers with gratitude its brothers and sisters who have passed away and continues its communion with them by prayer and in the Eucharist.

5. The national statutes can indicate special forms of association with the fraternity for those who, without becoming a member of the SFO, want to participate in its life and activities.

* 24. To foster communion among members, the council should organize regular and frequent meetings of the community as well as meeting with other Franciscan groups, especially with youth groups. It should adopt appropriate means for growth in Franciscan and ecclesial life and encourage everyone to a life of fraternity. The communion continues with deceased brothers and sisters through prayer for them.

* 6. They have been made living members of the Church by being buried and raised with Christ in baptism; they have been united more intimately with the Church by profession. Therefore, they should go forth as witnesses and instruments of her mission among all people, proclaiming Christ by their life and words. Called like Saint Francis to rebuild the Church and inspired by his example, let them devote themselves energetically to living in full communion with the pope, bishops, and priests, fostering an open and trusting dialog of apostolic effectiveness and creativity.

Article 54

1. In cases where the fraternity of whatever level has property or real estate at its disposal, the procedures necessary for that fraternity to acquire a juridical personality in the civil order must be followed in conformity with the national statutes.

2. Based on the respective civil legislation, the national statutes must establish precise criteria regarding the purpose of the juridical person, the administration of its material goods and the relevant internal controls. They must also contain instructions so that the establishing document may provide for the disposal of its property in case the juridical person ceases to exist.

3. The national statutes must also set up precise criteria for local fraternities that possess or administer property or real estate, so that the respective council, before its term of office is finished, has the fraternity’s financial and real estate situation audited either by an expert who is not a member of the council or by the fraternity’s board of examiners.

Transfer

Article 55

If a brother or sister, for any reasonable cause, desires transfer to another fraternity, he or she first informs the council of the fraternity to which he or she belongs and then makes the request, including the reasons for the transfer, to the minister of the fraternity to which he or she wishes to belong. The council makes its decision after having received the necessary information in writing from the fraternity of origin.

Temporary Provisions

Article 56

1. Rule Paragraph 23* Members who find themselves in difficulty may ask, with a formal act, temporary withdrawal from the fraternity. The council will evaluate the request with love and prudence, after a fraternal dialogue between the minister and the assistant with the person concerned. If the reasons appear to be well founded, after the brother or sister in difficulty has been given time to reconsider, the council agrees to the request.

2. The repeated and prolonged default in the obligations of the life of the fraternity and other conduct in serious opposition to the Rule have to be discussed by the council in dialogue with the person at fault. Only in the case of obstinacy or relapse may the council decide, with a secret vote, to suspend someone. It communicates its decision in writing to the person concerned.

3. Voluntary withdrawal or the provision for suspension must be noted in the registers of the fraternity. It involves exclusion from the meetings and activities of the fraternity, including the right of active and passive voice, but membership in the Order itself is not affected.

* 23. Requests for admission to the Secular Franciscan Order must be presented to the local fraternity, whose council decides upon the acceptance of new brothers and sisters. Admission into the Order is gradually attained through a time of initiation, a period of formation of at least one year, and profession of the rule. The entire community is engaged in the process of growth by its own manner of living. The age for profession and the distinctive Franciscan sign are regulated by the statutes.

Profession by its nature is a permanent commitment. Members who find themselves in particular difficulties should discuss their problems with the council in fraternal dialogue. Withdrawal or permanent dismissal from the Order, if necessary, is an act of the fraternity council according to the norm of the constitutions.

Article 57

1. In the case of voluntary withdrawal or of suspension from the fraternity, the Secular Franciscan may ask to be readmitted by addressing an appropriate written request to the minister.

2. After examining the reasons offered by the person involved, the council evaluates whether the causes which led to the withdrawal or suspension can be considered as overcome. If the conclusion is affirmative, it readmits him or her and the decision is recorded in the proceedings of the fraternity.

Definitive Provisions

Article 58

1. The brother or sister who intends to withdraw definitively from the Order, communicates so in writing to the minister of the fraternity. The minister and the assistant of the local fraternity, with charity and prudence, discuss the matter with the person concerned and keep the Council informed. If the brother or sister confirms the decision in writing, the Council takes notice and communicates it in writing to the person concerned. The definitive withdrawal is recorded in the register of the fraternity and communicated to the council of the higher level.

2. In case of serious causes, provided that they are external, imputable, and juridically proven, the minister and the assistant of the local fraternity, with charity and prudence, discuss the matter with the brother or sister concerned and keep the council informed. The brother or sister is given time to reflect and to discern, eventually with the help of an external and competent expert. If the time set aside for reflection passes without any result, the council of the fraternity requests the council of the higher level to dismiss the brother or sister from the Order. The request must be accompanied by all the documentation relative to the case. The council of the higher level will issue the decree of dismissal after having collegially examined the request with the relative documentation and having verified observance of the directives of the Law and of the Constitutions.

3. The brother or sister who publicly rejects the faith, or defects from ecclesiastical communion, or upon whom an excommunication is imposed or declared, by the fact itself ceases to be a member of the Order. This does not mean, however, that the council of the fraternity should not discuss the matter with the person concerned or offer fraternal help. The council of a higher level, upon request of the council of the local fraternity, collects the proofs and officially declares that the person has ceased to be a member of the Order.

4. The decree of dismissal or the declaration that the person has ceased to be a member of the Order, in order to become effective, must be confirmed by the national council to whom all the documentation will be sent.

Article 59

If anyone is convinced that he or she has been wronged by a measure adopted, that person may appeal within three month to the council above the one that adopted the decision in question and, in successive cases, to further levels all the way up to the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO and, in the final instance, to the Holy See.

Article 60

What is said in these Constitutions with respect to the local fraternities is valid, to the extent that it is applicable, for the personal fraternities also.

The Regional Fraternity

Article 61

1. The regional fraternity is the organic union of all the local fraternities existing in a territory or which can be integrated into a natural unity, either by geographic proximity, or by common problems and pastoral circumstances. It assures the link between the local fraternities and the national fraternity in respect to the unity of the SFO and in accord with the cooperative efforts of the Franciscan religious orders to provide spiritual assistance within the area.

2. It is for the national council to compose the regional fraternity according to the Constitutions and to the national statutes. The competent religious superiors, from whom spiritual assistance must be sought, should be informed of it.

3. The regional fraternity: — is animated and guided by council and a minister; — is ruled by the national statutes and by its own statutes; — has its own seat.

Article 62

1. The regional council is constituted according to the provisions of the national statutes and of its own regional statutes. At the heart of the regional council there can be set up an executive council (or board) whose duties are determined by those same statutes.

2. The regional council has the following duties: a. to prepare the celebration of the elective chapter; b. to promote, animate, and co-ordinate the life and activities of the SFO and its insertion into the local Church within the regional area; c. to detail the action plan of the SFO within the region according to the directives of the national council and in collaboration with it and to publicize that program to the local fraternities; d. to communicate the directives of the national council and of the local Church to the local fraternities; e. to provide for the formation of those responsible for animation;

f. to offer to local fraternities activities which support their formative and operative needs; g. to discuss and approve the annual report to the national council; h. to schedule, when circumstances recommend so, the fraternal visit to the local fraternities, even if it is not requested; i. to make decisions regarding the use of available funds and, in general, to deliberate on matters regarding the financial management and the economic affairs of the regional fraternity; j. to have, before its term of office is finished, the regional fraternity’s financial and real estate situation audited either by an expert who is not a member of the council or by the fraternity’s board of examiners; k. to perform such other duties as are indicated by the Constitutions or necessary to achieve its own aims.

Article 63

1. While firmly preserving the co-responsibility of the council for the animation and guidance of the regional fraternity, it is the duty of the minister, who has the primary responsibility, to see that the directions and decisions of the council are put into practice. He or she will keep the council informed concerning his or her activities.

2. In addition, the regional minister has the duty: a. to convoke and preside at the meetings of the regional council; to convoke every three years the elective chapter of the fraternity after having listened to the council on the formalities of the convocation; b. to preside at and to confirm the elections of the local fraternities either in person or through a delegated member of the regional council, with the exception of the spiritual assistant; c. to make fraternal visits to the local fraternities, personally or through a delegate who is a member of the council; d. to participate in the meetings called by the national council; e. to represent the fraternity whenever it has acquired a juridical personality in the civil order; f. to prepare the annual report to the national council; g. to request the pastoral and fraternal visits with the consent of the council, at least once every three years.

Article 64

The regional chapter is the representative organ of all the fraternities existing within the confines of a regional fraternity, with elective and deliberative power. The national statutes provide for the formalities of convocation, its composition, frequency and powers.

The National Fraternity

Article 65

1. The national fraternity is the organic union of the local fraternities existing within the territory of one or more states which are joined and co-ordinated among themselves through regional fraternities, wherever they exist.

2. It is the duty of the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO to provide for the establishment of new national fraternities upon request and in dialogue with the councils of the fraternities concerned. The competent religious superiors of the nation, of whom spiritual assistance will be requested, should be informed.

3. The national fraternity: — is animated and guided by a council and a minister; — is governed by its own statutes; — has its own seat.

Article 66

1. The national council is constituted according to the provisions of the national statutes. At the heart of the national council there can be set up an executive council (or board) whose duties are determined by those same statutes.

2. The national council has the duty: a. to prepare the celebration of the national elective chapter, according to its own statutes; b. to make known and to promote the Secular Franciscan spirituality in the whole area of its own national fraternity; c. to decide upon programs of annual activities of a national character; d. to seek, indicate, publish, and distribute the necessary instruments for the formation of the Secular Franciscans; e. to animate and co-ordinate the activities of the regional councils; f. to maintain the connection with the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO; g. to make sure that the national fraternity be represented in the international council and to assume the responsibility for the expenses involved; h. to discuss and approve the annual report to Presidency of the International Council of the SFO; i. to see to the presence of the SFO in the ecclesial bodies at the national level; j. to schedule, when circumstances recommend so, the fraternal visit to the regional and local fraternities, even if it is not requested; k. to make decisions regarding the management of the available funds and, in general, regarding the economic affairs of the fraternity; l. to have, before its term of office is finished, the national fraternity’s financial and real estate situation audited either by an expert who is not a member of the council or by the fraternity’s board of examiners; m. to perform such other duties as are indicated by the Constitutions or necessary to achieve its own aims.

Article 67

1. While firmly preserving the co-responsibility of the council for the animation and guidance of the national fraternity, it is the duty of the minister, who has the primary responsibility, to see that the directions and decisions of the council are put into practice. He or she will keep the council informed concerning his or her activities.

2. In addition, the national minister has the duty:

a. to convoke and preside at the meetings of the national council; to convoke every three years the elective chapter of the national fraternity, according to the national statutes, after having listened to the council on the formalities of the convocation; b. to direct and co-ordinate with the national leaders the activities at the national level; c. to give a report to the national council and chapter on the life and activity of the SFO in the country; d. to represent the national fraternity in contacts with ecclesiastical and civil authorities. When the national fraternity has a civil juridical personality, its legal representation belongs to the minister; e. to preside at and to confirm the elections of the regional fraternities either in person or through a delegated member of the regional council, with the exception of the spiritual assistant; f. to make fraternal visits to the regional councils, personally or through a delegate who is a member of the national council; g. to request the fraternal and pastoral visits, with the consent of the council, at least once every six years.

Article 68

1. The national chapter is the representative organ of the fraternities existing within the confines of a national fraternity. It has legislative, deliberative, and elective powers. In conformity with the Rule and the Constitutions, it may make legislative decisions and give norms valid within its national confines. The national statutes determine the composition of the national chapter, its frequency, its powers, and how to convoke it.

2. The national statutes may envisage other forms of meetings and assemblies to promote the life and apostolate at the national level.

The International Fraternity

Article 69

1. The international fraternity is constituted by the organic union of all the Catholic Secular Franciscan fraternities in the world. It is identical to the SFO. It has its own juridical personality within the Church. It is organized and it functions in conformity with the Constitutions and its own statutes.

2. The international fraternity is guided and animated by the International Council of the SFO (CIOFS), with its seat in Rome (Italy), by its Presidency and by the general minister or international president.

Article 70

1. The international council is composed of the following members, elected according to the norms of the Constitutions and its own statutes: — professed brothers and sisters of the SFO; — representatives of the Franciscan Youth. In addition, the four General Assistants to the SFO form part of the international council.

2. The Presidency of the International Council of the SFO is constituted within the international council of which it forms an integral part.

3. The International Council convened in General Chapter is the highest governing body of the SFO with legislative, deliberative, and elective powers. It can make legislative decisions and give norms in conformity with the Rule and the Constitutions.

4. The international council meets every six years in elective general chapter, and at least once between two elective general chapters, according to the norms established by the Constitutions and by the international statutes.

Article 71

1. The purposes and duties of the International Council of the SFO are: a. to promote and sustain the evangelical life according to the spirit of Saint Francis of Assisi within the secular condition of the faithful living throughout the world; b. to increase the sense of unity of the SFO while respecting the pluralism of the persons and groups, and to strengthen the bond of communion, collaboration, and sharing among the national fraternities; c. to harmonize the sound traditions, according to the original nature of the SFO, with advances in theological, pastoral, and legislative fields, with a view to a specific evangelical Franciscan formation; d. to contribute, in line with the tradition of the SFO, to the spreading of ideas and initiatives which are valuable for promoting the availability of Secular Franciscans in the life of the Church and of society; e. to determine the orientations and establish priorities for the actions of its Presidency; f. to interpret the Constitutions according to article 5,2.

2. The international statutes specify the composition of the international council and how to convoke its meetings.

Article 72

1. The Presidency of the International Council of the SFO is composed of: — the general minister; — the vice-minister; — the presidency councilors; — a member of the Franciscan Youth; — the general assistants of the SFO.

2. The presidency councilors are elected according to the international statutes, which determine their number and the areas represented. Article 73

The duties and tasks of the Presidency are: a. to see that the decisions and orientations of the general chapter are carried out; b. to co-ordinate, animate, and guide the SFO at the international level, in order to make the interdependence and reciprocity of the SFO a reality at the various levels of fraternity; c. to intervene in a spirit of service, according to the circumstances, providing fraternal aid in the clarification and resolution of grave and urgent problems of the SFO, informing the national council concerned and the next general chapter;

d. to strengthen reciprocal relationships of collaboration between the SFO and the other components of the Franciscan family at the world level; e. to organize meetings or assemblies, according to the norms of the international statutes, to promote the life and the apostolate of the SFO at the international level; f. to collaborate with organizations and associations which defend the same values; g. to fulfill the other duties indicated in the Constitutions or needed in order to reach its own proper goals.

Article 74

1. While firmly preserving the co-responsibility of the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO in the guidance and animation of the international fraternity, it belongs to the general minister, who has the primary responsibility, to see that the directions and decisions of the general chapter and of the Presidency are put into practice and to inform them concerning his or her activities.

2. In addition, the general minister has the duty: a. to convoke and preside at the meetings of the Presidency according to its own statutes; b. to convoke the meetings of the general chapter, with the consent of the Presidency, and to preside at them; c. to be a visible and effective sign of the communion and life-giving reciprocity between the SFO and the general ministers of the Franciscan First Order and the TOR, among whom he or she represents the SFO, and to preserve the bond with the conference of general assistants; d. to represent the SFO at the world level before ecclesiastical and civil authorities. When the international fraternity has a civil juridical personality, its legal representation belongs to the minister; e. to make the fraternal visit to the national councils, personally or through a delegate; f. to preside at the elections of the national councils, personally or through a delegate; g. to request, with the consent of the Presidency, the pastoral visit by the Conference of the General Ministers of the First Order and the TOR; h. to intervene in urgent cases, informing the Presidency of them; i. to sign the official documents of the international fraternity; j. to exercise, with the consent of the Presidency, the property rights of the international fraternity together with another councilor of the Presidency designated by that same body; k. before every general chapter, have the financial and property situation of the international fraternity verified by a qualified accountant who is not involved in the economic and financial management of the Presidency.

Article 75

The specific duties of the international councilors are determined by the international statutes.

Title IV

ELECTION TO AND TERMINATION OF OFFICES

Elections

Article 76

1. The elections at the various levels will take place according to the norms of the law of the Church36 and of the Constitutions. The convocation should be carried out at least one month in advance, indicating the place, the day, and the time of the election.

2. The elective assembly, or chapter, will be presided over by the minister of the immediately higher level, or by his or her delegate, who confirms the election. The president or the delegate cannot preside over the elections in his or her local fraternity, nor the elections of the council of a higher level, of whose council he or she is a member. The spiritual assistant of the immediately higher level or his delegate is to be present as a witness of the communion with the First Order and the TOR. A representative of the Conference of General Ministers of the First Order and the TOR presides at and confirms the elections of the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO.

3. The president of the chapter and the assistant of the higher level do not have the right to vote.

4. The president of the chapter designates, among the members of that chapter, a secretary and two tellers.

Article 77

1. In the local fraternity, the perpetually professed of the same fraternity have active voice, that is can elect, and passive voice, that is can be elected. The temporarily professed have only active voice.

2. At the other levels, the following have active voice: the secular members of the outgoing council, the representatives of the immediately lower level and of the Franciscan Youth, if professed. It belongs to the particular statutes to establish more concrete norms in application of the preceding norm, taking care to assure the broadest elective base. The perpetually professed Secular Franciscans of the corresponding area have passive voice.

3. Both the national and the international statutes – each for its own area – can establish objective qualifications regarding who can be elected to the various offices.

4. The presence of more than half of the number of those having the right to vote is required for the valid celebration of an elective chapter. For the local level, the national Statutes can establish a different norm.

36 See Can. 164 ff.

Article 78

1. An absolute majority of the votes of those present, cast in secret, is required for the election of the minister. After two inconclusive ballots, the voting continues between the two candidates who have obtained the largest number of votes or, in case there are more than two, between the two candidates who are oldest by profession. If there is still a tie after the third ballot, the older by profession will be considered elected.

2. The election of the vice-minister proceeds in the same manner.

3. For the election of the councilors, after a first ballot without an absolute majority, a relative majority of the votes of those present, cast in secret, is sufficient, unless the particular statutes require a greater majority.

4. The secretary announces the result of the elections; the president confirms the election according to the Ritual37 if all has been carried out properly and those elected have accepted their office.

Article 79

1. The minister and vice-minister may be elected for two consecutive terms of three years each. For a third and final successive election to the office of minister or vice-minister, a majority of two-thirds of the votes of those present, which must be obtained on the first ballot, will be necessary.

2. The out-going minister cannot be elected vice-minister.

3. The councilors may be elected for additional successive terms of three years. Beginning with the third successive election, a majority of two-thirds of the votes of those present, which must be obtained on the first ballot, will be necessary.

4. The general minister, vice-minister and presidency councilors can only be elected for two consecutive terms of six years.

5. The council of the higher level has the right and duty to invalidate the elections and to call them anew in all cases of inobservance of the preceding norms.

Article 80

The particular statutes may include further directives concerning elections, as long as they are not contrary to the Constitutions.

Vacant Offices

Article 81

37 See Ritual SFO, Part II, Chapt. II.

1. When the office of minister remains vacant as a result of death, resignation or other impediment of a definitive character, the vice-minister assumes the office until the end of the term for which the minister was originally elected.

2. If the office of vice-minister becomes vacant, one of the councilors is elected to the office of vice- minister by the council of the fraternity, to serve until the next elective chapter.

3. When the office of councilor becomes vacant, the council will proceed to substitute for him or her in conformity with its own statutes, to serve until the next elective chapter.

Incompatible Offices

Article 82

The following are incompatible: a. the office of minister at two different levels; b. the offices of minister, vice-minister, secretary and treasurer at the same level.

Resignation of Office

Article 83

1. When a minister of whatever level resigns during a chapter, that same chapter can accept the resignation. When a minister resigns outside the time of chapter, that resignation must be presented to the council. If the resignation is accepted, it must be confirmed by the minister of the higher level; if the general minister is resigning, the confirmation comes from the Conference of General Ministers of the First Order and the TOR.

2. The resignation of other offices is presented to the minister and to his or her council, who are competent to accept the resignation.

Removal

Article 84

1. In the case in which the minister does not fulfill his or her duties, the council concerned manifests its concerns in a fraternal dialogue with the minister. If this does not produce positive results, the council should inform the council of the higher level whose competence it is to examine the case and, if needed, by secret ballot, decide to remove the minister.

2. For a serious, public, and proved reason, the council of a higher level, after a fraternal dialogue with the person concerned, may, by a secret ballot, order the removal of a minister of a lower level.

3. When there is a serious reason to remove those who hold other offices of the council, it is the responsibility of that council to which they belong to make its decision by a secret ballot after there has been a fraternal dialogue with the person involved.

4. A recourse, which by itself suspends the action to remove someone from office, can be presented within thirty days to the council of the level immediately higher than the one which imposed the sanction.

5. The removal of the general minister belongs to the competence of the Conference of the General Ministers of the First Order and the TOR.

6. When there is a case of serious lack of concern or evidence of irregularities on the part of a minister or a council, the council of the next higher level conducts a fraternal visit of the council in question and, eventually, requests a pastoral visit. With charity and prudence, it will evaluate the circumstances uncovered and decide on the best way to proceed, not excluding the eventual removal of the council or leaders involved.

Title V

SPIRITUAL AND PASTORAL ASSISTANCE OF THE SFO

Article 85

1. As an integral part of the Franciscan family and called to live the charism of Francis within the secular dimension, the SFO has particular and close relations to the First Order and the TOR38.

2. The spiritual and pastoral care of the SFO, entrusted by the Church to the Franciscan First Order and the TOR, is the duty, above all, of their general and provincial ministers. The altius moderamen, of which Canon 303 speaks, belongs to them. The purpose of the altius moderamen is to guarantee the fidelity of the SFO to the Franciscan charism, communion with the Church and union with the Franciscan family, values which represent a vital commitment for the Secular Franciscans.

Article 86

1. The general and provincial ministers exercise their office with respect to the SFO through: — the establishment of fraternities; — the pastoral visits; — the spiritual assistance to the fraternities at the various levels. They may exercise this office personally or through a delegate.

2. This service of the religious ministers completes but does not substitute for the secular councils and ministers to whom belong the guidance, co-ordination, and animation of the fraternities at the various levels.

Article 87

1. For all that concerns the SFO as a whole, the altius moderamen must be exercised by the general ministers collegially.

2. It belongs to the Conference of General Ministers of the First Order and the TOR: a. to take care of the relations with the Holy See concerning the approval of the legislative or liturgical documents, which need to be approved by the Holy See; b. to visit the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO; c. to confirm the election of the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO.

3. Each general minister, for his own Order, sees to the interest of the religious for the SFO and to their preparation for service to it according to the respective Constitutions and the Constitutions of the SFO.

38 From Franciscan history and from the Constitutions of the First Order and the TOR, it is clearly evident that these Orders recognize that they are committed to the spiritual and pastoral assistance of the SFO in virtue of their common origin and charism and by the will of the Church. See Constitutions OFM, 60; Constitutions OFM Conv., 116; Constitutions OFM Cap., 95; Constitutions TOR, 157; Rule of the Third Order of Pope Leo XIII, 3,3; Rule approved by Paul VI, 26.

Article 88

1. The provincial ministers and the other major superiors, in the area of their own jurisdiction, guarantee the spiritual assistance to the local fraternities entrusted to the jurisdiction. They see to it that their own religious are interested in the SFO and that capable and well-prepared persons are appointed for the service of spiritual assistance.

2. It is the specific competence of the major superiors, in name of their jurisdiction: a. to establish, canonically, new local fraternities and guarantee them spiritual assistance; b. to animate spiritually and visit the local fraternities assisted by their own jurisdiction; c. to keep themselves informed on the spiritual assistance given to the SFO.

3. The major superiors are responsible for the spiritual assistance to the local fraternities which they have established.

4. The major superiors with jurisdiction in the same territory, are to establish together the most adequate means to guarantee spiritual assistance to local fraternities which, because of causes beyond their control, could remain without such assistance.

5. The major superiors with jurisdiction in the same territory, are to establish together the most adequate means for carrying out collegially their mission with respect to the regional and national fraternities of the SFO.

Article 89

1. By virtue of the vital reciprocity between the religious and the secular members of the Franciscan Family and in regard to the responsibilities of major superiors, spiritual assistance to the fraternities of the SFO at all levels must be assured as a fundamental element of communion.

2. The spiritual assistant is the person designated by the competent major superior to carry out this service for a specific fraternity of the SFO.

3. To be a witness of Franciscan spirituality and of the fraternal affection of the religious towards the Secular Franciscans, and to be a bond of communion between his Order and the SFO, the spiritual assistant should be a Franciscan religious, member of the First Order or the TOR.

4. When it is not possible to give such a spiritual assistant to the fraternity, the competent major superior can entrust the service of spiritual assistance to: a. religious brothers or sisters of other Franciscan institutes; b. diocesan clerics or other persons, specially prepared for such service, who are members of the SFO; c. other diocesan clerics or non-Franciscan religious.

5. The previous authorization of the superior or the local ordinary, when needed, does not exempt the Franciscan major superior of the responsibility for the quality of the pastoral service and of the spiritual assistance given.

Article 90

1. The principal task of the assistant is to communicate Franciscan spirituality and to co-operate in the initial and continuing formation of the brothers and sisters.

2. The spiritual assistant is by right, with vote, a member of the council of the fraternity to which he or she gives assistance and collaborates with it in all activities. The spiritual assistant does not exercise the right to vote in financial questions.

3. Specifically: a. the general assistants give their service to the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO, form a conference, and collegially see to the spiritual assistance to the SFO as a whole; b. the national assistants give their service to the national council, see to the spiritual assistance to the SFO in the whole territory of the national fraternity and, at the national level, to the co- ordination of the regional assistants. If they are more than one, they form a conference and give their service collegially; c. the regional assistants give their service to the regional council and see to the spiritual assistance to the regional fraternity. If they are more than one, they form a conference and give their service collegially; d. the local assistants give their service to the local fraternity and its council.

Article 91

1. The council of the fraternity at each level requests suitable and prepared assistants from the competent superiors of the First Order and the TOR.

2. Specifically: a. the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO requests the general assistant from the respective general minister; b. the national council requests the national assistant from the major superior, indicated collegially by the major superiors with jurisdiction in the territory of the national fraternity; c. the regional council requests the assistant from the major superior, indicated collegially by the major superiors with jurisdiction in the territory of the regional fraternity; d. the local council requests the assistant from the major superior of the jurisdiction responsible for the assistance.

3. The competent major superior, having heard the council of the fraternity concerned, appoints the assistant according to the norms of these Constitutions and of the Statutes for Spiritual and Pastoral Assistance to the Secular Franciscan Order.

Title VI

THE FRATERNAL VISIT AND THE PASTORAL VISIT Article 92

1. Rule Paragraph 26* The purpose of both the pastoral and fraternal visits is to revive the evangelical Franciscan spirit, to assure fidelity to the charism and to the Rule, to offer help to fraternity life, to reinforce the bond of the unity of the Order, and to promote its most effective insertion into the Franciscan family and the Church.

2. With the consent of the appropriate council, the request for the fraternal visit as well as for the pastoral visit is made: a. by the minister of the local and regional fraternity, at least every three years, to the council of the immediately higher level and to the respective conference of spiritual assistants; b. by the national minister, at least every six years, to the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO and to the conference of general assistants; c. by the general minister, at least every six years, to the Conference of General Ministers.

3. For urgent and serious reasons or in case of failure on the part of the minister or the council to request it, the fraternal and pastoral visit may be carried out upon the initiative of the respectively competent council or conference of spiritual assistants.

* 26. As a concrete sign of communion and co-responsibility, the councils on various levels, in keeping with the constitutions, shall ask for suitable and well prepared religious for spiritual assistance. They should make this request to the superiors of the four religious Franciscan families, to whom the Secular Fraternity has been united for centuries. To promote fidelity to the charism as well as observance of the rule and to receive greater support in the life of the fraternity, the minister or president, with the consent of the council, should take care to ask for a regular pastoral visit by the competent religious as well as for a fraternal visit from those of the higher fraternities, according to the norm of the constitution.

Article 93

1. In the visits to the local fraternities and to the councils at the various levels, the visitor will verify the evangelical and apostolic vitality, the observance of the Rule and Constitutions, and the insertion of the fraternities into the Order and into the Church.

2. In the visits to the local fraternities and to the councils at the various levels, the visitor will in time communicate the object and the program of the visit to the interested council. He or she will examine the registers and the records, including those relative to the preceding visits, to the election of the council and to the administration of goods. The visitor will draw up a report of the visit carried out, appending it to the records in the appropriate register of the fraternity visited, and will inform the council of the level which has held the visit.

3. In the visit to the local fraternity, the visitor will meet with the entire fraternity and with the groups and sections into which it is divided. He or she will give special attention to the brothers and sisters in formation and to those brothers and sisters who may request a personal meeting. Where required, he or she will proceed to the fraternal correction of the shortcomings eventually encountered.

4. If it is useful for the service of the fraternity, the two visitors, secular and religious, may make the visit at the same time, agreeing beforehand on the program, in a way most consonant with the mission of each of them.

5. The fraternal and pastoral visits, carried out by the immediately higher level, do not deprive the visited fraternity of the right to appeal to the council or to the conference of spiritual assistants of a higher level. The Fraternal Visit Article 94

1. The fraternal visit is a moment of communion, an expression of the service and concrete interest of the secular leaders at the various levels, so that the fraternity may grow and be faithful to its vocation.39

2. Among the various initiatives to achieve the purpose of the visit, the visitor will give special attention: — to the validity of the formation, both initial and permanent; — to the relations entertained with other fraternities at the different levels, with Franciscan youth, and with the entire Franciscan family. — to the observance of the directives and of the guidelines of the International Council of the SFO and of the other councils; — to the presence in the local Church.

3. The visitor will check the report of the previous audit or verification of the financial and property management of the Council, the register of the accounts and every document pertaining to the property of the fraternity and, if applicable, the condition of the juridical personality in the civil order, including the fiscal aspects. In the absence of the required audit of the financial and property management of the council, the visitor can commission such an audit, to be paid by the visited fraternity, to an expert who is not a member of the council concerned. Wherever he or she deems it opportune, the visitor will obtain the assistance of a competent person in these aspects.

4. The visitor will check the records of the election of the council. He or she will evaluate the quality of the service offered to the fraternity by the minister and by the other leaders, and will study with them the solution to problems which may arise. If, for whatever reason, he or she should find that their service does not meet the needs of the fraternity, the visitor will promote appropriate initiatives, taking into account also the provisions concerning resignation and removal from office, given special circumstances40.

5. The visitor may not carry out the visit of his or her own local fraternity, nor of the council of another level of which he or she is a member.

The Pastoral Visit Article 95

39 Cfr. Constitutions 51,1c; 63,2g; 67,2g. 40 Cfr. Constitutions 83; 84.

1. The pastoral visit is a privileged moment of communion with the First Order and the TOR. It is carried out also in the name of the Church and serves to guarantee and promote the observance of the Rule and the Constitutions and fidelity to the Franciscan charism. The visit is carried out with respect to the organization and the law proper to the SFO itself.

2. Having verified the canonical establishment of the fraternity, the visitor will give attention to the relations between the fraternity and its spiritual assistant and the local Church. The visitor will meet the pastors (bishop or parish priest) when this is opportune for fostering communion and service for building up the Church.

3. The visitor will promote collaboration and a sense of co-responsibility among the secular leaders and the religious assistants. The visitor is to examine the quality of the spiritual assistance given to the visited fraternity, encourage the spiritual assistants in their service and promote their continuing spiritual and pastoral formation.

4. The visitor will give special attention to programs, methods and experiences of formation, to the liturgical and prayer life, and to the apostolic activities of the fraternity.

Title VII

THE FRANCISCAN YOUTH

Article 96

1. The SFO, by virtue of its very vocation, ought to be ready to share its experience of evangelical life with the youth who feel attracted to Saint Francis of Assisi and to seek the means of adequately presenting it to them.

2. The Franciscan Youth (YouFra), as understood by these Constitutions and in so far as the SFO considers itself to be particularly responsible for it, is formed by those young people who feel called by the Holy Spirit to share the experience of the Christian life in fraternity, in the light of the message of Saint Francis of Assisi, deepening their own vocation within the context of the Secular Franciscan Order.

3. The members of the Franciscan Youth consider the Rule of the SFO as an inspirational document for the growth of their own Christian and Franciscan vocation either individually or in a group. After a suitable period of formation, of at least one year, they confirm this option with a personal pledge before God and in the presence of the brothers and sisters.

4. The members of the Franciscan Youth who wish to belong to the SFO should satisfy the requirements of the Rule, the Constitutions, and the Ritual of the SFO.

5. The Franciscan Youth has a specific organization, methods of formation, and teaching methods adequate for the needs of the world of youth, according to the existing realities in the various countries. The national statutes of the Franciscan Youth should be approved by the respective national council of the SFO, or in its absence, by the Presidency of the International Council of the SFO.

6. The Franciscan Youth, as a component of the Franciscan family, requests from the competent secular leaders and religious superiors, respectively, fraternal animation and spiritual assistance.

Article 97

1. The SFO fraternities will promote the vocation to the Franciscan Youth by means of appropriate and dynamic initiatives. They should see to the vitality and the expansion of the Franciscan Youth fraternities and will accompany the youth in their journey of human and spiritual growth with proposals for specific activities and contents.

2. The SFO fraternities commit themselves to give to the Franciscan Youth fraternities a fraternal animator, who together with the spiritual assistant and the council of the Franciscan Youth guarantees an adequate Secular Franciscan formation.

3. To promote a close communion with the SFO, all leaders of the Franciscan Youth at the international level and at least two members of the national council of the Franciscan Youth are to be professed Secular Franciscan youth.

4. A representative of the Franciscan Youth is to be designated by his or her council to form part of the SFO council of the corresponding level; a representative of the SFO, designated by his or her own council, forms part of the council of the Franciscan Youth of the same level. The representative of the Franciscan Youth has a vote in the SFO council only if he or she is a professed Secular Franciscan

5. The representatives of the Franciscan Youth in the international council of the SFO are elected according to the international statutes which also determine how many there are, what fraternities they represent, and what their responsibilities are supposed to be.

Title VIII

IN COMMUNION WITH THE FRANCISCAN FAMILY AND THE CHURCH

Article 98

1. Rule Paragraph 1* Secular Franciscans should seek to live in life-giving reciprocal communion with all the members of the Franciscan family. They should be ready to promote common initiatives or participate in them with the religious of the First, Second and Third Orders, with Secular Institutes, and with other lay ecclesial groups that recognize Francis as a model and inspiration in order to work together to spread the Gospel, remove the causes of marginalization, and serve the cause of peace.

2. They must cultivate a special affection, which expresses itself in concrete initiatives of fraternal communion, towards the sisters of the contemplative life who, like Saint Clare of Assisi, bear witness in the Church and in the world and by whose mediation they expect the abundance of grace for the fraternity and for the works of the apostolate.

* 1. The Franciscan family, as one among many spiritual families raised up by the Holy Spirit in the Church, unites all members of the people of God -- laity, religious, and priests - who recognize that they are called to follow Christ in the footsteps of Saint Francis of Assisi. In various ways and forms but in life-giving union with each other, they intend to make present the charism of their common Seraphic Father in the life and mission of the Church.

Article 99

1. Rule Paragraph 6* As a living part of the people of God and inspired by the Seraphic Father, the Secular Franciscans, "living in full communion with the Pope and the bishops", should seek to know and deepen the doctrine proposed by the teaching Church through its more important documents and they should be attentive to the presence of the Holy Spirit who vivifies the faith and charity of the people of God.41 They should collaborate in the initiatives promoted by the Holy See, in a particular way in those areas in which they are called to work by virtue of their secular Franciscan vocation.

2. The SFO, as an international public association, is connected by a special bond to the Roman Pontiff from whom it has received the approval of its Rule and the confirmation of its mission in the Church and in the world.

* 6. They have been made living members of the Church by being buried and raised with Christ in baptism; they have been united more intimately with the Church by profession. Therefore, they should go forth as witnesses and instruments of her mission among all people, proclaiming Christ by their life and words. Called like Saint Francis to rebuild the Church and inspired by his example, let them devote themselves energetically to living in full communion with the pope, bishops, and priests, fostering an open and trusting dialog of apostolic effectiveness and creativity.

41 Lumen Gentium 12.

Article 100

1. The vocation to "rebuild" the Church ought to induce the brothers and sisters sincerely to love and to live the union with the local Church in which they develop their own vocation and realize their apostolic commitment, aware that in the diocese the Church of Christ is truly functioning42.

2. The Secular Franciscans should fulfil with dedication the duties with which they are occupied in their relations to the local Church. They should lend their help to activities of the apostolate as well as to the social activities existing in the diocese.43 In the spirit of service, they should make themselves present, as the fraternity of the SFO, within the life of the diocese. They should be ready to collaborate with other ecclesial groups and to participate in pastoral councils.

3. Fidelity to their own charism, Franciscan and secular, and the witness of building fraternity, sincerely and openly, are their principal services to the Church, which is the community of love. They should be recognized in it by their "being," from which their mission springs.

Article 101

1. The Secular Franciscans should collaborate with the bishops and follow their directions in so far as they are the moderators of the ministry of the Word and of the Liturgy and the co-ordinators of the various forms of apostolate in the local Church.44

2. The fraternities are subject to the vigilance of the Ordinary in so far as they perform their activities within the local Churches.45

Article 102

1. The fraternities established in a parish church should seek to co-operate in the animation of the parochial community, in the liturgy and in fraternal relations. They should integrate themselves into the pastoral apostolate as a whole, with preference for those activities more congenial to the Secular Franciscan tradition and spirituality.

2. In the parishes entrusted to Franciscan religious, the fraternities constitute the mediation and the secular witness of the Franciscan charism in the parochial community through their exercise of the fruitful life-giving reciprocity. Therefore, united with the religious, they see to the spreading of the gospel message and of the Franciscan lifestyle.

Article 103

1. Remaining faithful to their own identity, the fraternities will take care to make the most of each occasion for prayer, formation, and active collaboration with other ecclesial groups. They should

42 Christus Dominus 11; Can. 396; See 2 Celano 10; 1 Celano 18. 43 See Can. 311. 44 See Can. 394; 756; 775 ss. 45 See Can. 305; 392.

welcome with pleasure those who, without belonging to the SFO, wish to share its experiences and activities.

2. The fraternities will promote, wherever possible, fraternal relations with non-Catholic associations inspired by Francis.

Approved by the Vatican December 8, 2000

REFERENCES TO CANON LAW IN THE SFO GENERAL CONSTITUTIONS

NUMERICAL

Can. 116 §1. Public juridic persons are aggregates of persons (universitates personarum) or of things (universitates rerum) which are constituted by competent ecclesiastical authority so that, within the purposes set out for them, they fulfill in the name of the Church, according to the norm of the prescripts of the law, the proper function entrusted to them in view of the public good; other juridic persons are private.

§2. Public juridic persons are given this personality either by the law itself or by a special decree of competent authority expressly granting it. Private juridic persons are given this personality only through a special decree of competent authority expressly granting it.

Can. 164 Unless the law has provided otherwise, the prescripts of the following canons are to be observed in canonical elections.

Can. 210 All the Christian faithful must direct their efforts to lead a holy life and to promote the growth of the Church and its continual sanctification, according to their own condition.

Can. 214 The Christian faithful have the right to worship God according to the prescripts of their own rite approved by the legitimate pastors of the Church and to follow their own form of spiritual life so long as it is consonant with the doctrine of the Church

Can. 225 §1. Since, like all the Christian faithful, lay persons are designated by God for the apostolate through baptism and confirmation, they are bound by the general obligation and possess the right as individuals, or joined in associations, to work so that the divine message of salvation is made known and accepted by all persons everywhere in the world. This obligation is even more compelling in those circumstances in which only through them can people hear the gospel and know Christ.

§2. According to each one’s own condition, they are also bound by a particular duty to imbue and perfect the order of temporal affairs with the spirit of the gospel and thus to give witness to Christ, especially in carrying out these same affairs and in exercising secular functions.

Can. 275 §1. Since clerics all work for the same purpose, namely, the building up of the Body of Christ, they are to be united among themselves by a bond of brotherhood and prayer and are to strive for cooperation among themselves according to the prescripts of particular law.

§2. Clerics are to acknowledge and promote the mission which the laity, each for his or her part, exercise in the Church and in the world.

Can. 301 §1. It is for the competent ecclesiastical authority alone to erect associations of the Christian faithful which propose to hand on Christian doctrine in the name of the Church or to promote public worship, or which intend other purposes whose pursuit is of its nature reserved to the same ecclesiastical authority.

§2. Competent ecclesiastical authority, if it has judged it expedient, can also erect associations of the Christian faithful to pursue directly or indirectly other spiritual purposes whose accomplishment has not been sufficiently provided for through the initiatives of private persons.

§3. Associations of the Christian faithful which are erected by competent ecclesiastical authority are called public associations.

Can. 303 Associations whose members share in the spirit of some religious institute while in secular life, lead an apostolic life, and strive for Christian perfection under the higher direction of the same institute are called third orders or some other appropriate name.

Can. 304 §1. All public or private associations of the Christian faithful, by whatever title or name they are called, are to have their own statutes which define the purpose or social objective of the association, its seat, government, and conditions required for membership and which determine the manner of its acting, attentive, however, to the necessity or advantage of time and place.

§2. They are to choose a title or name for themselves adapted to the usage of time and place, selected above all with regard to their intended purpose.

Can. 305 §1. All associations of the Christian faithful are subject to the vigilance of competent ecclesiastical authority which is to take care that the integrity of faith and morals is preserved in them and is to watch so that abuse does not creep into ecclesiastical discipline. This authority therefore has the duty and right to inspect them according to the norm of law and the statutes. These associations are also subject to the governance of this same authority according to the prescripts of the canons which follow.

§2. Associations of any kind are subject to the vigilance of the Holy See; diocesan associations and other associations to the extent that they work in the diocese are subject to the vigilance of the local ordinary.

Can. 311 Members of institutes of consecrated life who preside offer or assist associations in some way united to their institute are to take care that these associations give assistance to the works of the apostolate which already exist in a diocese, especially cooperating, under the direction of the local ordinary, with associations which are ordered to the exercise of the apostolate in the diocese.

Can. 312 §1. The authority competent to erect public associations is:

1/ the Holy See for universal and international associations;

2/ the conference of bishops in its own territory for national associations, that is, those which from their founding are directed toward activity throughout the whole nation;

3/ the diocesan bishop in his own territory, but not a diocesan administrator, for diocesan associations, except, however, for those associations whose right of erection has been reserved to others by apostolic privilege.

§2. Written consent of the diocesan bishop is required for the valid erection of an association or section of an association in a diocese even if it is done by virtue of apostolic privilege. Nevertheless, the consent given by a diocesan bishop for the erection of a house of a religious institute is also valid for the erection in the same house or church attached to it of an association which is proper to that institute.

Can. 313 Through the same decree by which the competent ecclesiastical authority according to the norm of ⇒ can. 312 erects it, a public association and even a confederation of public associations is constituted a juridic person and, to the extent it is required, receives a mission for the purposes which it proposes to pursue in the name of the Church.

Can. 316 §1. A person who has publicly rejected the Catholic faith, has defected from ecclesiastical communion, or has been punished by an imposed or declared excommunication cannot be received validly into public associations.

§2. Those enrolled legitimately who fall into the situation mentioned in §1, after being warned, are to be dismissed from the association, with due regard for its statutes and without prejudice to the right of

51 52 General Constitutions 2000 recourse to the ecclesiastical authority mentioned in ⇒ can. 312, §1. Can. 392 §1. Since he must protect the unity of the universal Church, a bishop is bound to promote the common discipline of the whole Church and therefore to urge the observance of all ecclesiastical laws.

§2. He is to exercise vigilance so that abuses do not creep into ecclesiastical discipline, especially regarding the ministry of the word, the celebration of the sacraments and sacramentals, the worship of God and the veneration of the saints, and the administration of goods.

Can. 394 §1. A bishop is to foster various forms of the apostolate in the diocese and is to take care that in the entire diocese or in its particular districts, all the works of the apostolate are coordinated under his direction, with due regard for the proper character of each.

§2. He is to insist upon the duty which binds the faithful to exercise the apostolate according to each one’s condition and ability and is to exhort them to participate in and assist the various works of the apostolate according to the needs of place and time.

Can. 518 As a general rule a parish is to be territorial, that is, one which includes all the Christian faithful of a certain territory. When it is expedient, however, personal parishes are to be established determined by reason of the rite, language, or nationality of the Christian faithful of some territory, or even for some other reason.

Can. 756 §1. With respect to the universal Church, the function of proclaiming the gospel has been entrusted principally to the Roman Pontiff and the college of bishops.

§2. With respect to the particular church entrusted to him, an individual bishop, who is the moderator of the entire ministry of the word within it, exercises that function; sometimes several bishops fulfill this function jointly with respect to different churches at once, according to the norm of law.

Can. 775 §1. Having observed the prescripts issued by the Apostolic See, it is for the diocesan bishop to issue norms for catechetics, to make provision that suitable instruments of catechesis are available, even by preparing a catechism if it seems opportune, and to foster and coordinate catechetical endeavors.

§2. If it seems useful, it is for the conference of bishops to take care that catechisms are issued for its territory, with the previous approval of the Apostolic See.

§3. The conference of bishops can establish a catechetical office whose primary function is to assist individual dioceses in catechetical matters. http://www.vatican.va/archive/cdc/index.htm

REFERENCES TO DOCUMENTS IN THE SFO GENERAL CONSTITUTIONS

ALPHABETICAL

APOSTOLICAM ACTUOSITATEM Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity 30. The training for the apostolate should start with the children's earliest education. In a special way, however, adolescents and young persons should be initiated into the apostolate and imbued with its spirit. This formation must be perfected throughout their whole life in keeping with the demands of new responsibilities. It is evident, therefore, that those who have the obligation to provide a Christian education also have the duty of providing formation for the apostolate. In the family parents have the task of training their children from childhood on to recognize God's love for all men. By example especially they should teach them little by little to be solicitous for the material and spiritual needs of their neighbor. The whole family in its common life, then, should be a sort of apprenticeship for the apostolate. Children must be educated, too, in such fashion that transcending the family circle, they may open their minds to both ecclesiastical and temporal communities. They should be so involved in the local community of the parish that they will acquire a consciousness of being living and active members of the people of God. Priests should focus their attention on the formation of the laity for the apostolate in their catechetics, their ministry of the word, their direction of souls, and in their other pastoral services. Schools, colleges, and other Catholic educational institutions also have the duty to develop a Catholic sense and apostolic activity in young persons. If young people lack this formation either because they do not attend these schools or because of any other reason, all the more should parents, pastors of souls, and apostolic organizations attend to it. Teachers and educators on the other hand, who carry on a distinguished form of the apostolate of the laity by their vocation and office, should be equipped with that learning and pedagogical skill that are needed for imparting such education effectively. Likewise, lay groups and associations dedicated to the apostolate or other supernatural goals, should carefully and assiduously promote formation for the apostolate in keeping with their purpose and condition.(4) Frequently these groups are the ordinary vehicle for harmonious formation for the apostolate inasmuch as they provide doctrinal, spiritual, and practical formation. Their members meet in small groups with their associates or friends, examine the methods and results of their apostolic activity, and compare their daily way of life with the Gospel. Formation of this type must be so organized that it takes into account the whole lay apostolate, which must be carried on not only among the organized groups themselves but also in all circumstances throughout one's whole life, especially one's professional and social life. Indeed, everyone should diligently prepare himself for the apostolate, this preparation being the more urgent in adulthood. For the advance of age brings with it a more open mind, enabling each person to detect more readily the talents with which God has enriched his soul and to exercise more effectively those charisms which the Holy Spirit has bestowed on him for the good of his brethren.

CHRISTUS DOMINUS Decree Concerning the Pastoral Office of Bishops 11. A diocese is a portion of the people of God which is entrusted to a bishop to be shepherded by him with the cooperation of the presbytery. Thus by adhering to its pastor and gathered together by him through the Gospel and the Eucharist in the Holy Spirit, it constitutes a particular church in which the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church of Christ is truly present and operative. Individual bishops who have been entrusted with the care of a particular church-under the authority of the supreme pontiff-feed their sheep in the name of the Lord as their own, ordinary, and immediate pastors, performing for them the office of teaching, sanctifying, and governing. Nevertheless, they should recognize the rights which legitimately belong to patriarchs or other hierarchical authorities.(1) Bishops should dedicate themselves to their apostolic office as witness of Christ before all men. They should not only look after those who already follow the Prince of Pastors but should also wholeheartedly devote themselves to those who have strayed in any way from the path of truth or are ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and His saving mercy until finally all men walk "in all goodness and justice and truth" (Eph. 5:9).

11. cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, chap. 6, nos. 44 and 45: A.A.S. 57 (1965) pp. 50-52.

DEI VERBUM Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation 10. Sacred tradition and Sacred Scripture form one sacred deposit of the word of God, committed to the Church. Holding fast to this deposit the entire holy people united with their shepherds remain always steadfast in the teaching of the Apostles, in the common life, in the breaking of the bread and in prayers (see Acts 2, 42, Greek text), so that holding to, practicing and professing the heritage of the faith, it becomes on the part of the bishops and faithful a single common effort. (7) But the task of authentically interpreting the word of God, whether written or handed on, (8) has been entrusted exclusively to the living teaching office of the Church, (9) whose authority is exercised in the name of Jesus Christ. This teaching office is not above the word of God, but serves it, teaching only what has been handed on, listening to it devoutly, guarding it scrupulously and explaining it faithfully in accord with a divine commission and with the help of the Holy Spirit, it draws from this one deposit of faith everything which it presents for belief as divinely revealed. It is clear, therefore, that sacred tradition, Sacred Scripture and the teaching authority of the Church, in accord with God's most wise design, are so linked and joined together that one cannot

54 General Constitutions 2000 55 stand without the others, and that all together and each in its own way under the action of the one Holy Spirit contribute effectively to the salvation of souls.

7. cf. Pius XII, apostolic constitution, "Munificentissimus Deus," Nov. 1, 1950: A.A.S. 42 (1950) p. 756; Collected Writings of St. Cyprian, Letter 66, 8: Hartel, III, B, p. 733: "The Church [is] people united with the priest and the pastor together with his flock."

8. cf. First Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith, Chap. 3 "On Faith:" Denzinger 1792 (3011).

9. cf. Pius XII, encyclical "Humani Generis," Aug. 12, 1950: A.A.S. 42 (1950) pp. 568-69: Denzinger 2314 (3886).

GAUDIUM ET SPES PASTORAL CONSTITUTION ON THE CHURCH IN THE MODERN WORLD

31. In order for individual men to discharge with greater exactness the obligations of their conscience toward themselves and the various group to which they belong, they must be carefully educated to a higher degree of culture through the use of the immense resources available today to the human race. Above all the education of youth from every social background has to be undertaken, so that there can be produced not only men and women of refined talents, but those great-souled persons who are so desperately required by our times. Now a man can scarcely arrive at the needed sense of responsibility, unless his living conditions allow him to become conscious of his dignity, and to rise to.(15) destiny by spending himself for God and for others. But human freedom is often crippled when a man encounters extreme poverty just as it withers when he indulges in too many of life's comforts and imprisons himself in a kind of splendid isolation. Freedom acquires new strength, by contrast, when a man consents to the unavoidable requirements of social life, takes on the manifold demands of human partnership, and commits himself to the service of the human community. Hence, the will to play one's role in common endeavors should be everywhere encouraged. Praise is due to those national procedures which allow the largest possible number of citizens to participate in public affairs with genuine freedom. Account must be taken, to be sure, of the actual conditions of each people and the decisiveness required by public authority. If every citizen is to feel inclined to take part in the activities of the various groups which make up the social body, these must offer advantages which will attract members and dispose them to serve others. We can justly consider that the future of humanity lies in the hands of those who are strong enough to provide coming generations with reasons for living and hoping.

15. Cf. Acts 1:7. 67. Human labor which is expended in the production and exchange of goods or in the performance of economic services is superior to the other elements of economic life, for the latter have only the nature of tools.

This labor, whether it is engaged in independently or hired by someone else, comes immediately from the person, who as it were stamps the things of nature with his seal and subdues them to his will. By his labor a man ordinarily supports himself and his family, is joined to his fellow men and serves them, and can exercise genuine charity and be a partner in the work of bringing divine creation to perfection. Indeed, we hold that through labor offered to God man is associated with the redemptive work of Jesus Christ, Who conferred an eminent dignity on labor when at Nazareth He worked with His own hands. From this there follows for every man the duty of working faithfully and also the right to work. It is the duty of society, moreover, according to the circumstances prevailing in it, and in keeping with its role, to help the citizens to find sufficient employment. Finally, remuneration for labor is to be such that man may be furnished the means to cultivate worthily his own material, social, cultural, and spiritual life and that of his dependents, in view of the function and productiveness of each one, the conditions of the factory or workshop, and the common good.(6) Since economic activity for the most part implies the associated work of human beings, any way of organizing and directing it which may be detrimental to any working men and women would be wrong and inhuman. It happens too often, however, even in our days, that workers are reduced to the level of being slaves to their own work. This is by no means justified by the so- called economic laws. The entire process of productive work, therefore, must be adapted to the needs of the person and to his way of life, above all to his domestic life, especially in respect to mothers of families, always with due regard for sex and age. The opportunity, moreover, should be granted to workers to unfold their own abilities and personality through the performance of their work. Applying their time and strength to their employment with a due sense of responsibility, they should also all enjoy sufficient rest and leisure to cultivate their familial, cultural, social and religious life. They should also have the opportunity freely to develop the energies and potentialities which perhaps they cannot bring to much fruition in their professional work.

6. Cf. Leo XIII, encyclical letter Rerum Novarum: AAS 23 (1890-91), p. 649, p. 662; Pius XI, encyclical letter Quadragesimo Anno: AAS 23 (193-1), pp. 200-201; Pius XI, encyclical letter Divini Redemptoris: AAS 29 (1937), p. 92; Pius XII, radio address on Christmas Eve 1942: AAS 35 (1943) p. 20; Pius XII, allocution of June 13, 1943: AAS 35 (1943), p. 172; Pius XII, radio address to the workers of Spain, March 11, 1951: AAS 43 (1951), p. 215; John XXIII, encyclical letter Mater et Magistra: AAS 53 (1961), p. 419. 78. Peace is not merely the absence of war; nor can it be reduced solely to the maintenance of a balance of power between enemies; nor is it brought about by dictatorship Instead, it is rightly and appropriately called an enterprise of justice. Peace results from that order structured into human society by its divine Founder, and actualized by men as they thirst after ever greater justice. The common good of humanity finds its ultimate meaning in the eternal law. But since the concrete demands of this common good are constantly changing as time goes on, peace is never attained once and for all, but must be built up ceaselessly. Moreover, since the human will is unsteady and wounded by sin, the achievement of peace requires a constant mastering of passions and the vigilance of lawful authority. But this is not enough. This peace on earth cannot be obtained unless personal well-being is safeguarded and men freely and trustingly share with one another the riches of their inner spirits and their talents. A firm determination to respect other men and peoples and their dignity, as well

56 General Constitutions 2000 57 as the studied practice of brotherhood are absolutely necessary for the establishment of peace. Hence peace is likewise the fruit of love, which goes beyond what justice can provide. That earthly peace which arises from love of neighbor symbolizes and results from the peace of Christ which radiates from God the Father. For by the cross the incarnate Son, the prince of peace reconciled all men with God. By thus restoring all men to the unity of one people and one body, He slew hatred in His own flesh; and, after being lifted on high by His resurrection, He poured forth the spirit of love into the hearts of men. For this reason, all Christians are urgently summoned to do in love what the truth requires, and to join with all true peacemakers in pleading for peace and bringing it about. Motivated by this same spirit, we cannot fail to praise those who renounce the use of violence in the vindication of their rights and who resort to methods of defense which are otherwise available to weaker parties too, provided this can be done without injury to the rights and duties of others or of the community itself. Insofar as men are sinful, the threat of war hangs over them, and hang over them it will until the return of Christ. But insofar as men vanquish sin by a union of love, they will vanquish violence as well and make these words come true: "They shall turn their swords into plough-shares, and their spears into sickles. Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more" (Isaiah 2:4).

LUMEN GENTIUM Dogmatic Constitution on the Church 12. The holy people of God shares also in Christ's prophetic office; it spreads abroad a living witness to Him, especially by means of a life of faith and charity and by offering to God a sacrifice of praise, the tribute of lips which give praise to His name.(110) The entire body of the faithful, anointed as they are by the Holy One,(111) cannot err in matters of belief. They manifest this special property by means of the whole peoples' supernatural discernment in matters of faith when "from the Bishops down to the last of the lay faithful" (8*) they show universal agreement in matters of faith and morals. That discernment in matters of faith is aroused and sustained by the Spirit of truth. It is exercised under the guidance of the sacred teaching authority, in faithful and respectful obedience to which the people of God accepts that which is not just the word of men but truly the word of God.(112) Through it, the people of God adheres unwaveringly to the faith given once and for all to the saints,(113) penetrates it more deeply with right thinking, and applies it more fully in its life. It is not only through the sacraments and the ministries of the Church that the Holy Spirit sanctifies and leads the people of God and enriches it with virtues, but, "allotting his gifts to everyone according as He wills,(114) He distributes special graces among the faithful of every rank. By these gifts He makes them fit and ready to undertake the various tasks and offices which contribute toward the renewal and building up of the Church, according to the words of the Apostle: "The manifestation of the Spirit is given to everyone for profit".(115) These charisms, whether they be the more outstanding or the more simple and widely diffused, are to

57 58 General Constitutions 2000 be received with thanksgiving and consolation for they are perfectly suited to and useful for the needs of the Church. Extraordinary gifts are not to be sought after, nor are the fruits of apostolic labor to be presumptuously expected from their use; but judgment as to their genuinity and proper use belongs to those who are appointed leaders in the Church, to whose special competence it belongs, not indeed to extinguish the Spirit, but to test all things and hold fast to that which is good.(116)

35. Christ, the great Prophet, who proclaimed the Kingdom of His Father both by the testimony of His life and the power of His words, continually fulfills His prophetic office until the complete manifestation of glory. He does this not only through the hierarchy who teach in His name and with His authority, but also through the laity whom He made His witnesses and to whom He gave understanding of the faith (sensu fidei) and an attractiveness in speech(200) so that the power of the Gospel might shine forth in their daily social and family life. They conduct themselves as children of the promise, and thus strong in faith and in hope they make the most of the present,(201) and with patience await the glory that is to come.(202) Let them not, then, hide this hope in the depths of their hearts, but even in the program of their secular life let them express it by a continual conversion and by wrestling "against the world-rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of wickedness.(203) Just as the sacraments of the New Law, by which the life and the apostolate of the faithful are nourished, prefigure a new heaven and a new earth,(204) so too the laity go forth as powerful proclaimers of a faith in things to be hoped for,(205) when they courageously join to their profession of faith a life springing from faith. This evangelization, that is, this announcing of Christ by a living testimony as well as by the spoken word, takes on a specific quality and a special force in that it is carried out in the ordinary surroundings of the world. In connection with the prophetic function, that state of life which is sanctified by a special sacrament obviously of great importance, namely, married and family life. For where Christianity pervades the entire mode of family life, ala gradually transforms it, one will find there both the practice and an excellent school of the lay apostolate. In such a home husbands and wives find their proper vocation in being witnesses of the faith and love of Christ to one another and to their children. The Christian family loudly proclaims both the present virtues of the Kingdom of God and the hope of a blessed life to come. Thus by its example and its witness it accuses the world of sin and enlightens those who seek the truth. Consequently, even when preoccupied with temporal cares, the laity can and must perform a work of great value for the evangelization of the world. For even if some of them have to fulfill their religious duties on their own, when there are no sacred ministers or in times of persecution; and even if many of them devote all their energies to apostolic work; still it remains for each one of them to cooperate in the external spread and the dynamic growth of the Kingdom of Christ in the world. Therefore, let the laity devotedly strive to acquire a more profound grasp of revealed truth, and let them insistently beg of God the gift of wisdom.

40. The Lord Jesus, the divine Teacher and Model of all perfection, preached holiness of life to each and everyone of His disciples of every condition. He Himself stands as the author and consumator of this holiness of life: "Be you therefore perfect, even as your heavenly Father is perfect".(216)(2*) Indeed He sent the Holy Spirit upon all men that He might move them inwardly to love God with their whole heart and their whole soul, with all their mind and all their strength(217) and that they might love each other as Christ loves them.(218) The followers of Christ are called by God, not because of their works, but according to His own purpose and grace. They are justified in the Lord Jesus, because in the baptism of faith they truly become sons of God and sharers in the divine nature. In this way they are really made holy. Then too, by God's gift, they must hold on to and complete in their lives this holiness they have received. They are warned by the Apostle to live "as becomes saints",(219) and to put on "as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, meekness, patience",(220) and to possess the fruit of the Spirit in holiness.(221) Since truly we all offend in many things (222) we all need God's mercies continually and we all must daily pray: "Forgive us our debts"(223)(3*) Thus it is evident to everyone, that all the faithful of Christ of whatever rank or status, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity;(4*) by this holiness as such a more human manner of living is promoted in this earthly society. In order that the faithful may reach this perfection, they must use their strength accordingly as they have received it, as a gift from Christ. They must follow in His footsteps and conform themselves to His image seeking the will of the Father in all things. They must devote themselves with all their being to the glory of God and the service of their neighbor. In this way, the holiness of the People of God will grow into an abundant harvest of good, as is admirably shown by the life of so many saints in Church history.

110 Cf. Heb. 13, 15.

111 Cf. Jn. 2, 20, 27

112 Cf. 1 Thess. 2, 13.

113 Cf. Jud. 3

114 1 Cor. 12, 11.

115 Cf. 1 Thess 5, 12, 19-21.

116 Cf. Jn. 11, 52.

201 Cf. Eph. 5, 16; Col. 4, 5.

202 Cf. Rom. 8, 25.

203 Eph. 6, 12.fi3

204 Cf. Apoc. 21, 1.

205 Cf. Heb. 11-1

218 Cf Jn. 13, 34; 15, 12.

219 Eph. 5, 3.

220 Col . 3, 12.

221 Cf. Gal. 5, 22; Rom. 6, 22.

222 Cf. Jas. 3, 2.

223 1 Mt. 6, 12.

RITUAL OF THE SECULAR FRANCISCAN ORDER English translation approved August 5, 1985 by the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship

10. The rite of admission, which precedes the time of formation, should be simple and plain. It is appropriate that this entrance take place within the celebration of the Word God with the fraternity present.

13. Since by its very nature profession is a public and ecclesial act, it should be celebrated in the presence of the fraternity. It is fitting that the profession be made during the celebration of the Eucharist or at least within an appropriate celebration of the Liturgy of the Word.

18. Profession or permanent commitment can be preceded and prepared for by a temporary promise or commitment, renewed annually, but not extended beyond three years, since it is a preparation for permanent commitment.

Part II Chapter Two Celebration of the Fraternity’s Chapter of Elections

6. After the invocation of the Holy Spirit and a short reading from the Sacred Scriptures (Appendix I, part 1) or from the writings of St. Francis (Appendix I, part 2), the one presiding at the elections offers this prayer:

Almighty, most high and supreme God, Father, holy and just, Lord, King of heaven and earth: we give you thanks for yourself. Of your own will you created all things spiritual and physical, and made us in your own image and likeness, and gave us a place in paradise, through your only Son, in the Holy Spirit. We trust in you and we ask for your light so that we may choose those who will properly serve our fraternity through their leadership. Help us to select those who are able to animate and guide us by their example,

their virtues and prudent decisions so that the gospel of Jesus in the spirit of St. Francis may come alive in our community. We ask this through Christ our Lord. All: Amen.

7. The elections follow in accordance with the Constitutions. When the election process is finished, those elected give witness to their Franciscan vocation and to their readiness to be of service.

8. After all this is completed, the one presiding at the elections says to those newly elected:

May the God of hope bring you such joy and peace in your faith that the power of the Holy Spirit will remove all bounds to hope (Rom 15:13) All: Blessed be God forever!

The one presiding continues:

Let us pray for those who have been elected. Through their service of animating and guiding the fraternity, may we all live our faith more deeply, witness to Christ more bravely, and work to prepare the kingdom of God.

All join in this prayer:

Most generous Father, grant, through the dedicated efforts of our new leaders who have been called to serve our fraternity, that all of us may know you better, and make you known to all. May we live more vigorously the gospel way of life that you inspired through Francis of Assisi. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen.

APPENDIX Liturgical Prayer For the Members of the Secular Franciscan Order

26. According to the SFO Rule (art. 8), the members of the SecularFranciscan Order are to join in liturgical prayer in one of the forms proposed by the Church, reliving the mysteries of Christ.

27. These prayers may be:

61 62 General Constitutions 2000 a. Morning and evening prayer from The Liturgy of the Hours, either in common or in private. These celebrations are to be preferred at the fraternity meeting. b. A shortened form of The Liturgy of the Hours according to forms adapted to the local Churches. c. The Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary. d. The office of the Passion written by St. Francis of Assisi e. The office of the twelve Our Fathers in one of its many versions that have been enriched with short biblical readings and also adapted to the structure of The Liturgy of the Hours, especially since this form of prayer still thrives in many parts of the world and is a useful way of praying in everyday circumstances.

INDEX OF THE 2000 GENERAL CONSTITUTIONS of the SECULAR FRANCISCAN ORDER

First number indicates Article Bursar, 52-4 Collaboration, 30-2, 31-3, Second number indicates 31-4, 37-2 Paragraph C 71b, 71f, 71g, 93-3, 95-3, 103 i.e. 2-1 = Article 2, Paragraph 1 Candidate, 37-2, 39-1, 39-3, Communion, 42-1, 71b, 93-1 40-1, 40-2 with the church, 39-2, 85-2 This index does not refer to 41-1, 42-1 Communion of saints, 27-1 page numbers, as there are Canon law, 1-4, 85-2 Community, 31-2 various formats of the GC Canonical establishment, prayer, 40-3 available. By referring to 46-1, 95-2 Conception, 24-1 Article and Paragraph, this index will Catechesis, 17-2, 24-1 Conditions work with any format. Catechists, 17-2 for admission, 39 Catholic faith, 39-2 for profession, 41-2 Cessation of a fraternity, 48-1 Conference A Charisms, 1-2 of general assistants, 74-2c, Abrogation, 7 Charitable works, 30-3 94-3 Abstinence, 13-3 Charity, 13-2, 17-4 of superiors, 90-2 Admission Chapter Confirm election, 76-2 act of, 39-4, 46-2 elective, 49-3 Conscientious objection, 23-2 conditions, 39-2 national, 67-2c Constitutions, 4-1, 4-3, 5-1, note of, 52-2b president, 76-3 5-2, 7, request, 39-1 regional, 64 29-1, 31-1, 33-1, 36, 40-2, rite of, 40-1 Children, 25 50d, 50h Admonish, 58-2 Choice(s), 12-2, 23-2, 50 51-1d, 58-3, 62j, 68-1, 69-1, Age, 41-2 Christian love, 22-3 73c, Aggrievances, 59 Christian commitment, 24-1 76-1, 87-3, 89-1, 90-3, 92-2, Altius moderamen, 85-2, Christian motivations, 19-1 94-1, 87-1, 94-1 Church, 24-1, 92-1, 92-2, 96-2 Annual report, 51-1, 62g, 93-4 Consumerism, 15-3 63-2f, 66h doctrine, 99-1 Contemplation, 12-3, 36 Another religious family, 2-1 duties, 100-2 Continuing formation, 44 Apostolate, 17-1, 40-1, 50, events, 44-2 Contributions, 30-3, 52-4a 100-2, 101-1 law, 76-1 Conversion, 8-2, 13-1, 13-2 Apostolic, 2-1, 3-2 services to, 100-3 Convocation, 76-1 activities, 31-4, 95-4 teachings, 40-2 Council, 31-1, 31-4, 32-1, commitment, 100-1 rebuild, 100-1 33-3, 37-2 life, 3-1 C.I.O.F.S., 69-2 38-3, 39-3, 41-1, 41-2, 45-2, vitality, 92-2 Civil 49-1, works, 30-3 authorities, 51-2, 74-2d 58-1, 89-1, 89-4, 91-3, 92-2, Appeal, 59, 92-6 juridical personality, 54-1, 92-3, Attitude, 18-2 54-2 93-6, 94-4 legislation, 54-2 co-responsibility, 51-1 B responsibilities, 20-2 duties of, 50 Baptism, 17-1, 42-1 rights, 74-2j higher level, 46-1, 46-2, Bear arms, 23-2 Clare of Assisi, 98-2 46-2, 49-1 Beatitudes, 15-1, 36 Clarification, 5-3 51-1, 58-1, 58-2, 58-3, 59, Bishop, 3-2, 46-1, 95-2, 99-1, Clergy, secular, 2-2 76-2, 84-1 101-1 Co-responsibility, 30-1, 30-2

of another local fraternity, communion, 58-2 Formation, 8-2, 37-1, 37-2, 46-2 Ecology, 18-4 37-3, 37-4 of the presidency, 87-2 Elections, 31-1, 49-1, 49-3, 38-1, 40-1, 40-4, 41-1, 41-2, officers, 49-2 63-2b, 41-3 duties, 51, 52 67-2e, 76, 92-3 46-2, 50, 66d, 89-4, 92-4, replaced, 79-3 accept office, 78-4 93-4, 95-4, youth, 97-3 call anew, 79-5 103 Councillor(s), 31-2, 32-2, 50f, confirm, 76-2, 78-4 continuous, 44-1, 44-2, 44-3 86-2 directives concerning, 80 master, 52-3 election, 78-3 invalidate, 79-5 Francis of Assisi, 1-2, 3-2, 10, terms, 79-3 preside, 76-2 14-2 vacant, 81-1 scrutineers, 76-4 charism, 85-1 Courses, 44-3 secretary of, 76-4, 78-4 example, 12-1, 42-1 Creatures, 26-1 tie, 78-1 message of, 18-1, 96-2 Crosses, 10 Elective chapter, 51-1 model, 98-1 Environment, 26-1 person, 40-2 D Establishment, 46-1 spirit of, 71a Death(s), 24-1, 27-2, 52-2b Eternal life, 26-1, 27-1 writings, 12-1, 40-2 of minister, 81-1 Eucharist, 14-2, 53-2 Franciscan Decree of establishment, Evangelical, 8-2 charism, 85-2, 92-1, 94-1, 28-3, 46-2 formation, 71c 100-3, 102-2 Decisions, 31-4 life, 40-1, 41-2, 71a, 96-1 churches, 90-5 Definitive withdrawal, 58-1 poverty, 15-1, 15-2 family, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 3-2, Detachment, 27-1 vitality, 92-2 23-1, 32-1 Dialogue, 15-2, 24-2, 31-3, way, 40-2 47-1, 53-2, 71f, 85-1, 85-2, 50b, 56-1 Example, 12-1, 37-3 89-1, 58-1, 93-3 Exclusion, 18-2 92-1, 93-4, 96-6, 98-1 Difficulties, 10, 50b, 56-1 Excommunication, 58-2 houses, 90-5 Dignity, 10 Expenses, 52-4b institutes, 91-2 Diocesan ordinary, 91-2 Experiences, 44-3 lifestyle, 102-2 Diocese, 100-1, 100-2 Exploitation, 15-3, 18-2 major superior, 91-3, 91-4 Discernment, 38-1 obedience, 47-2, 61-1 Discrimination, 18-2 F options, 93-3 Dismissal, 58-2, 58-3, 58-4 Faith, 8-2, 27-2, 44-2 priest, 91-1 Distance, 53-3 rejected, 58-2 religious, 102-2 Distress, 26-2 Faithfulness, 11 sign, 43 Doctrine, 10 Families, 15-2, 23-1 spirit, 10, 92-1 Documents Family, 17-4, 23-3, 24-1, spirituality, 89-3, 91-3, legislative, 87-2 24-2, 53-3 102-1 liturgical, 87-2 groups, 24-2 symbol, 43 Duties, 50f life, 12-1, 24-2 tradition, 102-1 problems, 24-2, 24-3 Franciscans E Fasting, 13-3 first order, 1-4, 46-1, 50g, Ecclesial Father, 12-1, 12-2, 12-3, 70-1 act, 42-1 14-5, 15-1 74-2c, 76-2, 85-1, 85-2, 89-2, authorities, 74-2d Fatherhood of god, 26-1 91-1, bodies, 66i Fidelity, 24-3 94-1, 98-1 communities, 17-2, 17-3, Financial second order, 98-1 53-2 conduct, 50e, 62i third order regular, 1-4, groups, 98-1, 100-2, 103 contributions, 30-3 46-1, 50g Ecclesiastical questions, 89-5 70-1, 74-2c, 76-2, 85-1, 85-2, authorities, 51-2 89-2,

91-1, 94-1, 98-1 assistants SFO, 70-1, 72-1, Duties, 73 youth, 70-2, 93-4, 96-2, 74-2c, 90-1 purposes, 71 96-3, 96-4, chapter, 5-2, 6-1, 70-3, statutes of, 87-2 96-5, 97-1, 97-2 70-4, 73, councillors, 75, 79-4 council, 97-3 74-2b fraternity, 69-1 Fraternal Generations, 24-2 statutes, 69-1, 73c communion, 98-2 Geographic proximity, 61-1 Interpretation, 5 correction, 94-4 Gospel, 1-3, 8-1, 8-2, 9-2, Invalidate elections, 79-5 life, 11 17-2, 26-2 love, 19-1, 23-1 from G.to life, 44-2 J visits, 51-1, 62h, 63-2c, live the, 42-1 Joy(s), 12-1, 26-1, 26-2 63-2g, 66j spreading of, 98-1, 102-2 Juridical personality, 51-2, 67-2f, 67-2g, 74-2e, 92-1, Grace, 45-1 54-1, 92-6, 93-1 Groups, 34, 36, 50d, 92-4 63-2e, 67-2d, 69-1, 93-5 93-2 Justice, 10, 22-2, 23-1 unity, 90-5 H Fraternity, 1-1, 1-3, 1-5, 4-3, Habitual default, 56-2 K 28-2, Health, 53-3 Kingdom of god, 3-2, 17-1, 28-3 Help, 12-2 20-1 apostolic activities of, 95-4 Holiness, 1-1 canonical establishment, Holy see, 1-4, 5-1, 59, 87-1, L 46-1 99-1 Laity, 2-2, 3-2, 14-1, 40-2 cessation, 48-1 Holy spirit, 1-3, 9-2, 11, 12-1, Last will and testament, 23-3 council 16-2 Law(s), 22-1, 58-3 establishment, 46-1, 86-1 37-2, 96-2, 99-1 Leaders, 31-3, 31-4 fund, 30-3 Hope, 26-2, 27-2 lay, 93-1 higher level, 48-1 Human development, 22-2 Legislative fields, 71c international, 29-1 Human dignity, 10, 18-1, 22-2 Leisure, 21-2 library, 48-1, 48-2 Human values, 15-3 Life-giving, 98-1, 102-2 life, 40-3 Humanity, 12-3 Liturgical prayer, 14-4 liturgical life, 95-4 Liturgy, 17-4, 101-1 meetings, 31-4 I Liturgy of the hours, 14-4 national, 29-1, 61-1 Illness, 27-1 Local church, 17-4, 23-1, of priests, 35-1 Incompatible offices, 82 28-2 origin, 28-1 Indifference, 18-2, 22-2 Loneliness, 24-2 patrimonial goods, 48-1 Inefficiency, 19-2 Love, 9-2, 10, 12-2, 15-4, personal, 60 Initiation, 37-1, 38-1, 38-2 18-1 prayer life of, 95-4 Injustice, 19-2, 22-2 for church, 40-2 records, 39-4, 42-5, 46-2, Institutes, 1-4 fraternal, 19-1 48-2, 52-2b Institutions, 23-1 married, 24- regional, 29-1, 61-1, 61-2, Interdependence, 71b 61-3, 62i International M 63-1 council, 5-3, 6-1, 6-2, 33-3, Major superiors, 89-1 registers, 56-3, 58-1 36, 46-3, Majority, 78-1 revival, 48-2 59, 65-2, 66f, 66g, 66h, 72-1, Marginalization, 98-1 Freedom, 12-2, 15-1, 18-3 74-1, Marriage, 24-2 Funds, 50e 87-2, 93-4 Married couples, 24-1, 24-2 Future, 26-2 duties, 71 Master (formation), 52-3 members, 70-1 Mary, 16-1, 16-2 G presidency, 70-2, 72-1, 74-1, Mass media, 52-2c General 90-1, Master of formation, 37-2 96-5 Material goods. 15-3

Matrimony, 24-1 fraternities, 6-2, 65-1, 65-3, Personality of individuals and Membership, 20-1 67-1, fraternities, 33-2 Meetings, 26-2, 31-4, 40-1, 71b, 90-3 Pessimism, 26-2 40-3, 44-3 minister, 94-3 Pluralism, 71b 51-1, 53-1 duties of, 67-2 Pollution, 18-4 exclusion from, 56-3 statutes, 25, 29-3, 34, 38-2, Poor, 19-2 Minister, 31-1, 32-1, 32-2, 41-2, Poor Clares, 98-2 37-2, 39-3 41-3, 43, 46-1, 47-2, 49-3, Pope, 17-3, 23-1, 99-1 41-1, 42-3, 49-1, 51-1, 51-2, 52-4c, Postulancy, 38 58-1, 53-3, 54-1, 54-2, 61-2, 61-3, Poverty, 15-1 93-2, 93-6, 94-4 64, Prayer, 12-3, 14-5, 15-2, death of, 81-1 68-1, 68-2 17-4, 24-1, duties, 51-1 units, 65-2 30-2, 37-3, 40-1, 40-3, 103 election of, 78-1 Nature, 12-3, 18-4 Presbytery, 3-2 general, 72-1, 74-1, 85-2, Novitiate, 40 Presence, 30-2 86-1, 87-1, President, 31-1 87-3, 90-1, 94-2 O Priests, 35-1, 35-2, 91-2, 91-4 duties, 74-2 Obedience, Franciscan, 47-2 Private vows, 36 election, 79-2, 87-2 Obligations, default in, 56-2 Problems, 61-1, 71e, 73, 93-6 removal of, 84-5, 93-6 Obstinacy, 56-2 Professed members, 49-1 term, 79-2 Occupation, 20-2, 21-1 Profession, 1-3, 2-1, 8-1, impediment of, 81-1 Official documents, 74-2i 17-1, 37-1 national, 67-2 a-g Officers, 51, 52 42-1, 42-2, 42-4, 50a, 52-2b provincial, 88, 90-2 Offices accepted by, 42-3 regional, 63-1, 63-2 incompatible, 82 act of, 42-5, 46-2 religious, 86-2 vacant, 81-1 admission to, 41-1 removal of, 81-1, 84-1 resignation of, 83 conditions for, 41-2 resignation, 81-1 removal from, 84 minimum age, 43 secular, 86-2 Oldest by profession, 78-1 request to make, 41-1 terms, 79-1 Oppression, 22-2 temporary, 42-2, 77-1 vice-, 72-1, 81-1 Ordinary, 101-2 Promise of evangelical life, duties, 52-1 Ordinances, 22-1 41-2 election, 78-2 Promised land, 27-1 Minority, 19-2 P Property, 54-1, 93-4 Mission, 11, 14-1, 99-2, 100-3 Parishes, 14-3, 102-1 Provincial, 85-2, 86-1 Moral standing, 39-2 Pastor, 95-2 assistant Motivations, 19-1 Pastoral Purity of heart, 15-4 Movements, 18-3, 23-1 apostolate, 102-1 care, 91-4, 94-1 R N councils, 100-2 Re-admittance, 57-1, 57-2 Nation, 46-3, 68-1 fields, 71c Real estate, 54-1 National visits, 51-1, 63-2g, 67-2g, Rebuild the church, 100-1 assistants, 90-3 86-1, 92-1, Reciprocity, 71b chapter, 68-1 92-6, 94-1, 94-5 Reconciliation, 13-1, 23-1, council(s), 29-2, 29-3, 36, Patrimonial goods, 48-1 32-1 37-4, 38-3, Peace, 23-1, 23-3, 32-1, 98-1 Records, 39-4, 42-5, 46-2, 58-4, 61-2, 62c, 62d, 62g, Pedagogy, 25, 40-4 48-2, 52-2b 63-2d, 66, Penance, 17-3, 17-4 Recreation, 21-2 67-1, 67-2, 73c, 74-2e, 90-2, People of god, 25, 99-1 Regional, 6-3 96-5 Perpetual commitment, 42-2 assistants, 90-2, 90-4 elections, 74-2f Personal needs, 15-3 chapter, 64 Personal pledge, 96-3

council, 37-4, 61-3, 62, Paragraph 16, 21-1 Spiritual assistance, 1-4, 63-2a, 66e Paragraph 17, 24-1 61-2, 86-1, fraternity, 61-3, 62i, 65-1, Paragraph 18, 26-1 89-1, 90-1, 90-2, 91-4, 95-3, 90-4 Paragraph 19, 23-1, 24-2, 96-6 minister, 63-1, 63-2 26-2, 27-1 statutes for, 89-1 Registers, 56-3, 58-1, 92-3, Paragraph 20, 28-2, 29-2, Spiritual assistant, 37-2, 49-2, 93-4 33-1 50g Regulations, 7 Paragraph 21, 31-1 77-1, 89-1, 89-2, 89-4, 89-5, Religious Paragraph 22, 46-1, 47-1 91-1, major superior, 46-1 Paragraph 23, 37-1, 38-1, 91-3, 95-1, 95-3 superiors, 61-2, 65-2 39-1, 40-1, 41-1 formation, 95-3 values, 15-3 42-2, 43, 56-1 higher level, 76-2, 76-3 works, 30-3 Paragraph 24, 53-1 Spiritual retreats, 13-1 Removal from office, 84 Paragraph 25, 30-3 Spirituality, 3-2, 8-1, 9-1, 24-2 recourse, 84-4 Paragraph 26, 92-1 Spouse, 24-1 Renewal, 13-2 State(s), 65-1, 68-1 Renunciation of violence, S Statutes, 4-1, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 22-3 Sacraments, 14-3 31-1 Request for admission, 39-1 matrimony, 24-1 35-2, 36, 50d, 77-2, 90-3, Resignation of office, 83 Sacred ministers, 17-3 94-4 Respect, 21-1 Salvation, 14-1, 17-1 Stewards, 15-3 for life, 24-1, 24-3 Salvific plan, 12-3 Study, 40-1 Responsibility, 18-1 Sanctification, 17-4 Sufferings, 12-1, 24-2, 26-1 civil, 20-2 Scripture, 9-2, 40-2 Suspension, 50c, 56-2, 56-3, social, 20-2 Scrutineers, 76-4 57-1 Retreats, 13-1 Secret ballot, 41-1, 56-2, Ritual, 4-1, 14-4, 40-1, 42-3, 78-1, 84-3 T 78-4, Secretary Tau, 43 96-4 duties of, 52-2 Temporal activities, 3-2, 20-1 Roman pontiff, 99-2 Secular clergy, 2-2, 3-2 Temporary Rome, 69-2 Secular institutes, 98-1 suspension, 56-2 Rule, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 5-1, 8-2, Secular Franciscan withdrawal, 56-1 24-1, pastoral care of, 85-1 Terms, 79-1, 79-2, 79-3 31-1, 33-1, 35-2, 40-2, 42-1, priests, 35-1 Territory, 61-1 68-1, spiritual care of, 85-2 Theological fields, 71c 92-1, 96-3 spirituality, 66b Traditions, 71c approval of, 99-2 Secure, 3-2 Transfers, 52-2b, 55 observance of, 92-2, 94-1 Self-defense, 23-2 Treasurer opposition to the, 56-2 Seraphic father, 99-1 duties of, 52-4 Paragraph 1, 1-2, 98-1 Serenity, 27-2 Paragraph 3, 1-3, 4-3, 5-1 Service, 3-2, 17-1, 32-2, 40-1, U Paragraph 4, 8-2, 9-2, 42-2 100-2 Understanding, 26-2 Paragraph, 17-1, 53-2, 99-1 Sharing of experiences, 24-2 Union of Franciscan ministers Paragraph 7, 8-2, 13-1 Sign, 43 general, 6-1, 74-2g, 76-2, Paragraph 8, 12-3, 14-2, Sister death, 27-2 83-1, 84-5, 53-2 Sisters, 98-2 87-2, 94-2 Paragraph 9, 16-1 Society, 8-2, 12-1, 15-2, 17-4, Unity, 71b Paragraph 10, 10, 12-2 23-1 Universal church, 28-2 Paragraph 11, 15-1 events in, 44-2 Paragraph 13, 18-2 fringe, 19-2 V Paragraph 14, 19-1, 20-1 SFOs in, 71d Vacant offices, 81 Paragraph 15, 22-1 Spiritual advisor, 13-1 Values, 71g

Vice-minister, 52-1 one, 96-3 duties, 52-1 six, 70-4, 79-2, 94-2 election, 78-2 three, 42-2, 51-1a, 51-1c, vacant, 81-1 63-2g, 67-2g Violence, 22-3 79-1, 93-2, 94-3, 94-4 Virtue, 16-1 two, 81-1 Visit Youth, 70-1, 72-1, 77-2, 96-1, fraternal, 93 96-2, pastoral, 94 96-3, 96-4, 96-5, 97-1 Visitor, 92-2, 92-3, 92-4, 92-5, 93-3, 93-4, 93-5, 93-6, 93-7, 95-1 Vitality, 45-1 Vocation, 2-2, 3-2, 10, 11, In an effort to aid in the study 13-1, of the Constitutions this index 16-1, 24-1, 31-2, 35-2, 37-3, was compiled by: 38-1 Kathleen White, SFO 39-2, 40-1, 44-2, 45-1, 93-1, Our Lady of Indiana Regional 96-2, Fraternity 99-1, 100-1 612 Front Street promotion of, 45-1, 45-2 Logansport, IN 46947-3033 Voice, 56-3 It is given freely to the SFO. active, 77-1, 77-2 passive, 77-1, 77-2 Voluntary withdrawal, 57 Vows, private, 36

W Wealth, 15-1 Welcome, 18-2, 37-3, 103 Welcoming, 26-2 Will, 23-3 Will of god, 26-1 Withdrawal, 52-2b definitive, 58-1 temporary, 56-1 voluntary, 56-3, 57-1, 58-1 Witness, 17-1, 19-1, 24-1, 30-2, 31-4 45-2, 50, 91-3, 93-3 Word, 101-1 of God, 13-1, 17-3, 24-1, 44-2 Work, 12-1, 15-2, 21-1, 53-3 Working conditions, 21-1 World, 24-1 fraternities of the, 69-1

Y Year(s), 40-1, 41-2 eighteen, 43 four, 81-1