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Cronología Histórica De México
Cronología histórica de México Antes de iniciarse la época colonial había en México importantes Santa Anna. Se suceden la Guerra de Reforma, la instauración civilizaciones. Entre ellas figuran: la cultura olmeca en el sudeste del Segundo Imperio Mexicano y la resistencia republicana enca- del país (1000 a.C.); la de Teotihuacán, que construyó las pirá- bezada por Benito Juárez. mides cerca de la actual Ciudad de México y alcanzó su apogeo alrededor de 600 d.C.; la maya, cuyos máximos exponentes 1861-1872 son Chichen Itzá y Palenque, que también alcanzó su apogeo Benito Juárez, primer magistrado y procedente de una familia alrededor de 600 d.C.; y la cultura azteca, desarrollada desde indígena, se convierte en presidente. Su mandato, caracteriza- el año 1300. do por reformas liberales, es interrumpido debido a la interven- ción armada de Francia. El archiduque Maximiliano de Austria, 1325 investido por Napoleón III como emperador de México, es ven- Los aztecas fundan la ciudad de Tenochtitlán (donde hoy se en- cido por Juárez (apoyado por los Estados Unidos) y fusilado en cuentra Ciudad de México). 1867. La iglesia pierde su influencia política. 1519-1521 1877-1911 Hernán Cortés, al frente de los conquistadores españoles, so- Bajo la dictadura del presidente Porfirio Díaz se inicia la industria- mete a los aztecas e inicia 300 años de dominación colonial. Se lización del país, con ayuda de inversiones extranjeras. México lleva a cabo la cristianización e hispanización de los indígenas. empieza a depender económicamente de los Estados Unidos. 1821 1910 México declara su independencia y se inicia un período de re- 20 de noviembre gencias. -
CID Working Paper No. 075 :: Presidential Leadership And
Presidential Leadership and Decision-Making in Policy Reforms: The First 150 Days of Vicente Fox Rocío Ramos de Villarreal CID Working Paper No. 75 September 2001 Copyright 2001 Rocio Ramos de Villarreal and the President and Fellows of Harvard College Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University Presidential Leadership and Decision-Making in Policy Reforms. The First 150 Days of Vicente Fox Rocío Ramos de Villarreal Abstract At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Mexico, the twelfth-largest economy in the world and the second-largest trading partner of the US, finds itself undergoing profound transformations. After more than seven decades with a hegemonic party exercising presidential power, the country is now immersed in a full-fledged democratic process, after a ‘silk transition’. Politically, there has been a fundamental transformation in the scope of presidential rule and the relationship between the president and Congress. Whereas the legislative branch was subordinate to the executive for over half a century, Mexico’s new democracy has ushered in a Congress that is more powerful and independent, and the president now needs to lobby and negotiate with it. In this context, the ability to pass reform measures requires not only expertise in technical design or instrumental consistency but, foremost, skillfultactical management in the political arena. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of Mexico’s evolution toward electoral democracy and to analyze President Fox’s leadership and the decision-making process he employed in his efforts to attain two major policy reforms in his first 150 days as president: the tax reform and the Indigenous bill. -
Mexico Rising
v iceS By elaina Loveland Mexico Rising an interview with Vicente Fox, former president of mexico resident Vicente FoX is Known As A VisionArY LeAder with a deep under- standing of the economic and social challenges facing Latin America. He is one of the world’s most important voices on the contemporary geo-political landscape and the role Pof business in the developing world. When elected to the presidency of Mexico in 2000, ie: The story of your career one that embodies what Fox broke the hold that the ruling Institutional Revolu- Americans call the “American dream.” How does tionary Party had held on the State for seven decades. this embody the “Mexican dream” as well? A charismatic reformer, President Fox is credited as Fox: In Mexico achieving the ‘American dream’ is a playing a vital role in Mexico’s democratization, and key process. For the ascension of a people, individuals with strengthening the country’s economy. During need that incentive of having the possibility of living his tenure, he succeeded in controlling inflation and your own personal American dream and I say ‘Amer- interest rates, and in achieving the lowest unemploy- ican’ because it is for all of the Americans—North ment rate in all of Latin America. Americans, South Americans, and Central Ameri- Since leaving office, Fox has continued to be -ac cans, including Mexicans. tive on the global stage. In January 2007, he founded For my own American dream, I have the in- the Fox Center, Mexico’s first presidential library and spiration of my grandfather who came from museum. -
The Nazi-Instigated National Synarchist Union of Mexico: What It
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 31, Number 28, July 16, 2004 EIRSynarchy WHAT IT MEANS FOR TODAY The Nazi-Instigated National Synarchist Union ofMexico Part 2, by William F. Wertz, Jr. Part 1, which appeared in last week’s EIR, traced the origins D. Roosevelt had spoken in December 1932, and then again in of Synarchism in Mexico, including the founding of the Na- his Inaugural Address on March 1, 1933. The most important tional Synarchist Union (UNS) by the Nazis and the Spanish aspect of the agreement was that the United States officially Falangists, and its wartime role in support of the Axis cause. recognized Mexico’s sovereign ownership of its subsoil Here, a new chapter begins, after Pearl Harbor and the Mexi- wealth. The agreement contained six points: 1) an evaluation can declaration of war against the Axis powers: An anti- of the expropriated oil properties; 2) Mexico agreed to satisfy Roosevelt Anglo-American imperialist faction, acting all outstanding claims of U.S. citizens for revolutionary dam- through the Dulles-Buckley networks associated with Cardi- age and expropriated properties, through the payment of $40 nal Spellman and Bishop Fulton Sheen of the United States, million over 14 years; 3) negotiation of a reciprocal trade moved in to control the UNS. These networks remain active agreement; 4) the U.S. Treasury would stabilize currency to this day, including notably against the LaRouche forces in through the purchase of Mexican pesos, and would buy Mexi- Ibero-America. Two former LaRouche associates, Marivilia can silver at the fixed rate of 35¢ an ounce, renewing the Carrasco and Fernando Quijano, went over to the syn- arrangement it had prior to the oil expropriations; and 6) the archist camp. -
Fox Administration Finally Intervenes in Oaxaca; Resolution May Be Difficult LADB Staff
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository SourceMex Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 9-13-2006 Fox Administration Finally Intervenes in Oaxaca; Resolution May be Difficult LADB Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/sourcemex Recommended Citation LADB Staff. "Fox Administration Finally Intervenes in Oaxaca; Resolution May be Difficult." (2006). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/sourcemex/5026 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in SourceMex by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 51628 ISSN: 1054-8890 Fox Administration Finally Intervenes in Oaxaca; Resolution May be Difficult by LADB Staff Category/Department: Mexico Published: 2006-09-13 After weeks of sitting on the sidelines, President Vicente Fox's administration finally entered the bitter and sometimes violent conflict between the teachers union and the Oaxaca state government. In late August, Interior Secretary Carlos Abascal Carranza agreed to sit down with members of Section 22 of the Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educacion (SNTE) to discuss demands for a salary increase. While there was a potential breakthrough on the issue of compensation for the teachers, the SNTE's insistence on the removal of Oaxaca Gov. Ulises Ruiz Ortiz remained a major obstacle in what has become a crisis in the capital city of Oaxaca. Ruiz is a member of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), which has governed Oaxaca for several generations. Abascal's decision to enter the talks offers a glimmer of hope for a resolution to the nearly five-month impasse between SNTE members and the Oaxaca state government regarding teachers' salaries. -
The National Anti-Corruption System
Revista Análisis ISSN: 0120-8454 ISSN: 2145-9169 Universidad Santo Tomás Nieto, Nubia Los usos de las campañas anticorrupción en México * Revista Análisis, vol. 50, núm. 92, 2018, Enero-Junio, pp. 219-237 Universidad Santo Tomás DOI: https://doi.org/10.15332/s0120-8454.2018.0092.10 Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=515558288011 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ANÁLISIS ISSN: 0120-8454 Vol. 50 / No. 92 Bogotá, ene. - jun. / 2018 pp 219-237. Los usos de las campañas 1anticorrupción en México* 2Nubia Nieto** Recibido: 24 de julio de 2017 - Aprobado: 19 de octubre de 2017 Resumen México ha firmado y ratificado las iniciativas más importantes de la lucha contra la corrupción en el mundo. En tanto miembro de la Ocde, el G-20, las Naciones Unidas, la Organización de los Estados Americanos, el Fondo Monetario Internacional y el Banco Mundial, México ha acordado luchar contra la corrup- ción. A nivel nacional, cada presidente, como parte de su programa, ha incluido iniciativas anticorrupción en sus agendas políticas. Sin embargo, los niveles de corrupción e impunidad en México continúan siendo altos, lo cual plantea las siguientes preguntas: ¿Por qué, los políticos nacionales prometen frenar la corrupción al principio de sus gobiernos? ¿Porqué los políticos nacionales que prometen reducir la corrupción al finalizar sus gobiernos se ven envueltos en casos de corrupción? ¿Están los políticos mexicanos verdaderamente compro- metidos en luchar contra la corrupción? Este artículo pretende analizar estas cuestiones, y se embarca en una exploración de las campañas de lucha contra la corrupción como uno de los pilares del sistema político mexicano desde el go- bierno de José López Portillo (1976-1982) hasta Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-2018). -
U.S.-Mexico Policy Bulletin
U.S.-Mexico Policy Bulletin Issue 2 • February 2005 This text will be published by the Woodrow Wilson Center and Letras You and Us: The Dynamics of Libres in a forthcoming volume, Mexico-U.S. Relations Perceptions and Misconceptions in U.S.- Mexico Relations. Enrique Krauze It happened in another age, on September 6, happened.Why did Fox not travel immediately 2001. Relations between Mexico and the to the site of the tragedy, where, after all, many United States saw their finest hour. In the first Mexicans had died? Once back in Mexico, I state visit of his presidency, George Bush noted the near total lack of solidarity with the received Vicente Fox, and proclaimed that victims: a few candles on the sidewalk in front Mexico was not only the United States partner of the American embassy; a sympathetic but ret- and friend but the government’s top foreign icent attitude in the press; and that was all.When policy priority.As I watched the fireworks dis- the war in Afghanistan began, there were only a plays over the Potomac, it seemed to me that I few anti-American demonstrations in the was witnessing a rare show of historic prudence streets, but in the press angry voices began to be and wisdom. Old quarrels aside, a solid relation- heard denouncing Washington’s “genocidal pol- ship with the United States made sense for icy,” voices that became almost unanimous Mexico, because 90% of its trade and 70% of its before and during the war on Iraq.Those of us investment came from the U.S., and 24 million writers who publicly recommended voting Mexicans (9 million of them born in Mexico) with the United States on the Security now lived scattered far and wide across the Council—not because we shared Bush’s sense country, sending more than 10 billion dollars of timing and unilateral procedures, but in an annually to their families in Mexico. -
The Evolution of Political Parties in Mexico, 1900–2014
The Evolution of Political Parties in Mexico, 1900–2014 Political parties are arranged from left to right according to core ideologies. This model uses a simple one-dimensional, continuous scale, but it is important to keep in mind that in reality, political ideologies are multidimensional and more complex. Left Curved lines represent factions of one party breaking off into another party. Right 1900 Historical Events Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM), formed 1905 Nov. 20, 1910 — Start of the Mexican Revolution 1910 1910 marks the end of the Porfiriato, the three-decade reign of the authoritarian President Porfirio Díaz. Though the revolution ends in 1921, Mexico sustains conditions of violence and political Partido Socialista Obrero (POS), formed 1911 Partido Católico Nacional (PNM), formed 1911 instability until 1929, when the creation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario successfully unites a broad group of political factions under a single, big tent party. Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (PLC), formed 1916 Partido Nacional Cooperativista (PNC), formed 1917 Partido Comunista Mexicano (PCM), renamed 1919 Partido Laborista, formed 1919 1920 Partido Nacional Agrarista (PNA), formed 1920 Jan. 1, 1927 — The Cristero War and the Separation of Church and State The 1917 Constitution, with its statutes significantly limiting the power of the church, sparked anticlerical sentiments and persecution of Catholics. Beginning with skirmishes in 1926 that led to a formal rebellion in 1927, the three-year Cristero War pits Catholic rebels called Cristeros against secular government forces. The separation of church and state remains a key tenet of Mexican democracy, but after the conflict, freedom of worship is no longer suppressed. -
Redalyc.Oaxaca: Memoria Viva, Justicia Ausente
El Cotidiano ISSN: 0186-1840 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco México Hernández Navarro, Luis Oaxaca: memoria viva, justicia ausente El Cotidiano, núm. 148, marzo-abril, 2008, pp. 5-20 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32514802 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Oaxaca: memoria viva, justicia ausente Luis Hernández Navarro* La protesta oaxaqueña ha sido una de las expresiones de descontento social más radicales y profundas que se han vivido en México en años recientes. Entre el 14 de junio y el 29 de noviembre de 2006, se vivió en la entidad una severa crisis del modelo de mando, en la que se generaron formas de auto-organización popu- lar inéditas y se vivieron protestas novedosas. La desobediencia civil estuvo muy cerca de convertirse en un levantamiento popular. El movimiento dejó de ser una lucha tradicional de protesta y comenzó a transformarse en el embrión de un go- bierno alternativo. Esta es la historia del episodio. H ay luchas sociales que antici- clase política y la sociedad, y la vía que La desobediencia civil estuvo muy pan conflictos de mayor envergadura. el descontento popular puede seguir cerca de convertirse en un levanta- Son una señal de alarma que alerta en un futuro próximo en todo el país. -
The 2000 Presidential Elections and the Zapatistas Map of Mexico
Map of Mexico The 2000 Presidential Elections and the Zapatistas An Overview of Mexican Politics Historical Background The PRI Administrations The Conflict in Chiapas and the Peace Process The 2000 Presidential Elections Fox Administration’s Policies toward the Zapatistas A Brief History of Mexico Overview of Mexican Politics • 1521 the Aztec and Mayan civilizations conquered by the Spanish, followed by 300 • Until the late 1980s, Mexico’s official party- years of oppression and exploitation (serfdom, silver, plantations) of Mexico as a government system was the most “stable” regime in Spanish colony. • 1720s. Disease and overwork reduce Indios from 12 million in 1520 to 1 million. Latin America. • 1810 first anti-Spanish revolt, demand of land redistribution, suppressed. • 1814 second revolt, suppressed but guerilla warfare continued. • Institutionalized. Not a personalistic regime. Dealt • 1821 Guerrero revolt, successfully with two problems of non-democratic • 1823 Mexico becomes a republic · systems: elite renewal and executive succession. • 1845 annexation of Texas by U.S., followed by defeat of Mexican forces and 1848 annexation of Utah, Texas, Nevada, California, New Mexico, Colorado. • Inclusive. State corporatism, i.e. incorporation and • 1855-1876 Reform Period, new, liberal constitution. • 1876 Porfirio Diaz seizes power and establishes power monopoly, Porfiriato. cooptation of mass organizations within the • 1910 Mexican revolution started by middle class under leadership of Francesco “official” party. Madero, later joined by peasants under popular leadership of Pancho Villa and Emilio Zapata. • BUT, Regime Stability has been the top priority! As • 1920 Demobilization of the masses by the new regime with crush of Villa and Zapata forces. confronted with un-cooptable opposition (Students in • 1929 The "Revolutionary Party" (now PRI) is established as outcome of 1968, the Political left 1987-1994, Zapatistas since revolutionary nationalism and rules Mexico for 71 years! January 1, 1994), the regime responded harshly. -
Mexico, July 2008
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Mexico, July 2008 COUNTRY PROFILE: MEXICO July 2008 Formal Name: United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos). Short Form: México. Term for Citizen(s): Mexican(s). Click to Enlarge Image Capital: Mexico City (Ciudad de México), located in the Federal District (Distrito Federal) with a population estimated at 8.8 million in 2008. Major Cities: The Greater Mexico City metropolitan area encompasses Mexico City and several adjacent suburbs, including the populous cities of Ecatepec de Morelos (1.8 million residents in 2005) and Netzahualcóyotl (1.2 million). The total population of the Greater Mexico City metropolitan area is estimated at about 16 million. Other major cities include Guadalajara (1.6 million), Puebla (1.3 million), Ciudad Juárez (1.2 million), Tijuana (1.1 million), and Monterrey (1.1 million). Independence: September 16, 1810 (from Spain). Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1); Constitution Day (February 5); Birthday of Benito Juárez (March 21); International Labor Day (May 1); Independence Day (September 16); Discovery of America (October 12); Anniversary of the Revolution (November 20); Christmas (December 25); and New Year’s Eve (December 31). Flag: Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered in the white band. Click to Enlarge Image HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early Settlement and Pre-Columbian Civilizations: Nomadic paleo-Indian societies are widely believed to have migrated from North America into Mexico as early as 20,000 B.C. Permanent settlements based on intensive farming of native plants such as corn, squash, and beans were established by 1,500 B.C. -
Quijano Dossier’ and the National Security Threat to the United States
Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 31, Number 30, July 30, 2004 Party, by Hitler’s order, in Mexico and other countries, and the entirety of the fascist phenomenon in Europe, and the wars reintroduced to Mexico by William F. Buckley, senior and of that period. Entirely, including Japan. Entirely. son, in the postwar period, as a CIA office agent in Mexico. “These were financier interests who were protected by the That kind of stuff. Truman Administration at the end of the war. They are intact. To find what creates these kinds of things, LaRouche elab- They exist today. These are the guys, these banking circles, orated, people must know something about history. “The top which run government from above, which have a separate power in the world is not people in governments. The top ability, a separate capability, to use even facilities of govern- power in the world is represented by international, financier ment, to get access to everything, and to run such an operation. oligarchical cartel interests, typified by the Synarchist Inter- Who could run 9/11? These guys. They are the ones who can national of the period 1918-1945, which was responsible for run such an operation.” The ‘Quijano Dossier’ and the National Security Threat to the United States The LaRouche in 2004 campaign committee released this terrorist potential embedded in this right-wing Synarchist ap- chronology and fact-sheet on July 23 in connection with Lyn- paratus. Fiore fled to Great Britain in the early 1980s to avoid don LaRouche’s July 15 webcast statement on the terrorist prosecution for membership in an illegal association, after he threat.