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Summary Table of Carbon Levels Level Micro or Atomic Macroscopic Scale Large Scale Molecular Scale Level 4: Tracing: Atoms Tracing: Plants, animals, Tracing: Carbon cycling Principle- rearrange to form new decomposers, machines are all between atmosphere and based molecules. Energy systems that transform matter biomass. Energy flow from scientific transferred through and energy. sunlight to chemical potential reasoning high-energy bonds. Association: Organisms, food, energy to heat. Oxidation of Association: Organic detritus, fossil fuels all made of fossil fuels as part of global molecules have high- high-energy organic materials. carbon cycling. energy C-C and C-H Only plants generate organic Association: Processes bonds. carbon; all organisms oxidize classified in chemical terms, organic carbon. generating, transforming, oxidizing organic carbon. Level 3: Tracing: Tracing: Matter and energy Tracing: Food chains as Partial Matter/energy moving have to come from somewhere passing matter/energy among scientific into and out of cells. and go somewhere, but can be organisms. Separate nutrient reasoning Association: Living converted into one another. and O2-CO2 cycles. things made of cells Association: Solids, liquids, Association: Producers distinct that carry out life gases are all matter. Foods and from consumers and functions. Molecules fuels are energy sources. decomposers; fossil fuels are inside cells. recognized as organic. Level 2: Tracing: Causal Tracing: Structure and Tracing: Food chains as cause- Elaborated internal mechanisms, function of actors work and-effect sequences. force- but minimal tracing together so that they can Separate nutrient and O2-CO2 dynamic matter and energy accomplish their purposes. cycles, focused on people. reasoning inside bodies. Association: Foods and fuels Association: Purposeful actions Association: Internal are special kinds of enablers by living things different from organs and organ that living things and machines natural tendencies of dead systems. depend on. things. Level 1: Focus on macroscopic Tracing: Explanations focusing Tracing: Food chains as events Force- scale on why events happen in terms in a story dynamic of purposes of actors (people, Association: Purposeful actions reasoning animals, plants, flames, by living things different from machines) and results of their natural tendencies of dead actions. Materials controlled things by actors Association: Living things different from dead materials; gases not connected with other forms of matter; energy is for purposeful action Contrasting ways of grouping carbon-transforming processes Upper Carbon- Generating Transforming organic Oxidizing organic carbon Anchor: transforming organic carbon carbon Scientific process accounts Scientific Photosynthesis Biosyn- Digest- Biosyn Cellular respiration Combustion accounts thesis ion -thesis Macroscopic Events Plant growth Animal growth Breathing, exercise, Decay Burning weight loss Lower Anchor: Plants and animals accomplishing their purposes, enabled by Natural Flame Informal accounts food, water, sunlight, air, and/or other resources process in consuming dead things fuel Comparison of Level 1 and Level 4 Association and Tracing for “Stuff” Level 4 Matter Energy: Heat, Conditions: general Organic matter (including Inorganic matter (including chemical, etc. Temperature, categories organic gases) inorganic gases) care, etc.

Linking states Solids and liquids Gases Not matter Linking Plants, Dead plants Water, soil Air Light, heat Temperature, material kinds animals and animals care Level 1 Living stuff Non-living (Dead and Insubstantial kinds: gases, conditions, energy general inanimate) stuff categories

Level 1 reasoning about carbon cycling Level 2 Reasoning about matter cycling

Level 4 reasoning about carbon cycling Level 3 Reasoning about carbon cycling

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