Honors Biology Review Topics Semester 2 Exam

Honors Biology Review Topics Semester 2 Exam 2016 Meiosis

1. Know the order of each stage of meiosis and what is occurring in the cell during each stage 2. Distinguish mitosis from meiosis a. # of divisions b. Haploid or diploid daughter cells c. Purpose of process d. Types of cells produced 3. Describe how meiosis/fertilization/sexual reproduction produces variation Genetics 1. Know the terminology for this unit (homozygous/heterozygous, dominant/recessive, pedigree, monohybrid/dihybrid, F1/F2 generations…) 2. Solve genetic crosses a. Given characteristics of offspring (phenotype, %, ratios…) determine genotypes b. Given parents, determine characteristics of offspring c. Crosses with 2 traits (dihybrid) d. X-linked e. Linked genes (with crossing over) f. Blood types 3. Know the process of using genetic engineering to produce human protein (including the role of reverse transcriptase) 4. Mutation: types/ results of mutations 5. Cause of genetic diseases 6. Process and uses of gel electrophoresis 7. Analyze karyotypes to determine sex and common chromosomal abnormalities caused by nondisjunction 8. Understand how Pedigree Charts are used to show the family history of genetic disorders: dominant and recessive as well as linked and autosomal. Origin of Life/Evolution 1. Definition of species 2. Distinguish between prezyogtic and postzygotic barrier that keep species separate 3. Explain how evolution can be seen in bacteria today 4. Evidence of evolution 5. Natural selection 6. Microevolution and its causes 7. heterotroph hypothesis 8. chemical evolution Classification 1. Know the levels of taxonomic groups (Domain, Kingdom, phylum…) 2. Know the characteristics of the “classic” 5 kingdoms and 3 domains 3. Scientific naming of organisms (binomial nomenclature)

Circulatory / immune System 1. Know the path that blood flows through the heart and circulatory system 2. Know where blood is oxygenated/deoxygenated 3. Functions of arteries, veins, capillaries, valves 4. Explain how the rhythmic contraction of the heart is controlled 5. Compare lymph and blood vessels 6. Function of lymphatic system 7. Know the function of the components of blood 8. Compare/contrast B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes 9. Explain what occurs during inflammation 10. Explain the function of antibodies Excretory/Respiratory System

1. Function of urinary system 2. Events occurring in a nephron 3. Identify organs of the urinary system 4. Form of nitrogenous wastes excreted from animals 5. Structures of the respiratory system 6. Mechanism of breathing in humans

Nervous system

1. Describe the function of types of neurons: sensory, motor, interneuron 2. Describe the functions of parts of brain: pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cerebrum 3. Describe the structure and function of myelinated neuron, include the dendrites, cell body, myelin sheath, synaptic terminal, and axon 4. Explain how a reflex works 5. Explain how an action potential is generated and passed along a neuron 6. Describe the function of neurotransmitters

Endocrine 1. Describe how various hormones can control bodily functions to maintain homeostasis a. Water content in body b. Blood glucose levels c. Reproduction and sexual characteristics d. Metabolism