CHAPTER 1: BONAPARTE S EMPIRE, (Pp

CHAPTER 1: “THE GREAT WAR,” (pp. 8—47)

WORLD IN ARMS: TIMEFRAME AD 1900—1925

1. He was the last of the Romanovs, the royal family that had ruled Russia for 300 years. ______

2—4. What nations were members of the Triple Alliance? ______; ______; ______

5—7. What nations were members of the Triple Entente? ______; ______; ______

8. The number of deaths in World War I. ______

9. This nation would emerge out of the fragments of the defeated Ottoman Empire. ______

10—12. What other nations fought on the side of the Triple Alliance? ______; ______What was another

name given to the members of this alliance? ______

13—19. Name seven European nations that remained neutral during World War I. ______; ______; ______; ______; ______; ______; ______

20—21. The head of the German General Staff until 1905, he had devised a war plan by which Germany would avoid a two-front war with a quick defeat of France. ______This plan involved forcibly crossing through this neutral nation. ______

22. Germany’s military commander in 1914. ______

23—26. His assassination on June 28, 1914 would become the immediate trigger for World War I. ______Who was the assassin? ______The Bosnian city in which the assassination occurred. ______In the assassination’s aftermath, Austria presented this nation with an intentionally heavy-handed ultimatum. ______

26. The forbidding area located between the opposing front-line trenches. ______

27. Thousands of French soldiers were rushed in Paris taxis to this September 1914 battle. ______

28. Perhaps most famous today as the plane of the cartoon character Snoopy, these British planes held their own with the German Fokker triplanes as the World War I dogfights transferred armed conflict to the skies above Europe. ______

29. This 1915 attempt to capture the Dardanelles and thus knock the Ottoman Empire out

of the war turned into an Allied disaster; that so many troops from the British dominions of Australia and New Zealand participated in the assault led to it assuming a prominent role in their developing national mythologies. ______

30. These giant German airships launched the world’s first strategic bombing raids against London in 1915. ______

31. The largest passenger liner in the world, it was sunk by a German u-boat off the coast of Ireland in 1915 killing 1,198, including 128 Americans. ______32. This centuries-old French bastion became the target as the German high command switched in 1916 to a strategy of attrition. ______

33. Eighteen British infantry division launched their assault at this battle on July 1, 1916 by marching in regular lines towards the German trenches – by the end of the day, the bloodiest of the war, the British had suffered some 60,000 casualties. ______

34. The Germans first used this as a weapon of war in 1915 at the second battle of Ypres. ______

35. In March 1917, revolutionary forces took power in this nation. ______

36. This major nation entered World War I in April 1917. ______

37. In 1917, the Germans retreated behind this, a deep defensive zone of concrete fortifications and barbed wire. ______

39—41. In Russia, the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin successfully promoted a second revolution in November 1917 by promising these three things to those who backed his forces. ______; ______; ______

42. By this Russo-German agreement of March 1918, the Russians yielded Poland, the Ukraine, and the Baltic states, and agreed to pay a huge indemnity. ______

43—44. President Woodrow Wilson’s January 1918 speech to the U.S. Senate set out this peace program, an idealistic agenda calling for national self-determination, openness, free markets, and the rule of international law. ______This proposed security organization was pictured by Wilson as one key to future power. ______45. These quick-moving elite German troops introduced late in the war were to attack with machine guns and leave enemy strong-points to be dealt with later by follow-up units; heir tactics foreshadowed the fighting of World War II. ______

46. The approximate percentage of British military manpower supplied by its overseas empire in World War I. ______

47—48. During the Easter Rising of 1916 an Irish Citizen Army of Catholic nationalists threatened to take over this city from British control. ______This northern Irish province was the most important Protestant stronghold. ______

49. The date the armistice ending World War I was signed. ______

50—53. From January to June 1919, world leaders met at this former French palace in an effort to hammer out a lasting peace. ______The U.S. president, British prime minister, and French premier who were the three most important officials at the conference. ______; ______; ______

54—55. German territory since the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, these two provinces reverted to France at the end of World War I. ______; ______

56—59. Name four European nations created at the end of World War I. ______; ______; ______; ______TRUE OR FALSE

60. On the eve of World War I, Germany’s Kaiser, Russia’s czar, and Britain’s king were all cousins. _____

61. At the beginning of World War I, while the Germans wore field-grey uniforms, the French wore bright blue coats and scarlet trousers. _____

62. Anticipating a major European conflict, the French and Germans alike had already dug the deep trenches that would be the scene for so much fighting in World War I by the eve of the battle. _____

63. Japan fought on the side of the Central Powers in World War I. _____

64. Due to technological advances, the attacking forces held a decisive military advantage in World War I. _____

65. The Germans publicly destroyed the master copy of the Treaty of Versailles in 1940 after their armies had captured the French archives. _____ CHAPTER 2: “THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION,” (pp. 49—75)

1. Between 1853 and 1856, Russia participated in a disastrous war against France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire on this Black Sea peninsula. ______

2. In March 1861, Czar Alexander II emancipated these by decree. ______

3. This had been capital of Russia since 1713. ______

4—5. The approximate percentage of the total Russian population in the early twentieth century who were peasants. ______The political party that identified the peasantry as the potential agents of radical social change. ______

6. By 1900, it was the largest single source of revenue in the Russian imperial budget. ______

7—12. The year of Karl Marx’s death. ______His political and economic theories highlighted conflict between these at the motor of history. ______

The three main stages through which mankind inevitably would progress, according to Marx. ______; ______; ______The name Marx gave to the working class. ______

12. The name of the radical Russian political party that drew its inspiration from the ideas of Marx. ______14—18. Born in 1870 of this name on a Volga River town, he turned to radicalism in 1887 when his elder brother was executed for his part in a failed attempt to assassinate the czar. ______Upon his release from Siberian exile in 1900, he established this revolutionary paper. ______He adopted this name for himself, derived from the Lena, the longest river in Siberia. ______Despite losing out in a factional struggle over whether to remain a broad- based party or, as Lenin favored, to rely on a secret, disciplined, and expert cadre of highly dedicated individuals, Lenin adopted this name for he and his followers, literally “men of the majority.” ______Lenin dubbed his Social Democratic opponents this, literally “men of the minority.” ______

19—20. In 1904, Russia was engaged in a war with this emerging Asian power. ______The war began with a surprise attack on this, the Russian naval base in Manchuria. ______

21—23. Some 300 Russians were killed and another several hundred wounded by military authorities in a January 1905 political demonstration outside this Saint Petersburg building. ______The name by which this massacre came to be known. ______In the mass strikes that followed the massacre, these autonomous councils of workers’ deputies emerged in a number of cities.

______

24. What was the name of the elected parliament introduced at the end of 1905? ______

16. He was assassinated in 1911 after introducing a number of limited reforms as prime minister. ______17. This Siberian holy man gained increasing influence at the Russian court because of his purported ability to control the czaravitch’s hemophilia – he would be assassinated by young nobles in 1916 who had become convinced that he was a destructive force. ______

18. What month and year did the February Revolution occur in? ______

19. This nation helped Lenin return from Switzerland to Petrograd’s Finland Station in April 1917. ______

20. Born in 1879 of Ukranian farmers, he would become one of the most important of the early Bolsheviks, transforming the Red Army into an efficient fighting force. ______

21. The war minister in the provisional government, he would become one of Lenin’s chief adversaries as the latter sought to turn the social turmoil of 1917 to the Bolsheviks’ advantage. ______

22. By the terms of this Bolshevik peace treaty with the Central Powers in early March 1918, Russia surrendered large amounts of territory in the Baltic, Finland, Poland, the Ukraine, and the Caucasus. ______

23. The Bolsheviks moved the capital from Petrograd to this city. ______

24. The anti-Bolshevik forces coalesced under this name, as Russia descended into civil war. ______

25. This type of overtly political art played a significant role in promoting the Bolshevik cause in the years immediately following 1917. ______26. The Bolshevik regime’s new security police, it promoted a campaign of Red Terror to identify and destroy the counterrevolutionaries who dared to defy Lenin’s vision. ______

27. In 1921, there was a rebellion by the sailors of this naval base against the Bolsheviks – once these sailors had been amongst the revolution’s most avid supporters. ______

28. This pragmatic economic plan introduced by Lenin in 1921 implicitly recognized that the revolution had perhaps been moving too fast under the circumstances – peasants were allowed to sell excess grain for profit while many small businesses were returned to private hands. ______

29. Beginning in 1921, Lenin suffered a series of these – they would paralyze him and slowly rob him of the ability to make decisions. ______

30. This would be permanently displayed in Moscow’s Red Square beginning in 1919. ______

31. In 1923, regional minorities, who had gained a measure of independence during the civil war, were forced to join Russia in this new union. ______

______

32. Distrusted by Lenin, he would ultimately gain the upper-hand from Trotsky in the leadership struggle to succeed Lenin – he was able to have Trotsky exiled in 1929 and assassinated in 1940. ______TRUE OR FALSE

42. On the eve of World War I, less than half of Russia’s population of 130 million spoke Russian as their first language. _____

43. Several hundred Russians were killed in a beer stampede in Moscow the day after Nicholas II’s coronation in 1896 – rumors that the beverage was in short supply led to mass panic at an open-air feast. _____

44. According to the theories of Marx, Russia was the most logical place for a socialist revolution. _____

45. Troops from 14 western countries joined in the military effort to overthrow Bolshevism during the Russian civil war. _____ CHAPTER 3: “THE MIDDLE EAST TRANSFORMED,” (pp. 77—99)

1. This peninsula was the homeland of the Ottoman Turks. ______

2. This sea, historic site of Constantinople, lies between the Aegean and the Black Sea. ______

3. The derisive nickname used by Western leaders to refer to the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. ______

4—7. This nation defeated the Ottoman Empire in an 1877-78 war that alarmed the other European powers. ______What three countries gained immediate independence from the Ottomans as a result of this war? ______; ______; ______

8. Half a million or more of these Christian people who lived predominantly in the mountainous eastern region of Anatolia were killed in an Ottoman World War I-era

“relocation” policy that amounted to genocide in disguise. ______

9. Named after the British foreign secretary who issued this 1917 statement, it promised that England would support the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. ______

10. The name for this Jewish movement, formally organized in 1897, to push for a separate Jewish state. ______11—16. After the defeat of the Ottomans in World War II, the empire’s former territories in the Middle East were placed under the mandate of this new international organization. ______What two colonies was France given the bureaucratic responsibility of administering? ______; ______What three territories was Britain given the responsibility of administering? ______; ______; ______

17—22. Between 1919 and 1922, this nation engaged in a bitter war with the Turks. ______The Turkish military hero of that war, he would serve as president of the Republic of Turkey from 1923 until his death in 1938 ______His banning of this traditional Turkish male headgear was a potent symbol of his modernization program. ______He moved that national capital here. ______The old capital, Constantinople, was renamed this, its Turkish name. ______He renamed himself this, literally “father of the Turk.” ______

23. What percentage of the world’s oil supply was produced in the Middle East in 1945? ______“ JAPAN’S NEW HORIZONS,” (pp. 101-122)

WORLD IN ARMS: TIMEFRAME AD 1900-1925

1. War with this European power in 1904—1905 marked Japan’s coming-of-age on the imperialist stage. ______2—3. Following this war, Japan gained this port on Manchuria’s Liaodong Peninsula (______), as well as half of this northern island. (______) 4. The Japanese annexed this nation in 1910. ______5. After World War I, Japan gained the northern Pacific colonies of this nation. ______6. During its two-and-one-half century era of self-imposed isolation, Japan was divided into approximately 300 fiefs, each ruled by a ______, or lord. 7—8. The Japanese royal court was centered during these years at this central city. (______) Real military and political power rested with this official, who presided over the court at the city of Edo, later to be renamed Tokyo. ______9. The name given to the 1868 rebirth of imperial rule, brought about when disaffected samurai from the southwest announced the transfer of power from the shogun to the emperor. ______10. The year in which a Japanese embassy left the port of Yokohama for a tour of the United States. ______11. The private armies of the local daimyos were disbanded and replaced by this 1873 policy. ______12. The defeat of this Asian rival in a short war in 1894—95 indicated how Japan’s military power was increasing. ______13. This native Japanese religion, meaning “way of the gods” and involving the pantheistic worship of ancestors and nature alike, was reemphasized during the nationalistic upsurge at the turn of the century. ______14—15. The mythological deities to which all Japanese emperors traced their ancestry. ______and ______. 16. The percentage of Japan’s male population that was entitled to vote for members of the new lower assembly under the constitution of 1889. ______17. In 1900, 8,000 Japanese troops cooperated with a like-sized European force in crushing this Chinese rebellion. ______18. A crushing defeat by the Japanese of the Russian fleet, it marked the culminating battle of the Russo-Japanese War. ______19. The 1904 Japanese torpedo attack on this Russian-controlled port before the formal declaration of hostilities prefigured Pearl Harbor by 37 years. ______20. The Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War on September 5, 1905, was negotiated by this American President. ______21. Japanese women finally won the right to vote in this year. ______22. The ultimatum the Japanese presented to their ostensible World War I ally China in 1915, as European Great Powers were preoccupied with fighting on the other side of the globe. ______

23. The number of Japanese soldiers sent to Manchuria and Siberia after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. ______24—25. The two nations most responsible for the rejection of the Japanese attempt to include a clause recognizing racial equality in the covenant of the League of Nations. ______, ______. 26. The huge family-run conglomerates such as Mitsubishi and Mitsui that came to play an increasingly important economic and political role in interwar Japan. ______27. The year in which all Japanese males of twenty-five years or older gained the right to vote. ______28. Some 100,000 Japanese died in the great Tokyo earthquake of this year. ______29. In 1924, this piece of American Congressional legislation effectively banned further Japanese emigration to the United States. ______30. He succeeded the Taisho emperor in 1926. ______31. The assassination attempt on this liberal prime minister in 1930 signalled the beginning of a more overt push by nationalists to seize control in Japan. ______32. The staged “Manchurian Incident” of 1931 served as pretense for the Japanese military’s seizure of that Chinese province — despite protestations from some Japanese politicians, it was now recognized as this “independent” state. ______CHAPTER 5: “AMERICA COMES OF AGE,” (pp. 133-167)

WORLD IN ARMS: TIME FRAME AD 1900-1925

1. The U.S. government reception center in New York Harbor through which three- quarters of all European immigrants entered the New World. ______

2. Son of a Scottish weaver, he rose to dominate the American steel industry and become one of the world’s richest men. ______

3. His novel The Jungle highlighted the lack of sanitation and terrible labor conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry and led to the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act. ______

4—5. The explosion of the battleship “Maine” in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898 became the immediate precipitating incident for war with this nation in 1898. ______The war would only accentuate the legend of Teddy Roosevelt, who resigned from the Navy Department to head up this volunteer cavalry regiment. ______

6—7. The completion of the Panama Canal in 1914 would link these two oceans. ______; ______

8—10. Name three colonies the American gained as a result of war in 1898. ______; ______; ______11. This American policy implied that the U.S. would help to protect Chinese sovereignty but insisted that the United States must have access to the potentially lucrative Chinese market. ______

12. Unsafe working conditions at this New York sweatshop led to 146 deaths in a 1911 fire. ______

13. In May 1917, Woodrow Wilson signed this legislation, establishing military conscription. ______

14. The centerpiece of Wilson’s vision for a post-WWI international peace was this new organization. ______

15—16. Two Italian immigrants accused of armed robbery and murder in 1920 Massachusetts at the time of the post-WWWI Red Scare, their case had been transformed into an international cause celebre by the time of their execution in 1927. ______; ______

17. He was elected President in 1920 using the campaign theme that it was time for Americans to “return to normalcy.” ______

18. The New York center of intellectual and bohemian life in the “Roaring Twenties.”

______

19. This 1920 amendment gave women the right to vote. ______

20. This 1925 trial tested the right of a Tennessee science teacher to teach the theory of evolution and became, in broader terms, a symbolic debate about the benefits and costs of modernity. ______21. The illicit leasing of government-owned oil reserves at this Wyoming site became only the most publicized of the political scandals of the early 1920s. ______

22. The most famous dance of the 1920s. ______

23. Thomas Edison and his partners tried to use this company, founded in 1909, to monopolize American film production. ______

24. The admission price gave the name to these early, silent-movie theaters. ______

25—26. Their 1920 marriage became perhaps Hollywood’s first high-profile coupling. ______; ______

27.In 1922, this postmaster general was brought into Hollywood as the industry’s own censor. ______

TRUE OR FALSE

28. The United States spent ten times more on World War I than it had on the Civil War.

29. The United States ratified the Treaty of Versailles. _____