ANATOMY LECTURE GUIDE – CHAPTER 6 SKIN AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

● ACOS 5: You will be able to 1. Identify anatomical structures and functions of the integumentary system 2. Identify accessory organs 3. Recognize diseases and disorders of the integumentary system (examples: decubitus ulcer, melanoma, psoriasis)

4. Integumentary system: ______and its accessory organ 5. Includes ______distinct layers: 6. epidermis – ______layer 7. composed of stratified ______epithelium 8. ______– inner layer 9. ______than the epidermis 10. contains dense connective tissue consisting of collagenous and ______fibers, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and ______11. A ______anchors the epidermis to the dermis and separates these two skin layers. 12. Beneath the dermis are masses of loose ______tissue and adipose tissues that bind the skin to the underlying organs called the ______layer (or hypodermis). 13. This is beneath the skin and ______a true layer of skin. 14. It also serves as a shock absorber or ______.

● Epidermis 15. Composed of ______zones or ______16. stratum ______17. ______cell layer 18. close to the dermis and is nourished by ______blood vessels 19. constantly undergoing ______20. stratum ______21. stratum ______

● Keratinization 22. The older cells being pushed toward the surface ______in a process called keratinization. 23. The ______fills with strands of tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin protein. 24. As a result, many layers of tough, tightly ______cells accumulate in the outermost areas, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum.

25. stratum ______26. found only on ______and soles of ______27. stratum ______28. ______layer 29. ______cell layers thick 30. dead cells that form this layer eventually are ______

● Melanin 31. ______that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black 32. produced by special cells called ______33. ______and moles are concentrated spots of melanin. 34. How do we tan?

35. What happens when we receive excessive exposure to the sun? ● Skin Color 36. Differences in skin color result from differences in the amount of ______that melanocytes produce and in the distribution and ______of the pigment granules. 37. Skin color is mostly ______determined – if genes instruct melanocytes to produce abundant melanin, then the skin is dark.

● Dermis 38. strong, stretchy ______that helps hold the body together (your “hide”) 39. ______, fibrous connective tissue of the dermis consists of two major regions 40. ______layer – upper region 41. reticular layer – ______skin layer

● Papillary Layer 42. dermal papillae – fingerlike ______from the superior surface of the papillary layer that cause it to be uneven; contain capillary loops, pain receptors or ______receptors 43. ______corpuscles – touch receptors 44. Papillary patterns are genetically determined. Fingerprints are unique, identifying films of ______caused by the ridges of the fingertips.

● Reticular Layer 45. contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors called ______Corpuscles 46. contains many phagocytes that act to prevent ______that have gotten through the ______from penetrating any deeper into the body 47. contains ______and elastic fibers 48. abundantly supplied with blood vessels that play a role in maintaining body ______49. What are decubitus ulcers? Blue box page 116.

● Skin Section (page 113)

● Subcutaneous Layer (______) 50. consists of loose connective tissue and ______tissue 51. no sharp ______between the dermis and subcutaneous layer 52. provides ______, helping to conserve body heat and impeding the entrance of heat from the outside

● Accessory Organs of the Skin 53. Nails 54. scalelike modification of the ______55. has a ______, a body (visible attached portion), and a ______(embedded in the skin) 56. ______– skin folds that overlap the borders of the nails 57. cuticle – thick ______nail fold 58. nail bed – stratum basale that extends ______the nail 59. nail ______– thickened proximal area responsible for nail growth 60. ______– region over the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent 61. Hair 62. ______scattered all over the body 63. serves only a few functions – guarding the head from ______, shielding the eyes, and helping to keep foreign objects out of the ______tract 64. produced by a hair ______65. parts of a hair: 66. ______– central core 67. cortex – bulky layer that surrounds the ______68. cuticle – outermost layer that encloses the ______; formed by a ______layer of cells that overlap one another

69. Hair Follicle 70. ______– part of the hair enclosed in the follicle 71. shaft – part of the hair projecting from the ______of the scalp or skin 72. hair ______matrix – growth zone at the end of the follicle where hair is formed by the division of stratum basale epithelial cells 73. arrector pili – small bands of smooth muscle cells that ______each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue

● Sebaceous (______) Glands 74. found all over the skin except ______of the hands and ______of the feet 75. ______usually empty into a hair follicle but some open directly to skin surface 76. ______– mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells that acts as a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist and prevent hair from becoming too ______77. Sebum contains chemicals that kill bacteria so it acts as a ______.

● ______(Sweat) Glands 78. widely distributed in the skin – more than ______million per person 79. two types: 80. ______glands – far more numerous and found all over the body; produce ______when hot 81. ______sweat glands – largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body; activated at ______

● Regulation of Body ______: Answer the following questions (p. 120) 82. What is the normal temperature of deep body parts?

83. What body part plays a key role in regulating body temperature?

84. How does the body react when the body temperature rises?

85. How does the body react when the body temperature drops?

86. Where does 80% of the body’s heat escape?

● Healing of Wounds (p. 120 – 121) 87. ______: when a wound becomes red and swollen due to fluids entering the damaged tissues 88. scab: blood ______and dried tissue fluids that cover and protect underlying, damaged tissue 89. scar: ______tissue that forms on the surface of the skin of extensive wounds 90. ______: small, rounded masses consisting of a new branch of a blood vessel and a cluster of ______-secreting fibroblasts