<p>ANATOMY LECTURE GUIDE – CHAPTER 6 SKIN AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM</p><p>● ACOS 5: You will be able to 1. Identify anatomical structures and functions of the integumentary system 2. Identify accessory organs 3. Recognize diseases and disorders of the integumentary system (examples: decubitus ulcer, melanoma, psoriasis)</p><p>4. Integumentary system: ______and its accessory organ 5. Includes ______distinct layers: 6. epidermis – ______layer 7. composed of stratified ______epithelium 8. ______– inner layer 9. ______than the epidermis 10. contains dense connective tissue consisting of collagenous and ______fibers, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and ______11. A ______anchors the epidermis to the dermis and separates these two skin layers. 12. Beneath the dermis are masses of loose ______tissue and adipose tissues that bind the skin to the underlying organs called the ______layer (or hypodermis). 13. This is beneath the skin and ______a true layer of skin. 14. It also serves as a shock absorber or ______.</p><p>● Epidermis 15. Composed of ______zones or ______16. stratum ______17. ______cell layer 18. close to the dermis and is nourished by ______blood vessels 19. constantly undergoing ______20. stratum ______21. stratum ______</p><p>● Keratinization 22. The older cells being pushed toward the surface ______in a process called keratinization. 23. The ______fills with strands of tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin protein. 24. As a result, many layers of tough, tightly ______cells accumulate in the outermost areas, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum.</p><p>25. stratum ______26. found only on ______and soles of ______27. stratum ______28. ______layer 29. ______cell layers thick 30. dead cells that form this layer eventually are ______</p><p>● Melanin 31. ______that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black 32. produced by special cells called ______33. ______and moles are concentrated spots of melanin. 34. How do we tan?</p><p>35. What happens when we receive excessive exposure to the sun? ● Skin Color 36. Differences in skin color result from differences in the amount of ______that melanocytes produce and in the distribution and ______of the pigment granules. 37. Skin color is mostly ______determined – if genes instruct melanocytes to produce abundant melanin, then the skin is dark.</p><p>● Dermis 38. strong, stretchy ______that helps hold the body together (your “hide”) 39. ______, fibrous connective tissue of the dermis consists of two major regions 40. ______layer – upper region 41. reticular layer – ______skin layer</p><p>● Papillary Layer 42. dermal papillae – fingerlike ______from the superior surface of the papillary layer that cause it to be uneven; contain capillary loops, pain receptors or ______receptors 43. ______corpuscles – touch receptors 44. Papillary patterns are genetically determined. Fingerprints are unique, identifying films of ______caused by the ridges of the fingertips.</p><p>● Reticular Layer 45. contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors called ______Corpuscles 46. contains many phagocytes that act to prevent ______that have gotten through the ______from penetrating any deeper into the body 47. contains ______and elastic fibers 48. abundantly supplied with blood vessels that play a role in maintaining body ______49. What are decubitus ulcers? Blue box page 116.</p><p>● Skin Section (page 113)</p><p>● Subcutaneous Layer (______) 50. consists of loose connective tissue and ______tissue 51. no sharp ______between the dermis and subcutaneous layer 52. provides ______, helping to conserve body heat and impeding the entrance of heat from the outside</p><p>● Accessory Organs of the Skin 53. Nails 54. scalelike modification of the ______55. has a ______, a body (visible attached portion), and a ______(embedded in the skin) 56. ______– skin folds that overlap the borders of the nails 57. cuticle – thick ______nail fold 58. nail bed – stratum basale that extends ______the nail 59. nail ______– thickened proximal area responsible for nail growth 60. ______– region over the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent 61. Hair 62. ______scattered all over the body 63. serves only a few functions – guarding the head from ______, shielding the eyes, and helping to keep foreign objects out of the ______tract 64. produced by a hair ______65. parts of a hair: 66. ______– central core 67. cortex – bulky layer that surrounds the ______68. cuticle – outermost layer that encloses the ______; formed by a ______layer of cells that overlap one another</p><p>69. Hair Follicle 70. ______– part of the hair enclosed in the follicle 71. shaft – part of the hair projecting from the ______of the scalp or skin 72. hair ______matrix – growth zone at the end of the follicle where hair is formed by the division of stratum basale epithelial cells 73. arrector pili – small bands of smooth muscle cells that ______each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue</p><p>● Sebaceous (______) Glands 74. found all over the skin except ______of the hands and ______of the feet 75. ______usually empty into a hair follicle but some open directly to skin surface 76. ______– mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells that acts as a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist and prevent hair from becoming too ______77. Sebum contains chemicals that kill bacteria so it acts as a ______.</p><p>● ______(Sweat) Glands 78. widely distributed in the skin – more than ______million per person 79. two types: 80. ______glands – far more numerous and found all over the body; produce ______when hot 81. ______sweat glands – largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body; activated at ______</p><p>● Regulation of Body ______: Answer the following questions (p. 120) 82. What is the normal temperature of deep body parts?</p><p>83. What body part plays a key role in regulating body temperature?</p><p>84. How does the body react when the body temperature rises?</p><p>85. How does the body react when the body temperature drops?</p><p>86. Where does 80% of the body’s heat escape?</p><p>● Healing of Wounds (p. 120 – 121) 87. ______: when a wound becomes red and swollen due to fluids entering the damaged tissues 88. scab: blood ______and dried tissue fluids that cover and protect underlying, damaged tissue 89. scar: ______tissue that forms on the surface of the skin of extensive wounds 90. ______: small, rounded masses consisting of a new branch of a blood vessel and a cluster of ______-secreting fibroblasts </p>