Notes on Some Opisthobranch Gastropods from the Chesapeake Bay^
EVELINE du BOIS-REYMOND MARCUS Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias. e l.etras Caixa Postal 6994 Sao Paulo. Brazil
ABSTRACT: Seventeen species of opisthobranchs from Chesapeake Bay were studied, 4 Cephalaspidea, 6 Ascoglossa, 5 Doridoidea, and 2 Eolidoidea. The radula of " A n e o n ” puiicloslriatus from Chesapeake Bay shows that the species comes under Kiel axis Dali, 1871, hence the species called punclostriatus from Brazil, a true A clean, receives a new name, Acleon peU’cais. Two species of Haminoea. distinguished by a small cylindrical shell, //. succinea. and a larger ovoid shell, H. solilaria. have consistent anatomical features. The generic name of Stilii>er has to be replaced by Ercolania due to Baba & Hamatani’s (1970a) redescription of Stiller ornalus. Alderia harvardiensix is identical with A. moJesta which occurs in Finland, California, and Brazil, Hermaea cruciata is redescribed. It differs from //. coirala from Brazil. The substitution oiCargoa for Okenia is unnecessary. Craicna kaonwc Marcus, 1957, from Brazil is a synonym of C. pilata. TenelUa pallida is a junior synonym of T. adspersa (Nordmann, 1845).
I was invited to visit the Chesapeake Biologi Europe conllrms that A. harvardiensis Gould, cal Laboratory (CBL) at Solomons, Maryland 1870, is identical with the European and during the fall of I for the purpose of Californian A. modesla (Loven, 1844). The assisting in the study of the nudihrancli, Brazilian A. uda (Marcus, l‘)56) can be consid Cratena pilala Gould. 'I'his slug was observed ered similarly. preying actively on the polyp stage of the One species from the present material was summer sea nellle, Chrysaora quinquccirrhi Dc classified by its shell as Acleun piauiusiriatns Sor. CBL is involved in a program of investiga (C. B. Adams, 1840), but the radula was found tion of tliis jellyrish, jointly sponsored by the to be different from Acteou and similar to University of Maryland, the United Stales Rictaxia Dali, IH71. Department of Commerce and the Slate of The syslematics of Calliopaea fiiscata Maryland under contract no. 14-17-0003-571. (Gould, 1870), now Ercoluniu fiiscatu. and While there I was afforded the opportunity Fmhk’toniu fuscaia (Gould, 1870) Jias utifoi tu- to collect and examine some opisthobranch nately been confused by Bergh (188(), note on species from the Chesapeake Bay. p. 1 I. 3.^, 37) and Chambers (1934; 609-610). The classification of the temperate we.stern Cory (1967; 84) did not classify his Hrnbleronia Atlantic opisthobranchs in faunal lists is gener to species. Therel'orc detailed descriptions and a ally based upon the original descriptions and modern bibliography of the present species of figures of Gould (1870). For some forms, this opisthobranchs are justified as a basis for future may be sufficient, e.g. there are probably only determinations. two species of hlysia. (nos. 0 and 10, below) which are easy to recognize and of restricted I. Rictaxis piiiu'toslriaii/s (C. B. Adams, 1840) range. However, comparison of the Alderia from Canada (Bieakney and Bailey. 1*^>67) and Tornatfl/a punciostriala. CJould. 1870: 224, I'i;;. 5)5. Aciacon puncloslrialiis. Pilsbry, 1893: 157, pt. 18, from Chesapeake Bay (no. 7) with those from figs. 98-99. pi. 19, figs. 22-2.3. Aciacon piincKisirialus. Piistiry, 1893: 157, pt. 18, fig. r. non Actcon punclaslrialux. - Marcus, ]95Sb: 'Submitted Nov. 1970; some additions 'une 1972. 32, figs. 1-10. table 1. Species of opisthobranchs considered in 2. Haminoea solitaria {Say. 1822) • his paper. Fig. 1 A-F :)rder Cephalaspidea Haminoea solilaria. Gould, 1870: 222, fig. 5 13. Pils- 1 . Rictaxis puncroslrialus (C. B. Adams, 1840) bry, 1893: 357, pi. 28, fig. 44, pi. 4 1 fig. 32. Abbott, 1955:279 pi. 26. fig. S. Smallwood, 1904. 2 . Haminoca solilaria (Say, 1822) Tigs. 1 A-F 3. Haminoea suciinea (Conrad, 1846) Figs. 2 A-I MATERIAL. Chesapeake Biological Labora 4. Acteocina canaticulata (Say, 1826) tory collection, August 1970,9 animals and 5 ^ )rder Ascoglossa empty shells. From Clioptank River, salinity 5. Ercolania fuscata (('lould, 1870) 1 1 o/oo. Further distribution, Massachusetts to 6 . Ercolania vaneHus (Marcus, 1957) I'ig. 3 A 7. AUeria moJcsla (Loven, 1844) l igs. 3 B-F Georgia. 8 . Hermaca cruciata ((iould, 1870) F'ig. 4 DESCRIPTION. The thin shells are ovoid, 9. h'lyxia chlorotica Gould, 1870 l igs. 5 A-D Iheir outlines are convex, and the greatest h'lysia calulus (Gould, 1870) I'igs. 6 A-F !0 . width is in front of the middle. The apex is Order Doridoideu 11. Doris verrucosa (l.inne, I 758) Fig. 7 A depressed and the spire perforate or closed by a 12. f’olyccrella coiiyna Marcus, 1957 Fig. 7 B callus. The sharp outer lip arises from the right 1.1. Okenia cupella (Vogel and Schull/, side of the perforation, rises higher than (he 1970) apex, and is rounded below. The inner lip is 14. DoridcHa ohscura Verrill, 1870 l igs. 7 C-F convex, the columella deeply concave, with a I.S. DoriopsiUa pharpa Marcus, 1959 Figs. 8 C-D Order 1 A)lidoido',i narrow, reflexed fold covered by an opaque l(). '['cncllia pallida (Alder and callus, which extends to the apex. The colorless Hancock, 1855) t ig. 8 E shell is transparent in life, whitish and .subpellu- 17. Cratcna pilata Gould, I 870 cid when dry. Ther' are ''out 150 spiral striae, which are deep fi:rrows narrower than their interspaces, often with indistinct ones in be MATERIAL. Maryland; Solomons, in an tween. The slightly depressed, irregular growth aquarium at the ('hesapeake Biological Labora lines over the entire length of the shell distort tory, September 1969, 8 animals and an empty the spiral grooves. The inner whorls are .slisll, three egg masses. Fkirida: Key Biscayne, reabsorbed. among algae on outer side of mangrove, The greenish flesh is stippled with melano- specimens, November 1970. phores in different density. The Hancock’s RKMARKS. The present specimens dilTer by organs are slightly wavy ridges. The jaw Iheii radula with the formula 5.0.5 I'roin elements are rhombic platelets with 4-9 pointed Acleon with many rows, each consisting of a denticles (fig. IB) quite different from the great number of unifomi teeth (Marcus, 1958b: numerous bead-like ones in //. cicgans (Fig. IG) Hence they must be assigned to the genus and H. antiHarum, but identical with those of Rictaxis Dali, 1871. The Brazilian species //. succinea (Fig. 2D). The radula iTieasures 1.0 published as Acteon puncloxrrialus Marcus X 0.8 mrn and has 21 rows with 29,1.29 teeth (I958b: 33) is a true Actcon and 1 name it A. (Fig. ID), siiTiilar to the teeth of //. succinea peiecais, spec. nov. Its diagnosis is: Shell solid, (Fig. 2F). The rhachidian tooth has about 10 with 5 -6 whorls, ratio length:width = I.Ol- denticles on either side, which occupy less of 1.73:1, aperlure 62-(-)6.5% of height. Sculpture the breadth than those of //. succinea. The ilal spiral striae separated by narrow punctuate gizzard teeth between the plates are brushes of !urrows in the lower third of the body whorl. spines, separate from the beginning; there is a Pallial caecum 1.5 whorls long; penial papilla ring of pigment cells around the base of each Miiooth. one, and a broader ring around the bundle. The The type specimen is a dry shell of 9.5 mm gizzard plates (Fig. IE) have about 15 arched ieighl. It is kept in the Department of ribs. Their sculpture is irregular, a row of big oologia, Instituto de Biociencias, University of knobs on the margin of each rib, and small 5o Paulo. Brazil. beads on the surface (Fig. IC). A study of the adult animal was published The inner reproductive organs correspond to ■ ter the present paper had been submitted the type described for Haminoea elegans (Mar Marcus, 1972: 170, figs. 1,6-10). cus, 1958b: 36-37, frg. 16), but the inner lobe I'ig. I. A-i'. Haminoea solitaria. A. Anterior part of preserved animal. B. Jaw plalelei.s. C. Border o f rib ol gizzard plate. D. Rhachidian tooth and lateral tooth from middle of half-row. E. Gizzard plate. 1-. Maie copulatory organ. G-H. Haminoea elcgans (Gray) from Brazil. G. Jaw plalelel.s. H. Border of rib of gizzard plal -.
of the mucus gland is much longer and spiny area near its base. The seminal vesicle narrower than in elegans. The male atrium, covered with glandular papillae over the enti e when invaginated, lodges two soft papillae surface (Fig. IF). hanging into the lumen (Fig. IF). Its wall DISCUSSION. The present material v. iS contains an area with cuticular spines. Com received after 1 had completed the descripti' n pletely everted (Fig. 1 A) il is a hollow sac, 5.5 of the below mentioned specimens of j!- mm long and 2.6 mm wide, with the small, succinea. The animals of both species agree n of head shield and foot, Hancock’s organ than the smaller ones. Table 3 gives the specific arapodia, jaw platelets and radula. How- characters of the western Atlantic species of he lot of//, solitaria caught in August are Haminoea, as far as 1 can stale them, and shows bigger and have a stronger sculpture than that, apart from size, only the ratio of the shell succinea of September. The shells of //. differs between solitaria and succinea, so ea are cylindrical, while those of //, possibly succinea is a synonym oi' solitaria. ia are ovoid. Also, the proportions of the liffer: in the small //. succinea the ratio of 3. Haminoea succinea (Conrad. 1846) to length varies from 1.67 to 2.0, in the Fig. 2A-I / / solitaria from 1.43 to 1.65. Generally, Haminoea succinea. VVarmke and Abbod, 1961: 142, shells are wider, and during growth they pi. 27, fig. N. >e more in length than in width. Hence MATERIAL. Chesapeake Bay, Broad Creek j, wide shells of August are probably of a Channel. 26 Sept. 1969, |0 specimens, 20 o/oo ■III species from the small and narrow salinity. Further distribution, Delaware to )f September. This opinion is supported Texas. ; spines of the gizzard plates which are DESCRIPTION. The biggest of the slender, r in //. succinea, but are irregular though cylindrical shells (Fig. 2A) is 5 mni long and 2.9 ly worn in //. solitaria. However, Small- mm wide, the ratio 1.7:1. Apex truncate, shell (1904:212) reported that the smallest a little wider towards the front. The sculpture 5x3 mm, had a ratio of 1.67 as did our of tiic transparent shells consists of fine, dense // succinea. His specimens averaged spiral grooves, slightly wavy, and coarse, radial mm with a ratio of 1.43. This compares growth lines. The extremely fragile shells ' with our smallesi U. solitaria. In our disintegrated when I tried to extract the :s, (he larger H. solitaria are narrower animals, because the foot and infrapallial lobe cover the columella and are rellected over a chink and the apex (Fig. 2A). 2. Shell mciisuretncnis o f Uaminoea solitaria. The animals were light green. Head shield,
Ratio fool and mantle are stippled more or less Len>;lh, Breadth, leng(h (o densely with groups of melanopliores and white mm mm breadth % dots which also shine through the shell. The posterior border of ihe head shield is deeply 14,5 9.0 62.0 1.61 incised and forms two long and pointed lobes 14.0 9.0 1.56 64.3 14.0 8.5 1.65 60.7 (Fig. 2A). The Hancock’s organ is a simple ridge 12.0 H.O 1,50 66.7 (Fig. 2B), sometimes thrown into transverse 1 1.4 7.0 1.63 61.3 folds. The back ends of the parapodia are I 1.0 7.0 1.5 7 63.5 continued into the straight transverse posterior 1 1,0 7.(1 1.5 7 63.5 end of the fool near the middle of Ihe shell in ! 0.0 7.0 1.43 70.0 Ihe preserved snails.
3. Characters of western Allanlic species of Haminoea. aracteis elegans aniillarum suceinea solitaria [H’liti lio 1.28-1.56 1.23-1.4 1.67-2.0 1.43 1.65 1.65 Te numerous spiral few spiral minute, spital strong, spiral none and radial and radial and radial id of entire bilobed bilobed bilobed [lie shield k’s organ pectinate 16-20 pectinate 10— 12 ridge ridge iients liny denticles tiny denticles coarse denticles coarse denticles - haehidian tricuspid tricuspid denticled denticled eral broad base denticled like others like others plate ribs crested up to 22 crested up lo 24 arched 10 12 arched 15 spiny ribs scarce spines few spines few spines I'ig. 2. Haminoea succinea. A. Living snail, B. Mead of preserved animal. C. Border of rib of gizzard plate. D Jaw platelets. Li. Brush in gizzard. I’. Radular teeth, r rhachidian. I, 6, 7, lateral teeth. G. Male copulalory organ H. Section of spine of same. I. Section of atrial fundus.
The elemenls of the .semicircular jaw plates rhachidian (ooth (Fig. 2F; r) is 46 fj. in breadti are united in a thick cuticle. Their broad outer It has only one cusp, and its border bears a ro' surfaces overlap and end with 4-9 long and of 9-1 2 denticles on each side. The laterals ha\ ' slender denticles (Fig. 2D) like those of //. slender cusps and broad bases, their lengt' solitaria. The radula of the biggest snail has 17 increases towards the middle of the half-rov rows with 9-11 lateral teeth on each side. The where they are 100 long, and decrease • awards. Their tips are generally blunt and narrow, and but little reflected, with an ey have a strengthened axis. umbilical crevice behind it) apply to the present The gizzard is armed with the usual three species. jtes, about 400 jU long, the 10-12 ribs of liich form even arches. They are sculptured 4. Acteocina eanaliculata {S'dy. 1826) ig. 2C) with big knobs on the margin and Tonwtina caiialiculala. Pilsbry. I 893: I 84, pi. 22, fig. nailer ones, touching one another, on the 23, pi. 50, figs. 25-26. irface. At the anterior end of the gizzard Relusa (Utriculastra) camlicuUita. Thiele. 1925: 268. Retusa canalicuhta. Lemche, 1948: 80. Abbott -etween the plates, no teeth (Fretter, 1930: 1955: 2H0, pi. 26,x. Wells and Wells 1962: H7. 18) but brushes of about 50 spines were seen MATERIAL. Maryland: Chesapeake Bay, irising singly from a papilla and splitting at Eastern Bay, Broad Cheek, 20 August, 1970,2 liieir tips (Fig. 2E). shells and one animal; from aquaria with mud REMARKS. The animals were not observed in the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Sep Iceding. Other species of Haminoea feed upon tember 1969, 3 specimens and 4 empty shells. weeds and bivalves (Fretter, 1939; 616; Further distribution, from Prince Edward Is Graham, 1955: 152). land and Nova Scotia to Texas, Yucatan, and The animals are smaller than in previous the West Indies. records (10x5.5 mm), so that they perhaps do not show fully mature male organs, though the 5. f'rcolania fuscata (i'jowk], 1870)' seminal vesicic contains balls of sperm. There is CaUiopat’a fuscata Ciould, 1870: 250. pi. 16, figs. no penial papilla. 1 observed clusters of large, 218-221. ' round, glandular cclls in the wall of the atrium, saucer Jiiscatus. Marcus and Marcus, I9.S.S: 241: producing a bulge of the inner epithelium of Marcus, 1958a: 15, figs. 22-24. the latter (Fig. 21). Some of these end in spines MATERIAL. Cliesapeake Bay, mouth of (Fig. 2H). A long duct leads to the slightly Patuxent River, 25 Sept. 1969. one specimen. lohulated prostatic vesicle, which is covered The species was recently collected by the Staff with big glandular cells and eventually con of the Natural Resources Institute, University tinues as a smooth-walled seminal vesicle (Fig. of Maryland at a number of other localities. 2G). Salinity l5o/oo. Further distribution, Massa DISCUSSION. 'I’he shells of the present chusetts and New Hampshire. preserved material are so brittle that details could not be studied. However, the ra
The two present species of Ercolania are Like the type species of Ercolania both of distinguished by the pigmentation of the the present species do not have branches of th - cerata; in fuscata (Marcus, 19,58a: )5)lheyare albumen gland in the cerata, while Ercolani’ black with a white tip, in vanellus they are hoodleae (Baba, 1938) has such (Baba stippled with blaclc like plovers eggs. The anal Hamatani, 1970b: 217, pi. 6, fig. 5). opening lies to the right of the median line in fuscata and on a dorsomedian papilla in 7. Alderia modesta (Loven, 1844) vanellus. The efferent duct has a glandular Fig. 3B-F widening at its entrance into the penial papilla Alderia modesta. Eliot, 1906: 376-379, figs. 26-3' : 'm fuscata and is not widened in vanellus. 1910: 137, 177, pi. 7, figs. 3-5. Engel, Geerts, ai i I Kegleren Altena, 1940: 6-34.-Evans. 1953: ones 16 mm. the Finnish and Californian »-258, pi. 11, 12: Hand and Sleinberg, 1955: records are 8 mm, and the German ones 11 and 28. Hleakney and Hailey, 1967: 347-349. 15 mm. The present preserved 7 mm long leria harvardiensis Aga.ssiz.-Gould, 187(1: 254-255. ' 226-228. specimens belong to the biggest populations. icria uda Marcu.s, 1956: 8-1 7, fig.s. 8-23. Evans’ (1953: 255) complaint that, “the MATERIAL. St. John Creek, Solomons, terminal bag of loose teeth is a piece of modern „ryland, April 1970, 18 specimens, 8.5 o/oo shabbiness,” does not hold; it is a question of imity. Further distribution, from Canada: the age and size of the individuals. In the small ->va Scotia, and Massachusetts to Brazil; from slugs of uda, the ascus contains all teeth “in a . jlifornia to Canadian border; European coasts neal spiral” as Evans claims for “the old ;nni Finland and Norway to Great Britain and families", while in the present large specimens, 1 i;ince. I was not able to verify Pruvot-Fol's the oldesl teeth are lost and the remaining \driatique, Rovigno (1954: 198). discarded ones are heaped up. REMARKS. The preserved specimens are up The species is remarkable by its lack of a III 7 nini long. They allow for comparison wilh pericardium and a heart (Evans, 1953: 251). ,1 harvardiensis and the European and Brazilian Pulsation of the cerata produces the blood s|iecics. Bleakney and Bailey (1967) although circulation. cdinmenting that the unofllcial opinion is lo CDiisider harvardiensis as a synonym of mo- 8. Hcrmaca cmciata Gould, 1 870 ilesia. fail to indicate their reasoning behind lliis slalenient. The shape of the lateral prcilon- Fig. 4 galions of the head cannot be judged in Hcrmaca cniciala A. Gould, 1870: 253, pi. 17, I'ij;. pieserved malerial. Eliot (1910: 138) states 256. Verrill, 1K73: 667 pi. 25, fig. 175. Vogel, tival Ihe shape of the frontal margin varies 1971:155, pi. (1). considerably, II may be straight, notched, or MATERIAL. A photograph and 6 color hilobed. The distribution and length of the cerata are also extieniely variable, even in the present nialcrial. This contains animals with uniformly short cerata (Fig. ,iB), as described forliarvard- iciisis, and others in which they increase greatly ill length toward the poslerior end of the animal (Fig. ,?D). In small individuals the iliveilicula of the digestive gland In the cerala aic smooth lubes, in the large ones they are rainil'ied. The slanting rows of cerata described hy livans are difficult to recognize in specimens with many long cerata. Engel, Geerts, and van Rcgieren Altena ( 1940: 15) found it “impossi- hlc 10 distinguish exact longitudinal or trans rows”. Hence the difference between mtidesta and uda is invalidated. Ihe position of the renal pore in the first htth or third of the body does not apply to material o f modesta (1953, pi. 12). In and in the present slugs it lies exactly in the ' ile of the body length (Fig. 3D). The renal n in uda and in Ihe present material is le, not bilobed, and it does not give off 'ying tubes (Eliot, 1906: 379) le size of the animals in different popula- is extremely variable, e.g., the live l ig. 4. Hcrmaca crucUila. Dorsal view of anterior lian animals attained 4 mm, the Canadian part, drawn from photographs by Michael J. Reber. slides by Michae! J. Reber of the only specimen DESCRIPTION. The preserved animals are captured by the Natural Resources Institute, up to 22 mm long, 4 mm wide with the University of Maryland. It was taken in October parapodia folded up, and 15 mm, when they 1968, at Deal Island, Maryland; salinity of are expanded. The animals arc smooth. The 16 o/oo (Vogel, 1971: 156). Further distribu rolled rhinophores are 2 mm long and end with tion, Massachusetts. a point. REMARKS. The photograph (see Vogel, The color of the lot of 1969 is ochre on 1971) allows me to separate Hermaea coirala slides, that of 1970 greyish green sprinkled with Marcus (1955; 1 10, figs. 3844) specifically wliite spots. Both have black pigment on head from cruciata. In //. crudata, the diverticula of and rhinophores, and often a dark streak along the digestive gland are united in front, and on the border of the parapodia, and a light line this transverse canal there arises an unpaired flanking the black one. There is a light area ceras. This detail is not shown in the original around the eyes. The parapodia end at the tip figure of the species, drawn by A. Agassiz of the blunt tail. The male pore (Fig. 5D; h) lies (Gould, 1870; 254, pi. 17, fig. 256; Verrill, loc. immediately under the right rhinophore, and cit.). The knobs over the tips of the branches of the single female aperture (w) farther behind in the slender liver diverticula in the cerata occur the furrow that limits the right parapodium mainly near the top in cruciata, wliile there are against (he head. The nephroproct and the anal knobs also near the base in coirala. opening (a) are close together on the right side The rather similar//f’rmaea {Placida) dendri- of the pericardial eminence. The numerous tica (Aider and Hancock, 1843) originally dorsal vessels anastomose frequently and unite described from Europe, Norway to the Mediter into two main trunks that enter the round ranean, was also found in Japan (Baba, 1937; reno-pcricardial eminence. The branches of the 223) and on the western coasts of the Atlantic albumen glands and the prostatic glands are from New England (Marcus, 1961b; 141; Clark visible beneath the dorsal vessels, but their and Franz, 1969; 174) to Curasao (Marcus course is independent. and Marcus, 1963; 19; Marcus and Marcus, The entire body is occupied by branching 1970, 36). The Japanese animals have a diverticula of the digestive gland, filled with different shape of radular leeth and must be green granules of chlorophyll which produce separated from dendritica. the green color of the animals. The skin all over Though all Sacoglossa are known as algal the head contains a thick layer of depressed feeders, II. (P.) dendritica was observed (o Iced ba.sophilous glands. There is a well developed upon //. paucicirra Pruvot-Fol, 1953, a( Arca- foot gland (f). chon(Salvat, 1968; 364). The-compact central nervous system (b) is as large as the pharynx. It lies a little behind the 9. h'lysia chlorotica Gould, 1 870 latter, and the small buccal ganglia (u) are Figs. 5A-D situated in front of the brain. k'lvsia chlorotica A. Gould, 1870; 255, pi. 17, figs. The mouth is a vertical slit, leading into the 251-255 (figs. 251-253 drawn by Gould, figs. 254-255 vertical mouth cavity, which opens into the drawn by Toppan).-Verrill, 1873: b h l . pi, 25, fig. small pharynx, 375 fi long and 450 high. The 171. Russell, 1946: 96; 1964: 37. I’fitzenmeyer, 1960: 114-115, fig. 1. liailcy and Bleakney, 1967: radula has 6 teeth in normal position in the 35 3.-I'ranz, 1968b: 7. ascending and 1 I in the descending limb, and 4 MATERIAL. C’hesapeake Bay, 1969, three were seen in the ascus of the prepared radula specimens; 1970, four specimens. A set of In the sectioned specimen there are more teeth ectachrome slides by Michael J. Reber. Speci in the ascus. The largest tooth (Fig. 5B< mens seen at the Smithsonian Institution, nos. measured was 130 long with a base of 50 p 577465, and the George Moore collection The cutting edge is smooth, without denticles 279618, from Great Bay, Newington, New The narrow oesophagus (o) leaves the phai Hampshire. Further distribution, Canada, Nova ynx on the dorsal side, passes between th Scotia, and from Massachusetts to Chesapeake buccal ganglia and through the nerve rin^ Bay. The Chesapeake Bay specimens were receives the outlet of a dorsal oesophagea found at a salinity of 8.5 o/oo. pouch (q) which is chiefly glandular, no I ig. 5. A-1). lilysia chlorotica. A. Dorsal vessels. B. Radiilar toolh. C. Male copvilatory organ. D. Diaf>rani ol' Jiscstive trad. a. anus. b. brain, d. ramifications of digestive gland, e. eye. I', foot gland. Ii. male aperture, i. miestine. m. mouth, o. oe.sophagus. t], oesophageal pouch, r. rhinophorc. s. stomach, u. buccal ganglion, w. Ii niale aperture.
ickly muscular, and opens into the wide forward loop before it opens beside the 'much (s). The stomach is coated with a nephroproct. ded epithelium. On the ventral side it gives The hermaphroditic follicles lie at the middle a pair of digestive diverticula which divide level of the parapodia. The reproductive organs I) forward and backward branches (d), richly are similar to those of other members of the ■lified under the skin. The intestine (i) leaves genus. The unarmed penial papilla (Fig. 5C) is dorsal side of the stomach and forms a long and slender, curled into the male atrium. and the atrium forms a pouch at its posterior salinity of 17 o/oo, from the mouth ofPatuxen end. There is only one female aperture (w), and River, and from Eastern Bay. Further distribu the vagina separates from the nidamental duct tion, from Massachusetts to New Jersey. outward to the mucus gland as in E. tuca DESCRIPTION. The living slugs are about Marcus and Marcus (1970: fig. 85). mm long, green due to the contents of th DISCUSSION. Elysia chlorotica and E. catu- digestive diverticula, have black pigment ii lus appear in many faunistic and ecological lists. variable density (Fig. 6B) in the smooth skin, Evidently only these two species have been and a black line along the lips. They have recorded from the northwestern Atlantic white blotch in the middle of the head, and coasts, while there are ten others farther south there is a pigment-free area around the eyes. Or, (Marcus, 1955, 1957; Marcus and Marcus, the parapodia are a pair of white bosses anil 1963, 1967b, 1970. Bergh (1886: 17) described sometimes a series of smaller white fiecks in the anatomy o f E. catulus, but a description of front of and behind the bosses (Fig. 6A). The E. chlorotica was not published. The species is digestive diverticula and the black pigment are similar to E. ornata (Swainson, 1840), bul the not present in the sole so that it is yellowish. dorsal vessels of the latter do not anastomose, On the inner side of the parapodia, the pigmeni and its pharynx is much bigger (Marcus and is generally restricted to the dorsal vessels (Fig. Marcus, 1970, figs. 81, 82) than that of 6A). chlorotica. E. cauzc Marcus, 1957, is also a The preserved slugs are more or less black, large green Elysia. It has a papillate skin in as the chlorophyll is extracted by the preserving which the openings of the subcutaneous glands alcohol. They are about 2 mm long, and their arc marked by black pigment rings also present parapodia are only lateral bulges. The short in E. ornata. The renal eminence is a long roll, rhinophores are rolled in over a ventral, and its pharynx is much larger (Marcus, 1957, pigment-free furrow. The pericardial hump is a fig. 43) than the brain. The anal opening is not fiat triangle, and the inner sides of Ihc united with the nephroproct, but with the parapodia are traversed by Ihc straight black female aperture. ve.ssels (Fig. 6C), some of which are bifurcate. The European Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1810) There is an unpaired ramifying branch in the is rather similar to Gould’s species in color and midline, disappearing where the parapodia arc dorsal vessels (Meyer and Mobius, 1865: 6, fig. united. 2; Bergh, 1872: 183, pi. 20, fig. 14). However, The pharynx is relatively big, 600 /i long, has the conical male organ is shorter and has a a muscular crop around the descending limb widened sperm reservoir in its base in E. viridis (Fig. 6E; 1) similar to that of Elysia duis (Bergh, I. c., pi. 20, fig. 25; Vayssiere, 1888: (Marcus and Marcus, 1967b: fig. 35; 1970: 47. 138, pi. 7, fig. 118), and its tooth is stouter fig. 88), which was figured, but not mentioned than that o i E. chlorotica (Meyer and Mobius. by Bergh for catulus (1886, pi. 4, fig. 9), li 1865: pi. I, fig. 3; Bergh, 1872; pi. 21, fig. 5; consists of a thick layer of muscles around the Vayssiere, 1888: pi. 7, fig. 115). ascus which is distended by a mass of pink- stained secretion (Fig. 6F). The radula has I I teeth in the ascending limb, 18-19 in the Elysia catulus (Gould, 1870) descending limb, and a number of discarded Figs. 6A-F ones in the ascus, whose end curls around the right side of Ihe pharynx. The leelh are heaprtl Ptacohranchus catulus Gould, 1870: 256, pi. 17, figs. 249, 250 (dr:iwings by Toppan). up irregularly in the ascus. Bergh counted ;ii Etysietta catulus. Verrill, 1873: 668, pi. 25, fig. 172 least 50 teeth in the ascus. The position of the (drawn from nature). teeth on the radular ribbon (Fig. 6D) is steep is Elysiella cafu/a. - Bergh, 1886: 17, pi, l.figs. 17-19 in Elysia clena (Marcus, 1970, fig. 6). The cu p (leelh), pi. 3, fig. 15 (animal, drawn from preserved forms a right angle with the base as in the lat ei specimen), pi. 4, figs. 8-11, analomica) details, pi, 5, figs. 1, 2 (penis). species. The length of the cusp is 100 fi, that Elysia catula. -\‘ranz, 1968b: 7. the base 34 the base is 52 high. There : ro MATERIAL. Chesapeake Bay: St. Leonard’s no denticles on the cusp, not even on i i*-' Creek, 23 Sept. 1969, 4 specimens. Many smallesl teeth in the ascus (26 n). 1 specimens from eel grass in Broad Creek at a oesophagus bears a muscular pouch. ‘ ig. 6. Elysia calulus. A. J.iving animal. B. Variation of pigmentation. C. Dorsal vessels. D. Radular teeth. E. lion of pharyngeal region. I-'. Male copulatory organ, a. ascus. j. ascending limb of radula. i. descending limb sme. o. oesoohaEus. u. buccal ganglia, v. efferent duct. x. penis.
here is no stylet on the penial papilla; in its of the parallel dorsal vessels. Gould published ^ there is a big seminal vesicle (Fig. 6F). figures “drawn by Toppan”, so that he proba- HMARKS. The original material (Gould, bly had not observed the vessels himself. ^ ') was allotted to Placobranchus by reason Verrill’s figure (1873, fig. 172) was drawn from nature, as was that of Bergh (1886, pi. 3, fig. Ehrenberg, was collected in October 1969. It 15), Both the latter figures agree with the shows the same variability as the previous present sketch of the living animal (Fig. 6A). animals. There may be two median knobs and As there are evidently only 2 species of two lateral pairs on the pericardial prominence Elysia on the northwestern coast of the Franz and Clark (1972) discussed the Ameri Atlantic, against 5-10 in the western Atlantic can species of Polycerella. My material fron warm water as reported in several papers by Chesapeake Bay was too scarce for a compari Marcus and Marcus from 1955 to 1970, the son of its anatomical characters; the radulae an classification of the frequently listed Elysia hardly distinguishable (Marcus, 1957: 432) chlorotica and catulus is reliable, even if not However, some specimens and drawings of the submitted to a specialist. radula of P. recondita. kindly sent by Dr. Luisc The species most similar to E. catulus is Schmekel, proved that that species is dislinc; Elysia clem Marcus and Marcus (1970: 49, figs. from the western Atlantic ones. 81, 89-90) from Barbados and Cura(?ao. In E. 13. Okenia cupella (Vogel and Schultz, 1970) clena, the dorsal ve.ssels do not meet in the midline and are less numerous. The small, Cargoa cupeUa Vot>el and Schultz, 1970: 388 393, figs. 1 -3. oldest teeth in the ascus of/;’, clcna have small REMARKS. A new generic name (ox Okenia denticles, the younger and bigger teeth have Menke, 1830, is not necessary, as the name none. Okenia, first published by Bronn, is a substitute Being a noun, the specific nanie catulus for the pre-occupied Idalia, with the type k\We\\ o{ Placobranchus need not be adapted species elegans Ixnickart, (Lemche, 1971: 265, to the female Elysia. 266). 1 1. Doris verrucosa (Linne, 1758) As long as the variability of the species is not established, O. cupella differs from (he Western Fig.7A Atlantic O. impexa Marcus, (|957: 434) by its Doris verrucosa. - Marcus and Marcus, 1967a: 201 short foot corners, tentaculiform in impexa. (synonyms). Schmckcl, 196H; 169. t'ranz, ]970: and only one pair of prcrhinophoral .soli 80 K.S. appendages, two in impexa. Okenia evelinae MATERIAL. Ten specimens originally identi Marcus (1957: 438) has rounded foot corners fied as Acanthadoris sp. from Mobjack Bay, as cupella, but has two pairs of anterior Virginia, October 1968, 1/2 mile south of Buoy appendages, and four papillae in quincunx on C-l at a salinity of 21.6 o/oo. Further the cardial prominence. distribution, from Massachusetts lo Sta. Ca It would be desirable to describe the labial tarina, Brazil, and from England lo South armature oi'cupella and its reproductive organs, Africa and (he Medilteranean. as they are different in the two west Atlantic \2. Polycerella conyna Marcus, 1957 warm water species im pexa and evelinae (Mai- cus, 1957: 435, 439). The labial cuticle is also Fig. 7B different from those species in O. sapelona Polvcerella convna Marcus, 1957: 429, figs. 104 I 10; (Marcus, 1967a: 204) from Sapelo Lsland, the 1960b; KS9; I96.V 33; Marcus and Marcus, 1970: dorsal papillae of which distinguish it from 70.- I'ranz, l96Xb: S (corirma. vi. pro conyna). cupella. The reproductive organs of sapelonu MATERIAL. Chesapeake Bay: Manokin resemble those o\' impexa (Marcus, 1957: fij.’. River, 25 Sept. 1969, salinity 17 o/oo, I 126), so their comparison with those o f cupelhi .specimen. Further distribution, from New Jer might be decisive for the validity of the latter sey to Brazil, Sao Paulo. species. REMARKS. The number of papillae on the back and on the pallial ridge and the length of \^.Doridella obscura Verrill, 1870 the latter vary. The present specimen had two Fig. 7C-F pairs of papillae and many postbranchial knobs, Doridella obscura Verrill, 1870; 1873; 307,400,6(4, placed rather symmetrically. pi, 25, CiKs, 173a, li, i'ranz. 1967; 73-79; 1968b /, A large sample from Miami, 360 specimens 11-12, Marcus and Marcus, 1967b; 94, fig, 122, on Bryozoa, chiefly Zoohotrion pellucidum Coramhclla dcpressa Balch, 1899; 151. l ip. 7. A, Doris verrucosa. B. Polycerella conyna. C-1'. Doridella ohscura. C. Heavily pigmented animal. D. lall-row of radula. li. Side view ot'laleral tooth. F-’. Male copulatory organ.
^ "ramhella baratariac Harry, 1953: 1-8, pi. I. haratariae Harry, 1953, with/), ohscnra. Proba ^ "ramhella harataria. -Cory, 1967: 76. bly also D. hurchi (Marcus, 1967a: 205) must MATERIAL. Chesapeake Bay: Herring Bay, be included, and D. caramhola (Marcus, 1955a: luokin River, Deale, Md., and many other 163). The differences of these species are I' alities at a wide range of salinities 9-21 o/oo, minute and variable. The number of branchial ^ :>(ember 1969, 2S specimens. Further distri- glands, reported to be 2 in carambola, 3 in the ' ion, from Massachusetts southwards to other species, was now found to vary from 2 to * rida and Louisiana. 3 in all species. The size of the animals is also )1SCUSS10N. Franz (1967: 75) u n ite d different; Verrill (1873:644) indicated 7.5 mm, • amhella depressa Balch, 1899, and C. as did Franz (1967). The slugs called burchi attain 8 mm, carambola 6 mm, and baratariae, Tenellia ventihbrum (Dalyell, 1855).-Pruvot-Fo, preserved, 4 mm. Also the material from 1954: 413. Solomons is small, preserved, a maximum of 4 MATERIAL. Chesapeake Bay: Manokii mm. River and many other places, on hydroidr. The coloration is brought about by black, Average salinity 12.6 o/oo. Further distribu roundish melanophores in all layers of the body tion, Sao Paulo, Brazil; European coasts frora wall, as well as brown chromatophores and a Lofoten and Finland to the Mediterranean; network of yellow pigment granules. Japan: California. These elements are constant in the individu REMARKS. Tenellia pallida feeds upon als, though they vary from one animal to the hydroids and might also accept the polyps of other. There are almost colorless ones and Semaeostomes. The entire aspect, the cnidosacs nearly black ones (Fig. 7C) in one and the same in the cerata, and the penial stylet of the population. They do not adapt the color to present material agree perfectly with the de the background; dark specimens kept on light scriptions and with my previous material of T. substratum and light ones on dark, maintain pallida. their original color. The reproductive organs of Gould’s E m bleto The single pair (depressa) or two pairs of nia fuscata (1870: 251, pi. 17, figs. 229-232) lamellae aJong the sides of the rhinophoral were studied by Chambers (1934: 609-610) sheath afford so slight differences that they who lumped Embletonia pallida Alder and should not be used for specific separation. Hancock, E. fuscata Gould, E. remigata Gould, Whether the male organ can be applied for and Calliopaea fuscata Gould together, as did separation must be decided by further investiga Pruvot-Fol (1954: 213). The reproductive or tion. D. burchi (Fig. 8A) from Sapelo has a gans of E. fuscata according to Chambers differ thick, folded collar of the atrial wall around the from those of T. pallida by the absence of a base of the coniform penial papilla, while in the penial stylet and the presence of a hermaphro Brazilian carambola, (Fig. 8B) the collar is thin ditic valve. and narrow, and the papilla is slender. The The exact species Bergh (1886: 34-37) Solomons’ slugs have an intermediate collar and studied is doubtful, since he did not mentior an intermediate papilla. 1 call them D. obscura the glandular organ annexed to the male duct provisionally, until the organs of specimens (Chambers, 1934: 626-267; Marcus and Marcus, from the original locality of D. obscura are 1955: 240), and confused Embletonia and described. Calliopaea. His animals had round cnidosacs, smooth jaw plates, Embletonia-like teeth (loc, 15. Doriopsilla pharpa Marcus, 1961 cit., ^1. 2, fig. 15-18) and no stylet. The genera Fig. 8C-D Embletonia and Tenellia are distinguished by Doriopsilla pharpa Mucus, 1961b: 146;-Marcus and the development of typical cnidosacs in the Marcus, 1967b: 209 *211. latter. Presence or absence of a stylet is specific; MATERIAL. Virginia; 37° 08' 30" N, 76° the type species, £■. pulchra has a stylet (Marcus 15' 30" W, 1 mi. East BW-B 16, 31 Oct. 1968, and Marcus, 1958: 93). temp. 15.1° C, salinity 22.3 o/oo, one specimen Recently Roginskaya (1970) synonymized together with mud, snails, sponges, grass the Embletonia pallida Alder and Hancock, shrimp, Libinia species, and xanthid crabs. 1855, with Tergipes adspersus Nordmann, Seven specimens were collected in 1970. Fur 1845, which belongs to the genus Tenellia A. ther distribution, from Beaufort, North Caro Costa, 1866. lina, to Sapelo Island, Georgia. REMARKS. The contents of the buccal 17. Cratena pilata (Gould, 1870) cavity was sponge tissue. Aeolis pilata Gould, 1870: 243, pi. 19, figs. 270-277, 279,281. 16. Tenellia pallida (Alder and Hancock, 1855) Facelina pilala.-VemU, 1881: 389. Cralena kaoruae Marcus, 1957: 472, figs. 219-2?4; Fig. 8E 1961b: 148;-Marcus and Marcus, 1960a: 257, fig. Tenellia pallida.-Matcas, 1960b: 180, fig. 80; 1970; non Cratena pi'/aw.-Bergh, 1886: 29, pi. 5, fig. 16, pi- 216. 6, fig. ll,pl.7,figs. 10-12. Embletonia pallida.-Thompson, 1964: 294 (feeding). Cratena p/iifa.-Franz, 1968a: 264, fig. 1:
tion does not justify the creation of a new ------. 1910. A monograph of the British nudibranchi genus for Bergh’s species. ate MoUusca, Part VIII (Supplementary). London Ray Society, 198 p., 8 pis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENGEL, H., S. J. GEERTS, and C. 0 . v. REGTEREN ALTENA. 1940. Alderia modesta (Loven) an( I am grateful to Dr. Leonard P. Schultz, Mr. David Limapontia depressa Alder & Hancock in thi G. Cargo and Miss Rosalie M. Vogel of the Chesapeake bracki.sh waters of the Dutch coast. BASTF;RI/> Biological Laboratory for the opportunity to study 5:6-34. the opisthobranchs of the Chesapeake Bay. I owe EVANS, T. J. 1953. The alimentary and vascula thanks to Mr. Michael J. Reber of the same institution systems of Alderia modesta (Loven) in relation ti for allowing me to study some beautiful photographs its ecology. Proc. M ake. Soc. London 29:249-258. of living animals. Thanks also go to Prof. F. M. Bayer FRANZ, D. R. 1967. On the taxonomy and biology oi (Miami, Florida), Dr. Joseph P. Ro,sewater (Washing the dorid nudibranch Doridella obscura. NautUu.< ton, D.C.), Dr. Lui.se Schmekel (Tiibingen, Germany), 80:73-79. Prof. Allyn G. Smith (San Francisco, Calif.) and Dr. ------. 1968a. Taxonomy of the eolid nudibranch Fred G. Thompson (Gainesville, Florida) who helped Cratena pilata (Gould). Chesapeake Set. 9:264-266. me obtain comparative material of their collections, . 1968b. Occurrence and distribution of New and copies of their papers. Jersey Opisthobranchiala. Nautilus 82:7-12. -. 1970. The distribution of the nudibranch Z)om I ITKRAIURE CITED verrucosa Linne in the Northwest Atlantic. Nauti^ ABBOT!', R. T. L955. American Sea.shells. 3rd print. /i/s 83:80-85. D. van Nostrand, New York. 541 p., 40 pi. ------, and K. B. CLARK. 1972. A discussion of the BABA, K. 1937. Opisthobranchia of .lapan (I). J. .sytematics, reproductive biology, and zoogeography Dept. A^ric. K yushu Imp. Univ. ,“i: 195-236, pl. 4. of Polycerella emertoni and related species (C’lastro------, and 1. HAMATANI. 1970a. Occurrences of poda: Nudibranchia). Veliger 14: 265-268. specimens presumably identifiable with SHliger FRETTI'.R, V. 1939. J'he structure and function of ornatus Ehrenberg, 1931, at Seto, Kii, Middle Japan. the ahmentary canal of some tectibranch molluscs. P uhi Seto Mar. fiiol. Lal>. 18(3): 199-206. Tran.s. R Soc. Edinburgh 59:599-(,46. - -, and -. 1970b. The anatomy of Ercolania GOULD, A. A. 1870. Report on the Invertebrata of boodleae (Baba, 1938) from Seto, Kii, Middle Japan Massachusetts. 2nd Ed. Boston, 524 p., pis. 16-27. (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa). Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. GRAHAM, A. 1955. Molluscan diets. Proc. Make. I.ah. 18(4):2l5-222. Soc. London 31:144-159. BAILEY, K. H., and J. S. BIcakney. 1967, First HAND, ('., and JOAN STEINBERG. 1955. On the (’anadian report of the sacoglossan Elvsia chlorotica occurrence of Ihc nudibranch Alderia modesta Gould. Veliger 9:35i-354. (Loven, 1844) on Ihe Central Californian coast. BALCH, F. N. 1899. List of marine Mollusca of Nautilus 69:21-28. Coldspring Flarbor, Long Island, with descriptions of HARRY, H. 1953. Coramhella haratariae, a new one new genus and two new species of nudibranchs. species of nudibranch from the coast of Louisiana. Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 29:1 33-162. Occas. Pap. Mar. Lab. Louisiana State Univ. BERGll, R. 1872. Malacologischc Untersiichungen, I. LEMCHE, H. 1948. Northern and Arctic tectibranch Semper's Reisen 2(4): I ll-lOTi. Gastttipods. Kongel. Oansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol - . 1886. Beitriige zur Kenntniss dcr Aeolidiaden. S k r 5(3): 1-1 36. Vlll. Verh. zool. hot. Ges. Wien. 35:1-60. . 1971. Okenia Menkc, 1830, and/rfa/(V//a Bergli. BLEAKNEY, J. S., and K. H. BAILEY. 1967. 1881 (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia): proposed addi Rediscovery of the saltmarsh sacoglossan Alderia tion to the official list. Bull. Zool. Nomencl modesta Loven in Eastern Canada. Proc. Maiae. Soc. 27(5/6):265-266. London 37:347-349. MARCUS, ERNS'F. 1955. Opisthobranchia from Bra CHAMBERS, L. A. 1934. Studies on the organs of zil. Bol. Fac. Fil. Univ. Sao Paulo /.ool. 20:89-26’. reproduction in the nudibrunchiate mollusks. Bull. 1957. On Opisthobranchia from Brazil (2 )..' .Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 66:599-642. Linnean Soc. London Zool. 43:390-486. CLARK, K. B., and D. R. FRANZ. 1969. Occurrence . 1958a. On We.stern Atlantic opislhobranchiaK' of the sacoglossan opisthobranch Hermaea dendri- gastropods. Am. Mus. Novit. No. 1906:1-82. tica Alder & Flancock in New England. VeH^er ------. 1958b. Notes on opisthobranchia. B ioi hisL 12:174-175. Oceanogr. Sao Paulo 7:31-79. CORY, R. L. 1967. Epifauna of the Patuxent River ------. 196 la. Opisthobranch mollusks from Californi .. Estuary, Maryland, for 1963 and 1964. Chesapeake Ke/fijer 3 SuppI: 1-85. Sei. 8:71-89. - . 1961b. Opisthobranchia from North ('arolina. ' E^DMUNDS, M. 1966. Defensive adaptations of StiUger Elisha M itchell Sci. Sor. 77:14 1 -151. vanellus Marcus, with a di.scussion on the evolution , and EVELINE MARCUS. 1955. Uber Sand of "nudibranch” molluscs. Proc. M ake. Soc. I.on- pisthobranchia. Kieler Meeresforsch. 1 1:230-243. don 37:73-81. - -...., and - . 1970. Opisthobranchs from Curav ' ELIOT, C. N. E. 1906. Notes on some British and fauni.stically related regions. Stud. Fau J nudibranchs. J. M ar Biol. /1.?s. U. K.. n. ser. Curasao 33(122): I-129. 7:333-382, MARCUS, EVELINE. 1970. On some Opisthobranc s 'om Cananeia, Brazil. So/. Fac. Fit. Univ. Sao Paulo 1964. New England nudibranch note^. /Vauiilus /ool. 27:2117-228. 7 8:37^3. . 1972. On some Acteonidae (Gastropoda, SALVA'L, 1'. 1968. Hcrmaea paucicirra Pruvot-Fol, tpisthobranc-hia). Papeis A i’uls. /o o l. S. Paulo 1953 (Mollusque. Gasteropode, Opisthobranche '>(|9):I67-I88. Sacoglossel, Bull. Mus. Nam. Hist. Nat.. Pari.s (Ser. , :,nd ERNST MARCUS. 1956. On two s;u'o- 2) 40: 358-365. . lossan slugs from Brazil. A m . Mus. Novit. 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Malarologia of British Nudibranchs, Svmp. British Ecol, Soc, No. 199-222. 4: 275-297. , and -----, 1967b, American opi.sthobranch VAYSSIEKE, A, 1888. Recherches zoologiques et nioHuscs, SnjJ. Trop. Otca!u>;^r. Miami 6:1-256. anatomiques sur les mollusques opisthobranches du Ml YL;R, H. a., and K. MOBIUS. 1865. l auna dcr Golfe de Marseille. 2. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille Kieler IkichI, I : Die llinterkiemer oder Opistho Z o o i 3 (4): 1-160, pis. 1-7. branchia, Leipzig, I 26 p,, 27 pi. VERRILL, A. E, 1873. Report on the invertebrate PI IIZLNMEYKR, H, T, I960, Notes on a nudi- animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters. branch, t'lysia clilorotica. from Chesapeake Bay. V. S. Fish. Comm. Rep. IS7I-7J: 295-778. Maryland, Chesapeake Sci. I(2):l 14-1 15, . 1881. Notice ol'recent additions to the marine V>1LSBRY, H, A, 189.1. Order Opisthobranchiata, p. invertebrates. V. S. Nat. Mus. 3:356409, 134 436, In (i. W. Tryon, Jr, (cd). Manual of VOGEL, K. M. 1971. Lhe biology and u redescription Cimchology; Structural and Systetnalic. Vol. 15. of the Opisthobrancb mollusk Uermuea cruciuta Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. Gould, from Chesapeake Bay. Veliner . 1921. Marine mollusks of Hawaii. I’roc. Acad. 14(2): 155-157. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 72:360-382. , and L, P, SCHULTZ, 1971), Cargoa eupella. new I’lUIVOT-LOL, A. 1954. Mollusqiies Opisthobranclies. genus and new species of nudibranch from Chesa t aune de France 5 8 :1 -460. peake Hay. Vcliiicr 12:388-393. KOdlNSKAYA, L S. 1970. Tenellia adspersa. a WARMKE, G. L., and K. L, A B B O T I, 1961, nudibranch new to the Azov Sea, with notes on its Caribbean seashells, Livingstone PubL, Narberth, Pa, taxonomy and ecology. A/fltoco/. Review 3:167-174. 346 p,, 44 pi, KUSSLLL, H. L). 1946. Ecological notes concerning WE.LLS, IE, and M. .1. WELLS. 1962. Lhe distinction Flysia ehlorotica Gould, and Sliligcr fuscala Gould. between Aeteocina candei and Retusa canaliculala. y'aulilus 59:95-97. 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