The Respiratory System s1

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Power Point Notes

What Do I Need To Know (pages 270-280)?

1. Identify and give the functions for each of the following: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Diaphragm & ribs, Pleural membranes, and Thoracic cavity.

2. Compare and contrast the mechanics of the processes of inhalation and exhalation .

3. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the alveoli.

4. Explain the roles of the cilia and mucous in the respiratory tract.

5. Describe the interaction of the lungs, pleural membranes, ribs, and diaphragm in the breathing process.

6. Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the breathing centre in the medulla oblongata.

7. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external respiration.

8. Distinguish between the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood by explaining the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions.

VOCABULARY _____ Alveoli _____ Internal respiration _____ Bicarbonate ions _____ Larynx _____ Breathing _____ Lipoproteins (surfactant) _____ Bronchi _____ Medulla oblongata _____ Bronchioles _____ Mucous _____ Carbaminohemoglobin(HbCO2) _____ Nasal sinus _____ Carbon dioxide _____ Nose hairs _____ Carbonic anhydrase _____ Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) _____ Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO2) _____ Pharynx _____ Cartilage _____ Pleural membrane _____ Cellular respiration _____ Pneumothorax _____ Chemoreceptors _____ Pulmonary capillaries _____ Cilia _____ Reduced hemoglobin (HHb) _____ Diaphragm _____ Sinus _____ Epiglottis _____ Stretch receptors _____ Esophagus _____ Surface tension _____ Exhalation/Expiration _____ Thoracic cavity _____ External respiration _____ Trachea _____ Hemoglobin _____ Vocal cords _____ Hydrogen ions _____ Inspiration/Inhalation _____ Intercostal muscles THE PARTS YOU NEED TO KNOW: The Nasal Sinus: The ______is surrounded by a lot of ______and ______glands. Because it is one of the major entry ways into the body it has many things to help keep us safe 1. ______: with the aid of mucous, these hairs ______. The debris that is trapped in this manner is discharged through the nose. 2. There are ______here to recognize and destroy foreign objects. 3. ______are released here as an allergic response when foreign irritants are encountered. This causes runny nose.

Pharynx/Throat: This is the common passageway for ______

Epiglottis: This is a ______that covers the top of the ______when ______to ensure that food enters the esophagus and not the lungs.

Larynx: When the epiglottis is opened, the air is able to pass through the ______and into the trachea.

The larynx contains the ______(two tendons that adjust the pitch of sounds according to how taut they are).

When a guy goes through puberty, his vocal chords and voice box (larynx) ______, and begins to stick out at the front of the throat. This lump is called the ______.

Trachea: This is the ______. This passageway is held open by the presence of C- shaped rings of ______.

This is a ______adaptation. The trachea conducts air into the ______.

• ______filter the air as it moves through the trachea.

• The mucous ______and other particles, and the cilia ______to the back of the ______so we swallow it into our digestive system CONDITIONING OF THE AIR Several things happen to the air on its way to the alveoli. It is:

1. Adjusted to ______: By the time it arrives at the alveoli the air has been in contact with many tissues and is 37o C. 2. Adjusted to ______. As inhaled air passes over the mucous passageways, it becomes saturated with water. 3. ______in a 2 part process. 1. Nose hairs and mucous in the nasal passageways. 2. Mucous and Cilia in Trachea and bronchi. *Note: cilia do not filter!

BRONCHI: The trachea splits into ______and takes the air into each lung. These branches also have ______around them, for the same reason. The bronchi conducts air into smaller branching passageways called ______.

BRONCHIOLES: The bronchioles are branching passageways that carry air to its ultimate destination, the ______.

ALVEOLI: These are the blind ______endings at the end of the bronchioles. There are approx. ______in the human lung. This is the ______.

______leaves the alveoli and ______to be taken around the body. ______does the opposite and is ______.

Why are they so special?

1. ______: Each adult lung contains millions of alveoli. This provides lots of ______for the gases to be exchanged.

2. ______: The walls of alveoli are only ______thick.

3. ______: They have stretch receptors that ______when the ______enough (stretched). They send a message to the brain to start ______. 4. ______: They are very moist and this helps gas exchange.

5. VERY ______: They have a close association with many blood capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged ______.

6. LINED WITH ______(surfactant) on their inner surface. This helps to maintain surface tension, thus ______and sticking together during exhalation.

DIAPHRAGM: This is ______that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

When you ______.

RIBS AND MUSCLES: These are the bones that are connected to the vertebral column and sternum.

These are ______between the ribs, which help to move the ribs… 1. ______2. ______

MEDULLA OBLONGATA: Our control of the breathing process is only voluntary to a point. The ______of the brain is sensitive to the concentration of ______in the blood.

+ When the concentrations of H and CO2 ______, the breathing center in the medulla oblongata is ______and sends nerve impulses to the ______.

TO INHALE: When the brain realizes there is ______in our blood, it sends a message to the rib muscles and diaphragm to ______.

The ribs move ______, the diaphragm ______. This creates ______in the lungs (______air pressure) and ______to fill that space.

This is called ______.

TO EXHALE: When the ______(full of air), they send a message to the brain to ______.

The brain tells the muscles to ______and the ribs move back ______, while the diaphragm moves ______.

This ______the amount of ______in the lungs and the air is ______.

This is called ______.

PLEURAL MEMBRANES: These are membranes that ______.

The ______pleural membrane ______& the diaphragm.

The ______pleural membrane is ______. The two lie very close to each other.

The pleura ______so when the lungs inflate, a ______is created and this causes air to rush in.

These membranes also stick the lungs to the chest cavity walls, so ______.

PNEUMOTHORAX: A ______to the chest wall, piercing the pleural membrane (even without damaging the lung itself), will result in a ______, or ______. In a situation like this, the negative pressure effectively draws air in through the puncture wound, putting pressure on the surface of the lung instead of inside it and the lung collapses.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Respiration is the set of processes involved with the ______and the removal of the waste product CO2.

There are four aspects to respiration: 1. ______: the inspiration and expiration of air. 2. ______: gas exchange at the alveoli. 3. ______: gas exchange at the tissues. 4. ______: mitochondria turn O2 and glucose into CO2 and H2O and ATP energy.

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: Happens at the ______.

It is the diffusion of ______pulmonary capillaries (______) and the diffusion of ______to be exhaled with the air.

Because there is a lot of CO2 returning to the lungs, and not very much in the alveoli, the ______down its concentration gradient and ______to be breathed out.

Because there is a lot of O2 in the fresh air in the alveoli, and not much in the deO2 blood, the ______down its concentration gradient and ______. INTERNAL RESPIRATION: Happens at the ______. It is the diffusion of ______cells, and the diffusion of ______capillaries.

The CO2 is then returned to the heart and sent to the lungs to be removed during exhalation. CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

INTERNAL RESPIRATION (con’t): At the venule end of the capillary bed, when ______into the blood by ______, ______. Carbon dioxide can be transported in three ways:

1. ______2. ______3. ______

Because the hemoglobin now ______, they join to form ______. CO2 also joins with ______to make the ______. There is an enzyme in the red blood cells called ______which catalyzes this reaction.

The ______from the water is now free. This is BAD as it is ______and can eat through the blood vessel walls.

So, hemoglobin acts as a ______and joins with the hydrogen ion to make ______.

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (con’t): When the blood returns to the lungs, the conditions change again, and ______& wants to ______again.

So all of the reactions happen in ______.

At this point, all that is left to be excreted at the lungs is ______

So the CO2 ______and is ______.

The water will either: 1. Be ______in the air 2. Enter the alveoli to keep them ______3. Remain in the ______