<p> THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Power Point Notes</p><p>What Do I Need To Know (pages 270-280)?</p><p>1. Identify and give the functions for each of the following: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Diaphragm & ribs, Pleural membranes, and Thoracic cavity.</p><p>2. Compare and contrast the mechanics of the processes of inhalation and exhalation .</p><p>3. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the alveoli.</p><p>4. Explain the roles of the cilia and mucous in the respiratory tract.</p><p>5. Describe the interaction of the lungs, pleural membranes, ribs, and diaphragm in the breathing process.</p><p>6. Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the breathing centre in the medulla oblongata.</p><p>7. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external respiration.</p><p>8. Distinguish between the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood by explaining the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions.</p><p>VOCABULARY _____ Alveoli _____ Internal respiration _____ Bicarbonate ions _____ Larynx _____ Breathing _____ Lipoproteins (surfactant) _____ Bronchi _____ Medulla oblongata _____ Bronchioles _____ Mucous _____ Carbaminohemoglobin(HbCO2) _____ Nasal sinus _____ Carbon dioxide _____ Nose hairs _____ Carbonic anhydrase _____ Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) _____ Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO2) _____ Pharynx _____ Cartilage _____ Pleural membrane _____ Cellular respiration _____ Pneumothorax _____ Chemoreceptors _____ Pulmonary capillaries _____ Cilia _____ Reduced hemoglobin (HHb) _____ Diaphragm _____ Sinus _____ Epiglottis _____ Stretch receptors _____ Esophagus _____ Surface tension _____ Exhalation/Expiration _____ Thoracic cavity _____ External respiration _____ Trachea _____ Hemoglobin _____ Vocal cords _____ Hydrogen ions _____ Inspiration/Inhalation _____ Intercostal muscles THE PARTS YOU NEED TO KNOW: The Nasal Sinus: The ______is surrounded by a lot of ______and ______glands. Because it is one of the major entry ways into the body it has many things to help keep us safe 1. ______: with the aid of mucous, these hairs ______. The debris that is trapped in this manner is discharged through the nose. 2. There are ______here to recognize and destroy foreign objects. 3. ______are released here as an allergic response when foreign irritants are encountered. This causes runny nose.</p><p>Pharynx/Throat: This is the common passageway for ______</p><p>Epiglottis: This is a ______that covers the top of the ______when ______to ensure that food enters the esophagus and not the lungs. </p><p>Larynx: When the epiglottis is opened, the air is able to pass through the ______and into the trachea. </p><p>The larynx contains the ______(two tendons that adjust the pitch of sounds according to how taut they are).</p><p>When a guy goes through puberty, his vocal chords and voice box (larynx) ______, and begins to stick out at the front of the throat. This lump is called the ______. </p><p>Trachea: This is the ______. This passageway is held open by the presence of C- shaped rings of ______. </p><p>This is a ______adaptation. The trachea conducts air into the ______. </p><p>• ______filter the air as it moves through the trachea. </p><p>• The mucous ______and other particles, and the cilia ______to the back of the ______so we swallow it into our digestive system CONDITIONING OF THE AIR Several things happen to the air on its way to the alveoli. It is:</p><p>1. Adjusted to ______: By the time it arrives at the alveoli the air has been in contact with many tissues and is 37o C. 2. Adjusted to ______. As inhaled air passes over the mucous passageways, it becomes saturated with water. 3. ______in a 2 part process. 1. Nose hairs and mucous in the nasal passageways. 2. Mucous and Cilia in Trachea and bronchi. *Note: cilia do not filter! </p><p>BRONCHI: The trachea splits into ______and takes the air into each lung. These branches also have ______around them, for the same reason. The bronchi conducts air into smaller branching passageways called ______.</p><p>BRONCHIOLES: The bronchioles are branching passageways that carry air to its ultimate destination, the ______.</p><p>ALVEOLI: These are the blind ______endings at the end of the bronchioles. There are approx. ______in the human lung. This is the ______. </p><p>______leaves the alveoli and ______to be taken around the body. ______does the opposite and is ______.</p><p>Why are they so special?</p><p>1. ______: Each adult lung contains millions of alveoli. This provides lots of ______for the gases to be exchanged.</p><p>2. ______: The walls of alveoli are only ______thick. </p><p>3. ______: They have stretch receptors that ______when the ______enough (stretched). They send a message to the brain to start ______. 4. ______: They are very moist and this helps gas exchange.</p><p>5. VERY ______: They have a close association with many blood capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged ______.</p><p>6. LINED WITH ______(surfactant) on their inner surface. This helps to maintain surface tension, thus ______and sticking together during exhalation. </p><p>DIAPHRAGM: This is ______that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. </p><p>When you ______.</p><p>When you ______.</p><p>RIBS AND MUSCLES: These are the bones that are connected to the vertebral column and sternum.</p><p>These are ______between the ribs, which help to move the ribs… 1. ______2. ______</p><p>MEDULLA OBLONGATA: Our control of the breathing process is only voluntary to a point. The ______of the brain is sensitive to the concentration of ______in the blood. </p><p>+ When the concentrations of H and CO2 ______, the breathing center in the medulla oblongata is ______and sends nerve impulses to the ______.</p><p>TO INHALE: When the brain realizes there is ______in our blood, it sends a message to the rib muscles and diaphragm to ______.</p><p>The ribs move ______, the diaphragm ______. This creates ______in the lungs (______air pressure) and ______to fill that space.</p><p>This is called ______.</p><p>TO EXHALE: When the ______(full of air), they send a message to the brain to ______.</p><p>The brain tells the muscles to ______and the ribs move back ______, while the diaphragm moves ______.</p><p>This ______the amount of ______in the lungs and the air is ______.</p><p>This is called ______.</p><p>PLEURAL MEMBRANES: These are membranes that ______. </p><p>The ______pleural membrane ______& the diaphragm. </p><p>The ______pleural membrane is ______. The two lie very close to each other. </p><p>The pleura ______so when the lungs inflate, a ______is created and this causes air to rush in. </p><p>These membranes also stick the lungs to the chest cavity walls, so ______. </p><p>PNEUMOTHORAX: A ______to the chest wall, piercing the pleural membrane (even without damaging the lung itself), will result in a ______, or ______. In a situation like this, the negative pressure effectively draws air in through the puncture wound, putting pressure on the surface of the lung instead of inside it and the lung collapses.</p><p>RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Respiration is the set of processes involved with the ______and the removal of the waste product CO2. </p><p>There are four aspects to respiration: 1. ______: the inspiration and expiration of air. 2. ______: gas exchange at the alveoli. 3. ______: gas exchange at the tissues. 4. ______: mitochondria turn O2 and glucose into CO2 and H2O and ATP energy.</p><p>EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: Happens at the ______.</p><p>It is the diffusion of ______pulmonary capillaries (______) and the diffusion of ______to be exhaled with the air. </p><p>Because there is a lot of CO2 returning to the lungs, and not very much in the alveoli, the ______down its concentration gradient and ______to be breathed out. </p><p>Because there is a lot of O2 in the fresh air in the alveoli, and not much in the deO2 blood, the ______down its concentration gradient and ______. INTERNAL RESPIRATION: Happens at the ______. It is the diffusion of ______cells, and the diffusion of ______capillaries.</p><p>The CO2 is then returned to the heart and sent to the lungs to be removed during exhalation. CELLULAR RESPIRATION:</p><p>INTERNAL RESPIRATION (con’t): At the venule end of the capillary bed, when ______into the blood by ______, ______. Carbon dioxide can be transported in three ways:</p><p>1. ______2. ______3. ______</p><p>Because the hemoglobin now ______, they join to form ______. CO2 also joins with ______to make the ______. There is an enzyme in the red blood cells called ______which catalyzes this reaction.</p><p>The ______from the water is now free. This is BAD as it is ______and can eat through the blood vessel walls. </p><p>So, hemoglobin acts as a ______and joins with the hydrogen ion to make ______. </p><p>EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (con’t): When the blood returns to the lungs, the conditions change again, and ______& wants to ______again. </p><p>So all of the reactions happen in ______. </p><p>At this point, all that is left to be excreted at the lungs is ______</p><p>So the CO2 ______and is ______. </p><p>The water will either: 1. Be ______in the air 2. Enter the alveoli to keep them ______3. Remain in the ______</p>