ELECTRONIC APPENDIX 1: Parasitic and Sociality Data

Species, body mass in g (Mass), sample size for endoparasites (N END), endoparasite species richness (END), sample for ectoparasites (N ECT), ectoparasite species richness (ECT) and sociality (SOC). References consulted for sociality (Ref SOC), END (Ref END), and ECT

(Ref ECT). The specific number for references in the table is related to “parasitic” or

“sociality” references (see below). ND refers to lack of data.

Species Mass N END N ECT ECT SOC Ref Ref Re

END SOC EN f

T Marmota 3987 31 6 31 0 3 1 6 6 marmota Marmota monax 4718 446 9 91 5 1 1 16 42 Marmota 3960 25 5 1458 7 3 1 43 39 sibirica Cynomys 863 50 2 50 6 3 1 30 30 ludovicianus Cynomys 828 22 3 22 3 3 1 27 27 mexicanus Sciurus vulgaris 325 638 14 11 4 1 13 43 35 Sciurus niger 804 119 11 87 6 1 9 8 8 Sciurus 541 270 24 67 13 1 13 9 13 carolinensis Tamias striatus 96 43 8 31 6 1 15 32 18 Tamiasciurus 195 81 10 81 6 1 16 25 25 hudsonicus

Ammospermoph 155 37 4 500 3 2 4 20 20 ilus nelsoni Ammospermoph 98 135 9 14 11 1 3 23 23 ilus leucurus Glaucomys 65 33 5 70 9 2 10 31 31 volans Spermophilus 308 35 6 14 6 1 1 23 23 armatus Spermophilus 155 12 2 25 7 2 1 23 23 townsendi Spermophilus 279 12 4 12 1 2 1 23 23 beldingi Spermophilus 664 154 17 61 14 2 1 23 23 variegatus Spermophilus 158 100 6 24 17 1 1 23 23 lateralis Spermophilus 343 209 13 63 9 2 1 26 21 richardsonii Spermophilus 459 46 10 3 3 2 1 26 21 franklinii Cavia aperea 341 143 5 143 4 3 2 10 10 Kerodon 950 16 6 ND ND 3 11 2 N rupestris D Octodon degus 235 78 6 ND ND 3 7 7 N

D Hydrochaeris 55,00 40 6 ND ND 3 12 34 N hydrochaeris 0 D Zapus 195 956 7 956 9 1 18 41 41 hudsonicus Geomys 176 144 8 144 4 1 11 3 3 bursarius Thomomys 360 73 4 ND ND 1 11 17 N bulbivorus D Castor 19,60 140 5 140 0 3 17 14 14 canadensis 6 Perognathus 20 38 3 183 3 1 5 38 38 parvus Sigmodon 185 355 9 23 7 1 6 28 12 hispidus Ondatra 1136 154 6 85 4 1 13 1 19 zibethica Neotoma 371 50 5 47 12 1 19 29 11 floridana Oryzomys 48 178 20 ND ND 1 20 24 N palustris D Peromyscus 21 280 14 28 7 2 21 28 33 maniculatus Peromyscus 29 86 15 64 9 1 13 28 12 gossypinus Acomys 45 27 6 ND ND 2 8 4 N cahirinus D Cricetomys 1093 29 6 ND ND 1 13 22 N gambianus D Microtus arvalis 28 311 16 416 43 1 13 15 35 Microtus 46 171 17 ND ND 2 22 15 N agrestis D Apodemus 22 323 16 ND ND 1 13 37 N agrarius D Apodemus 24 1213 28 ND ND 2 13 15 N sylvaticus D Chletrionomys 21 509 20 65 15 2 22 15 5 glareolus Arvicola 120 257 10 ND ND 2 8 15 N terrestris D Eliomys 115 123 11 ND ND 2 11 15 N quercinus D Cryptomys ND 32 4 32 0 3 14 36 36 mechowi Spalax ND 153 5 ND ND 1 13 40 N ehrenbergi D References for parasitic data

1: Abram, J.B. 1969. Some gastrointestinal helminths of Ondatra zibethicus Linnaeus , the

muskrat, in Maryland. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 36, 93-94.

2: Almeida, K.S. 2004. Helminthos parasitos de mocos (Kerodon rupestris Wied 1820), de

vida livre e de cativeiro, criados no semi-arido nordestino.Dissertacao (Mestrado em

Medicina Veterinaria), faculdade de Ciencias agrarias e veterinarias, Universidade

estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal.

3: Bartel, M.H. & Gardner, S.L. 2000. Arthropod and helminth parasites from the plain pocket

gopher, Geomys bursarius bursarius, from the host’s northern boundary range in

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4: Behnke, J.M., Barnard, C.J., Bajer, A., Bray, D., Dinmore, J., Frake, K., Osmond, J., Race,

T. & Sinski, E. 2000. Intestinal helminths of spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus dimidiatus)

from St. Katherin’s Protectorate in the Sinai, Egypt. J. Helminth. 74, 99-109.

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fauna of small mammals of National Park of Paanajarvi, Oulanka. In Nature of the

Paanajarvi National Park, pp: 97-101. Petrozavodsk, Russia: Karelian Science Center of

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and Park, 1937 a synonym of Stichorchis subtriquetus. Am.Midl.Nat. 31, 625-630.

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18: Goddard, J., Baker, G.T. & Norment, B.R. 1986. Ectoparasites of the eastern chipmunk

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20: Hawbecker, A.C. 1959. Parasites of Amnospermophilus nelsoni. J.Mamm. 40, 446-447.

21: Hilton, D.F. & Mahrt, J.L. 1971. Ectoparasites from three species of Spermophilus

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23: Jenkins, E. & Grundmann, A.W. 1973. The parasitology of the ground squirrels of

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58, 639-640.

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27: Mellinck, E. & Madrigal, H. 1993. Ecology of Mexican prairie dogs, Cynomys mexicanus,

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35: Sartbaev, S.K. 1975. Ectoparasites of rodents and lagomorphs of Kirghistan. Frunze,

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Reference for taxonomic classifications of parasites

Dailey, M.D. 1996. Meyer, Olsen and Schmidt’s essentials of parasitology, 6th Edn.

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Salmane, I. 2001. Check list of Latvian Gamasina mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with short

notes on their ecology. Latvijas Entomologs 38, 27-38. References for sociality data

1: Armitage, K.B. 1981. Sociality as a life-history tactic of ground squirrels. Oecologia 48,

36-49.

2: Asher, M., Spinelli de Oliveira, E. & Sachser, N. 2004. Social system and spatial

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6: Cameron, G.N. & Spencer, S.R. 1981. Sigmodon hispidus. Mamm. Sp. 158, 1-9.

7: Ebensperger, L.A. & Wallem, P.K. 2002. Grouping increases the ability of the social

rodent, Octodon degus, to detect predators when using exposed microhabitats. Oikos 98,

491-497.

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communal nesting and nursing. Anim. Behav. 59, 677-688.

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10: Layne, J.N. & Raymond, M.A.V. 1994. Communal nesting of southern flying squirrels in

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13: Novak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (5th ed). Baltimore, Maryland: The

Johns Hopkins University Press. 14: Scharff, A., Locker-Grûtjen, O., Kawalika, M., & Burda, H. 2003. Natural history of the

Giant mole rat, Cryptomys mechowi (Rodentia:Bathyergidae) from Zambia. J. Mamm. 82,

1003-1015.

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population of beavers (Castor canadensis). Can. J. Zool. 67, 336-340.

18: Whitaker, J.O. Jr. 1972. Zapus hudsonicus. Mamm. Sp. 11, 1-7.

19: Wiley, R.W.1980. Neotoma floridana. Mamm. Sp. 139, 1-7.

20: Wolfe, J.L. 1982. Oryzomys palustris. Mamm. Sp. 176, 1-5.

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mice and deer mice. Behav. Ecol. 5, 206-209.

22: Wolff, J.O., Edge, W.D. & Bentley, R. 1994. Reproductive and behavioral biology of the

gray-tailed vole. J. Mamm. 75, 873-879. Electronic Appendix 2: Phylogeny

Composite tree used in this study to infer relation ships between species.

#NEXUS Begin trees; tree = (Sciurus niger, (Sciurus carolinensis, Sciurus vulgaris, (((((Marmotta sibirica, Marmotta monax), Marmotta marmota), ((Spermophilus franklini,((((Spermophilus belding, Spermophilus armatus), Spermophilus richardsoni), Spermophilus towsendi), (Spermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus variegatus))), ((Cynomys ludovicianus, Cynomys mexicanus), (Amnospermophilus nelsoni, Amnospermophilus leucurus)))),(Tamias striatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)), (Glaucomys volans, (Eliomys quercinus, ((Castor canadensis, (((((((Oryzomys palustris, Sigmodon hispidus), ((((Microtus agrestis, Microtus arvalis), Arvicola terrestris), Chletrionomys glareolus), Ondatra zibethicus)), ((Peromyscus maniculatus, Peromyscus gossypinus), Neotoma floridana)), ((Acomys cahirinus, (Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus agrarius)), Cricetomys gambianus)), Spalax ehrenbergi), Zapus hudsonicus), (((Geomys bursarius, Thomomys bulbivorus), Perognathus parvus), Crytomys mechowi))), (Octodon degus, (Kerodon rupestris, (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Cavia apera))))))))); End.

For the interspecies relations we used: Jansa et al. (2004); Shelley & Blumstein (2004);

Trillmich et al. (2004).

References

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Trillmich, F., Kraus, C., Kunkele, J., Asher, M., Clara, M., Dekomien, G., Jorg,, T.E., Saralegui, A. & Sachser, N. 2004. Species-level differentiation of two cryptic species pairs of wild cavies, genera Cavia and Galea, with a discussion of the relationship between social systems and phylogeny in the Caviinae. Can. J. Zool. 82, 516-524.