<p>ELECTRONIC APPENDIX 1: Parasitic and Sociality Data </p><p>Species, body mass in g (Mass), sample size for endoparasites (N END), endoparasite species richness (END), sample for ectoparasites (N ECT), ectoparasite species richness (ECT) and sociality (SOC). References consulted for sociality (Ref SOC), END (Ref END), and ECT </p><p>(Ref ECT). The specific number for references in the table is related to “parasitic” or </p><p>“sociality” references (see below). ND refers to lack of data. </p><p>Species Mass N END N ECT ECT SOC Ref Ref Re</p><p>END SOC EN f </p><p>D EC</p><p>T Marmota 3987 31 6 31 0 3 1 6 6 marmota Marmota monax 4718 446 9 91 5 1 1 16 42 Marmota 3960 25 5 1458 7 3 1 43 39 sibirica Cynomys 863 50 2 50 6 3 1 30 30 ludovicianus Cynomys 828 22 3 22 3 3 1 27 27 mexicanus Sciurus vulgaris 325 638 14 11 4 1 13 43 35 Sciurus niger 804 119 11 87 6 1 9 8 8 Sciurus 541 270 24 67 13 1 13 9 13 carolinensis Tamias striatus 96 43 8 31 6 1 15 32 18 Tamiasciurus 195 81 10 81 6 1 16 25 25 hudsonicus</p><p>Ammospermoph 155 37 4 500 3 2 4 20 20 ilus nelsoni Ammospermoph 98 135 9 14 11 1 3 23 23 ilus leucurus Glaucomys 65 33 5 70 9 2 10 31 31 volans Spermophilus 308 35 6 14 6 1 1 23 23 armatus Spermophilus 155 12 2 25 7 2 1 23 23 townsendi Spermophilus 279 12 4 12 1 2 1 23 23 beldingi Spermophilus 664 154 17 61 14 2 1 23 23 variegatus Spermophilus 158 100 6 24 17 1 1 23 23 lateralis Spermophilus 343 209 13 63 9 2 1 26 21 richardsonii Spermophilus 459 46 10 3 3 2 1 26 21 franklinii Cavia aperea 341 143 5 143 4 3 2 10 10 Kerodon 950 16 6 ND ND 3 11 2 N rupestris D Octodon degus 235 78 6 ND ND 3 7 7 N</p><p>D Hydrochaeris 55,00 40 6 ND ND 3 12 34 N hydrochaeris 0 D Zapus 195 956 7 956 9 1 18 41 41 hudsonicus Geomys 176 144 8 144 4 1 11 3 3 bursarius Thomomys 360 73 4 ND ND 1 11 17 N bulbivorus D Castor 19,60 140 5 140 0 3 17 14 14 canadensis 6 Perognathus 20 38 3 183 3 1 5 38 38 parvus Sigmodon 185 355 9 23 7 1 6 28 12 hispidus Ondatra 1136 154 6 85 4 1 13 1 19 zibethica Neotoma 371 50 5 47 12 1 19 29 11 floridana Oryzomys 48 178 20 ND ND 1 20 24 N palustris D Peromyscus 21 280 14 28 7 2 21 28 33 maniculatus Peromyscus 29 86 15 64 9 1 13 28 12 gossypinus Acomys 45 27 6 ND ND 2 8 4 N cahirinus D Cricetomys 1093 29 6 ND ND 1 13 22 N gambianus D Microtus arvalis 28 311 16 416 43 1 13 15 35 Microtus 46 171 17 ND ND 2 22 15 N agrestis D Apodemus 22 323 16 ND ND 1 13 37 N agrarius D Apodemus 24 1213 28 ND ND 2 13 15 N sylvaticus D Chletrionomys 21 509 20 65 15 2 22 15 5 glareolus Arvicola 120 257 10 ND ND 2 8 15 N terrestris D Eliomys 115 123 11 ND ND 2 11 15 N quercinus D Cryptomys ND 32 4 32 0 3 14 36 36 mechowi Spalax ND 153 5 ND ND 1 13 40 N ehrenbergi D References for parasitic data </p><p>1: Abram, J.B. 1969. Some gastrointestinal helminths of Ondatra zibethicus Linnaeus , the </p><p> muskrat, in Maryland. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 36, 93-94.</p><p>2: Almeida, K.S. 2004. Helminthos parasitos de mocos (Kerodon rupestris Wied 1820), de </p><p> vida livre e de cativeiro, criados no semi-arido nordestino.Dissertacao (Mestrado em </p><p>Medicina Veterinaria), faculdade de Ciencias agrarias e veterinarias, Universidade </p><p> estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal.</p><p>3: Bartel, M.H. & Gardner, S.L. 2000. Arthropod and helminth parasites from the plain pocket</p><p> gopher, Geomys bursarius bursarius, from the host’s northern boundary range in </p><p>Minnesota. J. Parasitol. 86,153-156.</p><p>4: Behnke, J.M., Barnard, C.J., Bajer, A., Bray, D., Dinmore, J., Frake, K., Osmond, J., Race, </p><p>T. & Sinski, E. 2000. Intestinal helminths of spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus dimidiatus) </p><p> from St. Katherin’s Protectorate in the Sinai, Egypt. J. Helminth. 74, 99-109.</p><p>5: Bugmyrin, S.V. Ieshko, E.P. Anikanova, V.S. & Bespyatova, L.A. 2003. About parasite </p><p> fauna of small mammals of National Park of Paanajarvi, Oulanka. In Nature of the </p><p>Paanajarvi National Park, pp: 97-101. Petrozavodsk, Russia: Karelian Science Center of </p><p>Russian Academy of Sciences. </p><p>6: Callait, M.P., Gauthier, D. & Prud’ Homme, C. 1997. Alpine marmots and their digestive </p><p> parasites: cinetic of infection in several areas. In Holarctic marmots as a factor of </p><p> biodiversity: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conferences on Marmots, Cheboksary, </p><p>Russia, 25-30 August 1997 (ed. K.B. Armitage & V.Y. Rumiantsev), pp. 113-122. </p><p>Moscow, Russia: ABF Publishing House.</p><p>7: Cattan, P.E., George-Nascimento, M. & Rodriguez, J. 1976. Primeras observaciones sobre las variaciones poblacionales de los helminthos parasitos del rodeor degu, Octodon degus.</p><p>Bol. Chile. Parasitol. 31,16-20.</p><p>8: Coyner, D.F. Wooding, J.B. & Forrester, D.J. 1996. A comparison of parasitic helminths </p><p> and arthropods from two subspecies of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) in Florida. J.Wild.Dis.</p><p>32, 492-497.</p><p>9: Davidson,W.R. 1976. Endoparasites of selected populations of gray squirrels (Sciurus </p><p> carolinensis) in the Southeastern United States. Proc.Helminthol.Soc.Wash. 43, 211-217.</p><p>10: Dittmar, K. 2002. Arthropod and Helminth parasites of the wild guinea pig, Cavia aperea,</p><p> from the Andes and the Cordillera in Peru.South America. J. Parasitol. 88, 409-411.</p><p>11: Durden, L.A., Banks, C.W. Clark, K.L., Belbey, B.V. & Oliver, J.H, Jr. 1997. </p><p>Ectoparasite fauna of the eastern wood rat, Neotoma floridana: composition,origin, and </p><p> comparison with ectoparasite faunas of western woodrat species. J.Parasitol. 83, 374-381.</p><p>12: Durden, L.A., Hu, R., Oliver, J.H, Jr., & Cilek, J.E. 2000. Rodent ectoparasites from two </p><p> locations in northwestern Florida. J.Vector.Ecol. 25, 222-228.</p><p>13: Durden, L.A. Ellis, B.A., Banks, C.W., Crowe, J.D. & Oliver, J.H, Jr. 2004. Ectoparasites </p><p> of gray squirrels in two different habitats and screening of selected ectoparasites for </p><p>Bartonellae J.Parasitol. 90, 485-489.</p><p>14: Erickson, A.B. 1944. Parasites of beavers, with a note on Paramphistum castori Kofoid </p><p> and Park, 1937 a synonym of Stichorchis subtriquetus. Am.Midl.Nat. 31, 625-630.</p><p>15: Feliu, C., Renaud F., Catzeflis, F., Durand, P., Hugot, J.P. & Morand, S. 1997. A </p><p> comparative analysis of parasites species richness of Iberian rodents. Parasitology 115, </p><p>453-466.</p><p>16: Fleming, W.J., Georgi, J.R. & Caslick, J.W. 1979. Parasites of the Woodchuck (Marmota </p><p> monax) in Central New York State. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 46, 115-127.</p><p>17: Gardner, S.L. 1985. Helminth parasites of Thomomys bulbivorus (Rodentia, Geomydae), with the description of a new species of Hymenolepis (Cestoda). Can. J. Zool. 63,1463-</p><p>1469.</p><p>18: Goddard, J., Baker, G.T. & Norment, B.R. 1986. Ectoparasites of the eastern chipmunk </p><p>(Tamias striatus) from Tishomingo County, Mississippi. J.Wildl. Dis. 22, 127-129.</p><p>19: Garbuzov, M.A. 1958. Ectoparasites of Ondrata zibethica and its contacts with other </p><p> rodents in Khabarosvsk region. Proceeding of the Irkutsk State Scientific Anti-Plague </p><p>Institute of Siberia and Far East 17, 143-146.</p><p>20: Hawbecker, A.C. 1959. Parasites of Amnospermophilus nelsoni. J.Mamm. 40, 446-447.</p><p>21: Hilton, D.F. & Mahrt, J.L. 1971. Ectoparasites from three species of Spermophilus </p><p>(Rodentia: sciuridea) in Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 49, 1501-1504.</p><p>22: Ibrahim, M.A., Ogunsusi, R.A., Nwude, N. & Aliu,Y. 1984. Helminths of the African </p><p> giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) in Zaria, Nigeria. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays</p><p>Trop. 37, 304-307.</p><p>23: Jenkins, E. & Grundmann, A.W. 1973. The parasitology of the ground squirrels of </p><p>Western Utah. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 40, 76-86.</p><p>24: Kinsella, J.M. 1988. Comparison of helminths of rice rats, Oryzomys palustris, from </p><p> freshwater and salt water Marshes in Florida. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 55, 275-280.</p><p>25: Marht, J.L. & Chai, S.J. 1972. Parasites of red squirrels in Alberta, Canada. J. Parasitol. </p><p>58, 639-640.</p><p>26: McGee, S.G. 1980. Helminth parasites of squirrels (Sciuridae) in Saskatchewan. Can. J. </p><p>Zool. 58, 2040-2050.</p><p>27: Mellinck, E. & Madrigal, H. 1993. Ecology of Mexican prairie dogs, Cynomys mexicanus,</p><p> in El Manatial, Northeastern Mexico. J. Mamm. 74, 631-635.</p><p>28: Morand, S. & Poulin, R. 1998. Density, body mass and parasites species richness of </p><p> terrestrial mammals. Evol. Ecol. 12, 717-727. 29: Murphy, M.F. 1952. Ecology and Helminths of the Osage Wood Rat, Neotoma floridana, </p><p> including the description of Longistriata neotoma n.sp. (Trichostrongylidae). Am. Midl. </p><p>Nat. 48, 204-218.</p><p>30: Pfaffenberger, G.S. Nygren, B., De Bruin, D. & Wilson, C. 1984. Parasites of the black-</p><p> tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) from Eastern New Mexico. Proc. Helminthol. </p><p>Soc. Wash. 51, 241-244.</p><p>31: Pung O.L., Durden, L.A. Patrick, M.J., Conyers, T. & Mitchell, L.R. 2000. Ectoparasites </p><p> and gastrointestinal helminths of southern flying squirrels in southeast </p><p>Georgia.J.Parasitol. 86, 1051-1055.</p><p>32: Rausch, R.L. & Tiner, J.D. 1948. Studies on the parasitic helminths of the north central </p><p> states.I.Helminths of sciuridae. Am. Midl. Nat. 39, 728-747.</p><p>33: Ritzi, C.M. & Whitaker, J.O., Jr. 2003. Ectoparasites of small mammals from the Newport</p><p>Chemical Depot, Vermillion County, Indiana. North. Nat. 10, 149-158.</p><p>34: Salas, V. & Herrera, E.A. Intestinal helminths of Capybaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris </p><p> from Venezuela. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 99, 563-566.</p><p>35: Sartbaev, S.K. 1975. Ectoparasites of rodents and lagomorphs of Kirghistan. Frunze, </p><p>USSR: Ylym Publishers.</p><p>36: Scharff, A. Burda, H., Tenora, F., Kawalika, M. & Barus, V. 1997. Parasites in social </p><p> subterranean Zambian mole -rats (Cryptomys spp., Bathyergidae, Rodentia). J. Zool </p><p>.Lond. 241, 571-577. </p><p>37: Shimalov, V.V. 2002. Helminth fauna of the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in </p><p> ecosystems of Belorussian Polesie transformed as a result of reclamation. Parasitol. Res. </p><p>88, 1009-1010.</p><p>38: Stojcevic, D., Mihailjevic, Z. & Marinculic, A. 2004. Parasitological survey of rats in </p><p> rural regions of Slovakia. Veterinarmi Medicina 49, 70-74. 39: Vasiliev, G.I. 1966. On ectoparasites and their hosts in relation to the plague epizootic in </p><p>Bajan-Khongor aimak (Mongolian People Republic). Proceeding of the Irkusk State </p><p>Scientific Anti-Plague Institute of Siberia and Far East 26, 277-281.</p><p>40: Wherteim, G. & Nevo, E. 1971. Helminths of birds and mammals from Israel: III. </p><p>Helminths from chromosomal forms of the mole-rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. J. Helminthol. </p><p>45, 161-169.</p><p>41: Whitaker, J.O. Jr. 1963. A study of the meadow jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonicus </p><p>(Zimmerman), in Central New York. Ecol. Mongr. 33, 215-254.</p><p>42: Whitaker, J.O. Jr. & Schmeltz, L. 1973. External parasites of the woodchuck, Marmota </p><p> monax, in Indiana. Ent. News 84, 69-72.</p><p>43: Zhaltsanova, D.S.D & Shalaeva, N.M. 1990. Ecological peculiarities of helminthofauna of</p><p> rodents of squirrels family (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Zabaikalie. Helminth. 27, 217-223.</p><p>Reference for taxonomic classifications of parasites</p><p>Dailey, M.D. 1996. Meyer, Olsen and Schmidt’s essentials of parasitology, 6th Edn. </p><p>Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.</p><p>Durden, L.A. & Musser, G.G. 1994. The sucking lice (Insecta, Anoploura) of the World: A </p><p> taxonomic checklist with records of mammalian hosts and geographical distributions. </p><p>Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 218, 1-90.</p><p>Horak,I.G., Camicas, J.L. and Keirans,J.E. 2002. The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttellidae </p><p>(Acari: Ixodida): a world list of valid tick names. Exper. Appl. Acarology 28, 27-54.</p><p>Medvedev, S.G. 1998. Classification of fleas (order Siphonaptera) and its theoretical </p><p> foundations. Ent. Rev. 78, 511-522.</p><p>Salmane, I. 2001. Check list of Latvian Gamasina mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) with short </p><p> notes on their ecology. Latvijas Entomologs 38, 27-38. References for sociality data </p><p>1: Armitage, K.B. 1981. Sociality as a life-history tactic of ground squirrels. Oecologia 48, </p><p>36-49. </p><p>2: Asher, M., Spinelli de Oliveira, E. & Sachser, N. 2004. Social system and spatial </p><p> organization of wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea) in a natural population. J.Mamm. 85, </p><p>788-796.</p><p>3: Belk, M.C. & Smith, H.D. 1991. Ammospermophilus leucurus. Mamm. Sp. 368, 1-8.</p><p>4: Best, T.L., Titus, A.S., Lewis, C.L. & Caesar, K. 1990.Ammospermophilus nelsoni. </p><p>Mamm. Sp. 367,1-7.</p><p>5: Best T.L. & Skupski, M.P. 1994. Perognathus flavus. Mamm. Sp. 471,1-10.</p><p>6: Cameron, G.N. & Spencer, S.R. 1981. Sigmodon hispidus. Mamm. Sp. 158, 1-9.</p><p>7: Ebensperger, L.A. & Wallem, P.K. 2002. Grouping increases the ability of the social </p><p> rodent, Octodon degus, to detect predators when using exposed microhabitats. Oikos 98, </p><p>491-497. </p><p>8: Hayes, L.R. 2000. To nest communally or not to nest communally: a review of rodent </p><p> communal nesting and nursing. Anim. Behav. 59, 677-688. </p><p>9: Koprowski, J.L. 1994.Sciurus niger. Mamm. Sp. 479, 1-9.</p><p>10: Layne, J.N. & Raymond, M.A.V. 1994. Communal nesting of southern flying squirrels in </p><p>Florida. J. Mamm. 75, 110-120.</p><p>11: MacDonald, D.W. 2006. The Encyclopedia of Mammals (New Edition). Oxford, UK: </p><p>Oxford University Press.</p><p>12: Mones,A. & Ojasti, J. 1986. Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Mamm. Sp. 264, 1-7.</p><p>13: Novak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (5th ed). Baltimore, Maryland: The </p><p>Johns Hopkins University Press. 14: Scharff, A., Locker-Grûtjen, O., Kawalika, M., & Burda, H. 2003. Natural history of the </p><p>Giant mole rat, Cryptomys mechowi (Rodentia:Bathyergidae) from Zambia. J. Mamm. 82, </p><p>1003-1015.</p><p>15: Snyder, D.P. 1982. Tamias striatus. Mamm. Sp. 68,1-8.</p><p>16: Steele, M.A. 1998. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. Mamm. Sp. 586, 1-9.</p><p>17: Svendsen, S. 1989. Pair formation, duration of pair bonds and mate replacement in a </p><p> population of beavers (Castor canadensis). Can. J. Zool. 67, 336-340.</p><p>18: Whitaker, J.O. Jr. 1972. Zapus hudsonicus. Mamm. Sp. 11, 1-7.</p><p>19: Wiley, R.W.1980. Neotoma floridana. Mamm. Sp. 139, 1-7.</p><p>20: Wolfe, J.L. 1982. Oryzomys palustris. Mamm. Sp. 176, 1-5.</p><p>21: Wolff, J.O. 1994. Reproductive success of solitary and communally nesting white footed </p><p> mice and deer mice. Behav. Ecol. 5, 206-209.</p><p>22: Wolff, J.O., Edge, W.D. & Bentley, R. 1994. Reproductive and behavioral biology of the </p><p> gray-tailed vole. J. Mamm. 75, 873-879. Electronic Appendix 2: Phylogeny</p><p>Composite tree used in this study to infer relation ships between species.</p><p>#NEXUS Begin trees; tree = (Sciurus niger, (Sciurus carolinensis, Sciurus vulgaris, (((((Marmotta sibirica, Marmotta monax), Marmotta marmota), ((Spermophilus franklini,((((Spermophilus belding, Spermophilus armatus), Spermophilus richardsoni), Spermophilus towsendi), (Spermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus variegatus))), ((Cynomys ludovicianus, Cynomys mexicanus), (Amnospermophilus nelsoni, Amnospermophilus leucurus)))),(Tamias striatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)), (Glaucomys volans, (Eliomys quercinus, ((Castor canadensis, (((((((Oryzomys palustris, Sigmodon hispidus), ((((Microtus agrestis, Microtus arvalis), Arvicola terrestris), Chletrionomys glareolus), Ondatra zibethicus)), ((Peromyscus maniculatus, Peromyscus gossypinus), Neotoma floridana)), ((Acomys cahirinus, (Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus agrarius)), Cricetomys gambianus)), Spalax ehrenbergi), Zapus hudsonicus), (((Geomys bursarius, Thomomys bulbivorus), Perognathus parvus), Crytomys mechowi))), (Octodon degus, (Kerodon rupestris, (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Cavia apera))))))))); End.</p><p>For the interspecies relations we used: Jansa et al. (2004); Shelley & Blumstein (2004); </p><p>Trillmich et al. (2004).</p><p>References </p><p>Jansa, S.N. & Weksler, M. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and </p><p> among major lineages as determined by IROP gene sequences. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 31, </p><p>256-276.</p><p>Shelley, E.L. & Blumstein, D.T. 2004. The evolution of vocal alarm communication in</p><p> rodents. Behav. Ecol. 16, 169-177. </p><p>Trillmich, F., Kraus, C., Kunkele, J., Asher, M., Clara, M., Dekomien, G., Jorg,, T.E., Saralegui, A. & Sachser, N. 2004. Species-level differentiation of two cryptic species pairs of wild cavies, genera Cavia and Galea, with a discussion of the relationship between social systems and phylogeny in the Caviinae. Can. J. Zool. 82, 516-524.</p>