1607 - Jamestown, First Successful English Colony

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Dates 1607 - Jamestown, first successful English colony 1776 - Declaration of Independence was written - it declared independence from Great Britain, written by Thomas Jefferson 1787 - Second Continental Congress passes United States Constitution 1803 - Louisiana Purchase doubles size of United States, President Thomas Jefferson 1861-1865 - United States Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln

Colonialism 1607-1770s Why did settlers come to America? 1. religious reasons – religious freedom, escape religious persecution 2. economic reasons – business, profit, joint stock companies 3. political reasons – to make their countries more powerful, European rivalries New England - Maine, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island Economic – fishing, relied on trade rather than farming b/c cool temperatures, short farming season Political - Mayflower Compact (1620) – established representative government and majority rule; 1620 Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts on the Mayflower, self-governing Religious - Pilgrims wanted to separate from Church of England – Puritans wanted to purify Church of England Middle - New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey Economic - trade, some farming Political - Dutch, English, German Social/Religious – religious freedom, Quakers were against war South - Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland Jamestown, VA (1607) - swampy location, many colonists died b/c of disease, 1st English colony Economic - plantation system, growth of slave trade, spread of slavery, profit on tobacco Political - Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) – first form of representative government in America Social - primary goal was to make money In the South…warm climate + cash crops + plantations + the need for cheap labor = slavery

Atlantic Ocean borders east side of colonies while the Appalachian Mountains border west side of colonies

American Revolution 1760s-late 1700s Mercantilism - economic policy, colonies provide Great Britain with raw materials (cotton, wool, etc.) and Great Britain would manufacture the products (make clothes) and ship product back to the colonists for sale; Colonists could only trade w/ British not with French, Spanish, Dutch French and Indian War (1763) – British and the colonists versus French and Indians British won the war - gained control of trade in the English colonies & portions of Canada Economic Policies following French and Indian War - cost British money and government went into debt Who should pay for the French and Indian War? – British government decided it should be the colonists in America through TAXES!! “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!” Proclamation of 1763 - colonists could not move west of the Appalachian Mountains Sugar Act of 1764 - taxes on foods containing sugar Stamp Act of 1765 - taxes on stamps which had to be posted on all types of documents Boston Massacre (1770) - five colonists shot to death after protesting and heckling British soldiers Boston Tea Party (1773) – group of Sons of Liberty dumped tea from British ships into harbor Intolerable Acts (1774) – a series of laws enacted by Parliament to punish colonists for Boston Tea Party Samuel Adams - founder of Sons of Liberty, organized Boston Tea Party Benjamin Franklin – helped write Constitution and Dec. of Ind.; negotiated with France to become our ally during American Revolution; was an important figure during Enlightenment King George III - King of England before, during and after Am. Rev., refused representation of colonies in Great Britain (Parliament) Thomas Jefferson - wrote Declaration of Independence in 1776 Patrick Henry - “Give me Liberty or Give me Death” influential speech to rally American colonists to the cause of independence from British – he believed freedom was worth dying for Thomas Paine - wrote pamphlet Common Sense, ordinary people understood this writing, promoted independence movement from Great Britain, attacked King George III, freedom of press united the colonists George Washington - Commander-in-Chief for Continental Army during Am. Rev., President of 2nd Continental Congress, 1st President of the U.S. – he believed foreign alliances should be avoided Loyalists – supported the British during the war; Patriots – supported independence from Britain John Paul Jones – first American naval commander; won the most famous sea battle during the war

Articles of Confederation – system of government after the Am. Rev.; created strong STATE governments and a weak FEDERAL government Strengths of the Articles - Northwest Ordinance 1787 - established principles and procedures for orderly expansion of the U.S., creation of new states; new states equally treated compared to original states (representation) Weaknesses of the Articles Legislative Branch – CONGRESS had… NO power to TAX or levy TAXES NO regulation of trade NO power to raise an ARMY (had to gain permission from states to send troops) Required all 13 states to approve changes to the Articles Executive Branch - NONE NO President - did not want another King George III Judicial Branch - NONE NO Supreme Court States could not settle disputes between each other

Battles of the American Revolution Lexington and Concord (1775) - first battles of the American Revolution, “shot heard round the world” (Paul Revere) spread the message that “The British are coming!” Saratoga - colonists won battle, French convinced to enter the American Revolution on the side of the colonists, French provided army/navy, Benjamin Franklin in France during Am. Rev. & helped to convince French to become our ally Yorktown (1781) - last major battle w/ British in Am. Rev., colonists won w/ aid of French army/navy Treaty of Paris (1783) - end of Am. Rev., British signed peace treaty with America

Developing and Ratifying the Constitution 1787-1791 Why did we need the Constitution? Articles of Confederation were weak + Shay’s Rebellion + desire for strong national gov’t Historical Ideas Originated From: Magna Carta (1215) - guaranteed basic rights such as trial by jury English Bill of Rights - individuals have rights protected by the government Philadelphia Convention of 1787 - delegates met together to rewrite the Articles of Confederation but instead wrote the Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation (too many weaknesses) Virginia Plan – proposed a government with three branches and a two-house legislature; and that large states would receive more representatives than small states - based on population New Jersey Plan – proposed a one-house legislature and that small states would receive the same number of representatives as large states Great Compromise – two-house legislature (House and Senate); combined VA and NJ Plan; Senate based on 2 representatives per state; House of Representatives based on a state’s population Federalists - supported ratification of U.S. Constitution, emphasized federal power rather than state power Anti-Federalists - did not support ratification of the Constitution, wanted a Bill of Rights to be included, emphasized state power rather than federal power Federalist Papers - supported ratification (passing) the U.S. Constitution; authors - Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay Alexander Hamilton - believed in free enterprise system -market (consumers) decide prices, proposed a national bank to regulate currency (money) – wanted a strong federal gov’t - Federalist

Constitution THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT 1. Legislative - Congress, Bicameral (2 houses), makes laws A. Senate - each state elects 2; total = 100 B. House of Representatives - decided by population of the state, large states receive more reps than small states, total = 435 2. Judicial (Judiciary) - Supreme Court, interprets laws 3. Executive - President, enforces laws

3/5 Compromise - slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for representative purposes - compromise between the North and South to get the South to accept and sign the Constitution

Limited government - government does not have total control over its citizens Republicanism - election of representatives by the people to represent the people Checks and Balances - each branch (legislative, judicial, executive) has separate powers but checks on each other; Example - President (executive branch) nominates Supreme Court justices while the Senate (legislative branch) confirms nomination Federalism - three levels of government - federal, state, and local; all work together but have different responsibilities; Example - Law enforcement - FBI (federal), Highway Patrol (state), Police (local) Separation of Powers - three branches of government have separate powers Popular Sovereignty - people hold final authority over government – “we the people” Individual Rights – it is the job of the government to protect the rights of citizens Unalienable Rights - LIFE, LIBERTY, and the PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS – rights that cannot be taken away by the government Amending (Adding to) Constitution - proposed by Congress with 2/3 vote in both houses (Senate and House of Representatives) or ratified by legislatures of ¾ of states Bill of Rights 1st Amendment – Freedom of… Speech Religion Assembly Petition Press Other Amendments in Bill of Rights (must recognize as a part of the Bill of Rights) 2nd - right to bear arms 3rd - no quartering (housing) troops 4th - no illegal search and seizure, must obtain warrant 5t h - due process of law - indictment (officially charged w/ crime), no double jeopardy (cannot be tried for the same crime twice), cannot be forced to testify when testimony incriminates self (telling on yourself gets you in trouble) 6th - trial by jury – criminal; right to a speedy, public trial 7th - trial by jury - civil (involving money rather than jail) 8th - no cruel or unusual punishment 9th - people have other rights not listed in Constitution 10th - states have other rights not listed in Constitution

Opposition to the Constitution by Anti-Federalist because there was no Bill of Rights at first

Early Republic - Washington and Adams 1789-1800 Federalists (federal government power) vs. Democratic-Republicans (state government power) Washington’s Farewell Address - foreign alliances are a threat and should be avoided; we should not be in the business of other nations John Adams – 2nd President of the U.S. Northwest Ordiance – system for creating new states from western territories

Jeffersonian Democracy and Democratic Republicans 1800-1824 Thomas Jefferson – 3rd President of the U.S. – wrote Dec. of Ind. – opposed Hamilton – against big government Louisiana Purchase (1803) - doubled size of United States, access to Mississippi River (New Orleans – port city), increase in trade and communication Lewis and Clark – main explorers of Louisiana Purchase Marbury v. Madison (1803) - established judicial review, Supreme Court can decide if law is constitutional or unconstitutional War of 1812 - Great Britain vs. United States British impressing (kidnapping) U.S. sailors and interfering with trade British guns still in Ohio River Valley War was a draw until Battle of New Orleans - Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the British - created a sense of nationalism British removed guns from U.S. soil and stopped impressing sailors Monroe Doctrine (1823) - President James Monroe implemented policy, U.S. would not allow new European colonization of the Western hemisphere New Orleans – important trade center on the Mississippi River Era of Good Feelings – followed the War of 1812 – characterized by increased nationalism and patriotism

Industrialization and Inventions 1800-1844 Led to an increase in dependence on slavery in South (plantation system) and an increase of production in North (factory system) Industrial Revolution – factory machines replaced hand tools and manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work; another change was people moving from the country to the city Efficient production (faster/cheaper way to produce product) Eli Whitney - invented cotton gin and interchangeable parts; cotton became main crop of the South Interchangeable Parts - increase in efficiency for replacing machine parts, saved time and money McCormick Reaper - increased agricultural production Robert Fulton – invented steamboat, used with canal and river trade – transportation on rivers more efficient Samuel Morse – invented telegraph, increased communication Lowell Mills - mostly single women worked in first factories, lived and worked on site of factory, usually textile mills (clothing) Factories in mid-1800s - employed mostly immigrants (Irish) Railroads become more important as population increases

Jacksonian Democracy 1824-1840 Andrew Jackson elected as President in 1828 and 1832; brought forth the idea of spreading political power to all the people and ensuring majority rule; claimed to represent the “common man” Tariff of Abominations (1828) - tax on raw materials and manufactured goods; Southerners disagreed with the tariff (tax) because it hurt their economy Nullification Crisis of 1832 - South Carolina tried to nullify (reject a federal law they believed to be unconstitutional) the Tariff Jackson (representing federal gov’t) told South Carolina (the state) that they could NOT nullify the law; there was a compromise reached in Congress - Henry Clay and Daniel Webster helped to write a compromise tariff Sectionalism – loyalty to the interests of your own region or section of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole…conflict between the North/South over states rights and slavery in the territories Indian Removal Act of 1830 - opened Native American lands to westward expansion by moving Native Americans; eventually led to the Trail of Tears-removal of Native Americans to present-day Oklahoma

Manifest Destiny What led to westward expansion? 1. Industrial Revolution 2. spread of cotton farming 3. advances in transportation Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean; it was the westward growth of the nation starting with the Louisiana Purchase (1803) but increased with land acquisition through the 1840s and the removal of the Native American population Mexican War (1846-1848) – fought because of the annexation of Texas; development of present-day California, Nevada, and Utah; much of southwestern U.S. acquired as a result of this war Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico recognized that Texas was part of the U.S.; Mexico also gave up a region called the Mexican Cession which included many current states out West California was populated by the promise of GOLD Immigration increased population of United States because of the potato famine in Ireland Mormons - settled in Salt Lake City, Utah Oregon Trail/Santa Fe Trail – two of the main trails that led settlers out West What were the consequences of westward expansion? 1. Indian Removal Act 2. Mexican War 3. U.S. acquired more land

Social History of 1840s Elizabeth Cady Stanton - led women’s movement towards equality and suffrage (right to vote) Temperance movement - no sale or drinking of alcohol Sojourner Truth - ex-slave who wrote about the freeing of slaves and the rights of women Horace Mann - father of public education Harriet Beecher Stowe - wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin - discussed the horrors of slavery, enraged the South Quakers – made important contributions to reform movements

Slavery in the South 1800s Missouri Compromise (1820) – a series of laws enacted to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states Southerners based agricultural economy on slavery - produced mostly cotton Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 - Northern/Southern officials could arrest runaway slaves in states without slavery, abolitionists (those against slavery) against this Act Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) - Supreme Court decision allowed slavery to be extended into territories and new states, Northern states disagreed with this decision Compromise of 1850 – admitted California as a free state but also passed the Fugitive Slave Act

Civil War (1861-1865) Union (Blue) versus Confederacy (Gray) United States of America versus the Confederate States of America North versus South Southern states seceded (withdrew) from the United States over the issues of states rights and slavery Disadvantages of South during the war: small navy, few railroads, lack of industry

Civil War Battles Fort Sumter - first battle of the Civil War, Confederates won Gettysburg - only major battle fought in the North (Pennsylvania), Confederate army was defeated and never entered Northern territory for remainder of Civil War Vicksburg - General Grant defeated the Confederates, Union gained control of Mississippi River, split the Confederacy in half Appomattox Court House - General Robert E. Lee (Confederate) surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant (Union), April 9, 1865, Civil War was over

Important People from the Civil War Abraham Lincoln - President of the United States of America during Civil War Jefferson Davis - President of the Confederate States of America during Civil War Robert E. Lee - Commander of military forces of the Confederate States of America, surrendered at Appomattox Court House Ulysses S. Grant - Commander of military forces of the United States of America (Union), accepted Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House

Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address (when Lincoln became President for his first term) - upheld the power of the federal government, secession of states was illegal Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address (when Lincoln became President for his second term) – he declared that he would not punish the South at the end of the Civil War Lincoln’s Assassination - shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., April 14, 1865 Emancipation Proclamation (1863) – issued by Lincoln; freed all slaves in Confederate territory Gettysburg Address – given by Lincoln, emphasized democracy and “we the people”.

Amendments passed as result of Civil War 13th - set slaves free 14th - gave citizenship to ex-slaves and free Blacks 15th - gave right to vote to Black men

PRIMARY SOURCE – a first-hand account of something that happened from somebody who witnessed it