Our Project Exploits the Close Coupling Between Raised Bogs and the Atmosphere to Reconstruct

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Our Project Exploits the Close Coupling Between Raised Bogs and the Atmosphere to Reconstruct

Appendix C

Similarity coefficient tables and Supplementary References Table C.1. Correlations by similarity coefficient (SC) for cryptotephras at Nordan’s Pond Bog with known North American proximal reference materials. Original geochemical data are available in Supplementary Information Appendix A and Appendix B, with the exception of NDN-230 which is from Tappen et al. (2009).

NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- MSH MSH WRA N’berry Aug. Aniakch E. Lake Mazama 95 160 185 230 300 365 430 455 490 545 We Wn (eastern Pum. unit G ak Teph. ash ) NDN-95 1.00 NDN-160 0.88 1.00 NDN-185 0.80 0.78 1.00 NDN-230 0.81 0.83 0.76 1.00 NDN-300 0.76 0.82 0.77 0.83 1.00 NDN-365 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.83 0.83 1.00 NDN-430 0.63 0.69 0.65 0.71 0.80 0.69 1.00 NDN-455 0.81 0.84 0.80 0.83 0.93 0.87 0.75 1.00 NDN-490 0.85 0.82 0.93 0.74 0.72 0.85 0.61 0.75 1.00 NDN-545 0.82 0.84 0.78 0.86 0.92 0.87 0.74 0.94 0.76 1.00 MSH We 0.99 0.87 0.81 0.81 0.77 0.87 0.64 0.82 0.86 0.83 1.00 MSH Wn 0.93 0.90 0.79 0.84 0.80 0.86 0.66 0.85 0.83 0.85 0.93 1.00 WRA 0.87 0.96 0.78 0.82 0.80 0.85 0.68 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.87 0.91 1.00 (eastern) N’berry 0.79 0.77 0.97 0.72 0.74 0.83 0.63 0.76 0.92 0.75 0.80 0.78 0.77 1.00 Pum. Aug. unit G 0.75 0.78 0.70 0.91 0.77 0.77 0.69 0.77 0.69 0.80 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.67 1.00 Aniakchak 0.75 0.81 0.76 0.82 0.98 0.82 0.81 0.91 0.70 0.91 0.75 0.79 0.80 0.72 0.77 1.00 E. Lake 0.84 0.81 0.92 0.73 0.72 0.85 0.61 0.76 0.97 0.76 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.92 0.69 0.71 1.00 Teph. Mazama 0.81 0.84 0.78 0.87 0.94 0.87 0.75 0.94 0.75 0.98 0.82 0.85 0.83 0.75 0.81 0.92 0.75 1.00 ash Table C.2. Correlations by similarity coefficient (SC) for cryptotephras at Nordan’s Pond Bog with a selection of known Icelandic rhyolitic Holocene tephras from the following published studies (see Supplementary References) (Dugmore and Newton, 1992; Boygle, 1994; Dugmore et al., 1995; Hunt et al., 1995; Pilcher et al., 1995; Pilcher and Hall, 1996; Pilcher et al., 1996; Dugmore and Newton, 1997; Oldfield et al., 1997; Boygle, 1998; Hannon et al., 1998; Larson et al., 1999; Wastegård et al., 2001; Hall and Pilcher, 2002; Wastegård, 2002; Zillén et al., 2002; Chambers et al., 2004; Lawson et al., 2007).

NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- NDN- 95 160 185 230 300 365 430 455 490 545 Askja 1875 0.67 0.69 0.60 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.84 0.73 0.59 0.73 GB4-182 Teph. 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.85 0.92 0.81 0.73 0.88 0.70 0.89 Borrobol Teph. 0.73 0.73 0.76 0.63 0.61 0.70 0.53 0.63 0.81 0.65 Glen Garry Teph. 0.68 0.71 0.61 0.82 0.79 0.67 0.78 0.76 0.60 0.76 Hekla 1104 0.82 0.81 0.77 0.78 0.76 0.78 0.72 0.80 0.78 0.76 Hekla H3 0.78 0.79 0.74 0.77 0.73 0.74 0.71 0.76 0.75 0.73 Hekla H4 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.77 0.61 0.73 0.73 0.74 Hekla H5 0.78 0.76 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.75 0.59 0.71 0.75 0.73 Hekla H-S 0.80 0.80 0.75 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.68 0.78 0.76 0.74 Hovsdalur Teph. 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.55 0.54 0.61 0.48 0.55 0.70 0.56 Hoy Teph. 0.77 0.75 0.88 0.70 0.72 0.80 0.61 0.75 0.89 0.72 Kebister Teph. 0.81 0.81 0.75 0.77 0.74 0.75 0.68 0.77 0.76 0.74 Lairg A Teph. 0.76 0.76 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.76 0.60 0.71 0.74 0.73 Lairg B Teph. 0.73 0.71 0.83 0.67 0.69 0.75 0.60 0.71 0.84 0.68 Landnam Teph. 0.81 0.78 0.93 0.73 0.75 0.83 0.62 0.77 0.94 0.74 Loch Portain B Teph. 0.77 0.76 0.80 0.71 0.71 0.79 0.63 0.74 0.80 0.71 OMH-185/Microlite Teph. 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.69 0.66 0.77 0.56 0.68 0.88 0.70 Öraefajökull 1362 0.71 0.69 0.81 0.68 0.71 0.77 0.67 0.73 0.77 0.71 Suduroy Teph. 0.80 0.76 0.83 0.70 0.71 0.80 0.68 0.74 0.84 0.72 Ssn Snaefelsjökull 0.71 0.71 0.77 0.64 0.62 0.71 0.54 0.64 0.81 0.66 Tjørnuvík A 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.62 0.76 0.73 0.75 MOR-T5 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.75 0.78 0.86 0.67 0.80 0.86 0.82 Supplementary References

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Boygle, J.E., 1994. Tephra in Lake Sediments: An Unambiguous Geochronological Marker? Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh.

Chambers, F.M., Daniell, J.R.G., Hunt, J.B., Molloy, K., O'Connell, M., 2004. Tephrostratigraphy of An Loch Mór, Inis Oírr, western Ireland: implications for Holocene tephrochronology in the northeastern Atlantic region. The Holocene 14, 703-720.

Dugmore, A.J., Larsen, G., Newton, A.J., 1995. Seven tephra isochrones in Scotland. The Holocene 5, 257-266.

Dugmore, A.J., Newton, A.J., 1992. Thin tephra layers in peat revealed by X-radiography. Journal of Archaeological Science, 19 163-170.

Dugmore, A.J., Newton, A.J., 1997. Holocene tephra layers in the Faroe Islands. Fróðskaparrit (The Faroese Journal of Natural and Medical sciences) 45, 141-154.

Hall, V.A., Pilcher, J.R., 2002. Late-Quaternary Icelandic tephras in Ireland and Great Britain: detection, characterization and usefulness. The Holocene 12, 223-230.

Hannon, G.E., Hermanns-Audardóttir, M., Wastegård, S., 1998. Human impact at Tjørnuvik in the Faroe Islands. Fróðskaparrit (The Faroese Journal of Natural and Medical sciences) 46, 215-228.

Hayward, C., 2012. High spatial resolution electron probe microanalysis of tephras and melt inclusions without beam-induced chemical modification. The Holocene 22, 119-125.

Hunt, J.B., Fannin, N.G.T., Hill, P.G., Peacock, J.D., 1995. The tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating of North Atlantic, Late-Quaternary sediments: an example from the St. Kilda Basin. In: Scrutton, R.A., Stoker, M.S., Shimmield, G.B., Tudhope, A.W., (Eds.), The Tectonics, Sedimentation and Palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic Region. Geological Society [London] Special Publications 90, London, pp. 227-248.

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Lawson, I.T., Gathorne-Hardy, F.J., Church, M.J., Newton, A.J., Edwards, K.J., Dugmore, A.J., Einarsson, A., 2007. Environmental impacts of the Norse settlement: palaeoenvironmental data from Mývatnssveit, northern Iceland. Boreas 36, 1-19.

Oldfield, F., Thompson, R., Crooks, P.R.J., Gedye, S.J., Hall, V.A., Harkness, D.D., Housley, R.A., McCormac, F.G., Newton, A.J., Pilcher, J.R., Renberg, I., Richardson, N., 1997. Radiocarbon dating of a recent high-latitude peat profile: Stor Åmyrân, northern Sweden. The Holocene 7, 283-290.

Pilcher, J.R., Hall, V.A., 1996. Tephrochronological studies in northern England. The Holocene 6, 100-105.

Pilcher, J.R., Hall, V.A., McCormac, F.G., 1995. Dates of Holocene Icelandic volcanic eruptions from tephra layers in Irish peats. The Holocene 5, 103-110.

Pilcher, J.R., Hall, V.A., McCormac, F.G., 1996. An outline tephrochronology for the Holocene of the north of Ireland. Journal of Quaternary Science 11, 485-494.

Wastegård, S., 2002. Early to middle Holocene silicic tephra horizons from the Katla volcanic system, Iceland: new results from the Faroe Islands. Journal of Quaternary Science 17, 723-730.

Wastegård, S., Björck, S., Grauert, M., Hannon, G.E., 2001. The Mjáuvøtn tephra and other Holocene tephra horizons from the Faroe Islands: a link between the Icelandic source region, the Nordic Seas, and the European continent. The Holocene 11, 101-109.

Zillén, L.M., Wastegård, S., Snowball, I.F., 2002. Calendar year ages of three mid-Holocene tephra layers identified in varved lake sediments in west central Sweden. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 1583-1591.

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