THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 12, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 1986 "Capt. Wm. Clark - 'Map Maker' " Sculptor Scriver Creates a Companion Bronze to "Capt. Lewis and 'Our Dog' Scannon"

The illustration on this page is of the final working clay model for a new Foundation bronze titled: "Capt. Wm. Clark - 'Map Maker' ". Following discussion and ap­ proval at last August's annual meet­ ing of the Foundation, nationally famous sculptor Robert M. "Bob" Scriver, Browning, Montana, was commissioned by the Foundation's Bronze Committee to create this unique companion bronze to his earlier (1976) work "Capt. Lewis and 'Our Dog' Scannon".1 Earlier in the year the theme for depicting Clark as the exploring party's map maker was chosen by the Committee and aggressive re­ search for historical accuracy was begun by committee members and sculptor Scriver for the new bronze. The work portrays Captain Clark making ready his surveying instru­ ments so as to engage in one of his important contributions to the suc­ cess of the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition. 2 In September, Scriver submitted a working clay model for the bronze which, with minor changes, was accepted as pictured here. Wilbur Werner, Cut Bank, Montana, Bronze Committee chairman, anticipates that the first castings will be avail­ able prior to Christmas. The fin­ ished bronze will be of the same scale as the "Lewis/ Scannon" sculp­ ture, and will be approximately 13 inches high (the figure of Clark is approximately 11-1/ 2 high - one­ sixth life-size). The base measures 8 x 10 inches. When the new bronze is displayed together with the "Lewis/ Scannon" sculpture, Lewis and Clark enthusiasts will have a complete and accurate portrayal of (continued on page 2) the Captains working together - Clark readying his surveying instru­ THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL ments and Lewis seated nearby HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. working on his own notes or pre­ paring to record Clark's observa­ Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption tions. Certificate No. 501(C)(3) - Identification No. 51-0187715 Proceeds from the sale of the "Capt. OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Lewis and 'Our Dog' Scannon " President 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President bronze, and the new companion John E. Foote H. John Montague Donald F. Nell bronze "Capt. Wm. Clark - 'Map 1205 Rimhaven Way 2864 Sudbury Ct. P.O. Box 577 Maker' " are restricted to the sup­ Billings, MT 59102 Marietta, GA 30062 Bozeman, MT 59715 port of We Proceeded On and other Foundation publications. Edrie Lee Vinson, Secretary John E. Walker, Treasurer P.O. Box 1651 200 Market St., Suite 1177 The "Capt. Wm. Clark - 'Map Red Lodge, MT 59068 Portland, OR 97201 Maker' " bron ze will be limited to Ruth E. Lange, Membership Secretary, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201 an edition of only 100 copies, and enthusiastic respon se to the an­ DIRECTORS nouncement about the new bronze Ruth Backer Winifred C. George James P. Ronda at the August annual meeting at Cranford, NJ St. Louis, MO Youngstown, OH Portland, Oregon , resulted in orders Harold Billian Bob Doerk Ralph H. Rudeen for 28 bronzes. Firm price for the Villanova, PA Great Falls, MT Olympia, WA new bronze will be $1200.00 until Malcolm S. Buffum James R. Fazio Bob Saindon October 1, 1987. A "Certificate of Portland, OR Moscow, ID Helena, MT Authenticity" a nd a receipt for Roy D. Craft Charles C. Patton Arthur F. Shipley $500.00 from the Foundation indi· Stevenson, WA Springfield, IL Bismarck, ND eating a "Charitable Donation" will L. Edwin Wang immediate Past President is a Foundation Director accompany th e delivery of the PAST PRESIDENTS - DIRECTORS EX OFFICIO bron ze. If the ch ange in tax laws is a factor, some buyers may want Edwynne P. Murphy, 1970 Gary Leppart, 1974-75 Bob Saindon, 1979-80 to prepay the purch ase prior to St. Louis, Missouri Butte, Montana Helena, Montana December 31, 1986. Orders should E.G. Chuinard, M.D., 1971 Wilbur P. Werner, 1975-76 Irving W. Anderson, 1980·81 Tigard, Oregon Cut Bank, Montana Portland, Oregon be sent directly to Bronze Commit­ John Greenslit, 1972 Clarence H. Decker, 1976-77 v. Strode Hinds, 1981 -82 tee Chairma n Wilbur P. Werner, Lansing, Michigan East Alton, Illinois Sioux City, Iowa P.O. Box 428, Cut Bank, MT 59427, Lynn Burris, 1972-1973 Gail M. Stensland, 1977-78 Hazel Bain, 1982-83 or you may call Wilbur at his of­ Topeka, Kansas Fort Benton, Montana Longview, Washington fice, 406-873-2277. Robert E. Lange, 19"13-74 Mitchell Doumit, 1978-79 Arlen J. Large, 1983-84 Portland, Oregon Cathlamet, Washington Washington, D.C. Special note: As of this date, there are still nine copies of the limited William P. Sherman, 1984-85 L. Edwin Wang, 1985-1986 edition of the "Capt. Lewis and 'Our Portland, Oregon Minneapolis, MN Dog' Scannon" bronze available. This bronze is currently selling for ABOUT THE FOUNDATION $1750.00. Until the supply is ex­ The purpose of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., is to stimulate nationally: public Interest in matters relating to the Lewis and Clark Expedition; the contributions to American history made by the hausted, the "Capt. Lewis and 'Our expedition members; and events ol time and place concerning and following the expedition which are of Dog' Scannon " bronze and th e new historical Import to our nation. The Foundation recognizes the va lue of tourist-oriented programs, and supports activilles which enhance the enjoyment and understanding of the Lewis and Clark story. The scope "Capt . Wm. Clark - 'Map Maker' " of the activities of the Foundation are broad and diverse, and include Involvement In pursuits which, in the judP,ment of the Directors are, of historical worth or contemporary social values, and commensurate with the bronze may be purchased as a com­ heritage of Lewis and Clark. The activities of the National Foundation are intended to compliment and bination for $2400.00 supplement those ol state and local Lewis and Clark Interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately recognize and honor individuals or groups for: art works of distinction; achievement In the broad field of Lewis and Clark historical research; writing; or deeds which promote the general purpose and scope of activities of the Foundation. Membership in the organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts including Federal, State, and local government officials, historians, scholars, and others of wide ranging Lewis 1. The bronze was copyrighted in 1976, and and Clark Interests. Officers of the Foundation are elected from the membership. The Annual Meeting of the the copyright indicates the dog's name to be Foundation Is traditionally held during August, the birth month of both Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. "Scannon". Recen t 1985 research by histori­ The meeting place is rotated among the States, and tours generally are arranged to visit sites in the area of the Annual Meeting which have historic association with the ~ew ls and Clark Expedition. an Donald Jackson revealed that since 1916 we have been in error concerning the name of the Expedition's Newfoundland dog. From WE PROCEEDED ON ISSN 0275-6706 E.G. CHU/NARD, M.D., FOUNDER Dr. Jackson's fi ndings it is quite obvious that the dog's name was "Seaman". See Vie Pro· We Proceeded On Is the official publication of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, ceeded On. Vol. 11, No. 3 Inc. The publication's name is derived from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals of the famous Expedition. 2. When writing about Clark's cartographic talents, historian Reuben Gold Thwaites ob­ I PUBUCA T/ONS COMMITTEE served: "When we consider th e condition s ( under which these charts were drawn, - in Robert E. Lange, Editor and Committee Chairman, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201 the field with crude astron omical instruments, I Irving W. Anderson E.G. Chuinard and information derivable chiefly from daily Box LC-196 Lewis & Clark College 15537 S.W. Summerfield Lane observations a nd Indian reports, - their relative accuracy and topographical compre­ Portland, OR 97219 Tigard, OR 97223 hension are worthy of our highest praise; Paul R. Cutright Donald Jackson Gary E. Moulton they are eloquent witnesses of Clark's un­ 312 Summit Avenue 3920 Old Stage Road Love Library - Univ. Nebraska doubted engineerin g skill." (Reuben Gold Jenkintown, PA 19046 Colorado Springs, CO 80906 Lincoln, NE 68588 Thwaites Editor Original Journals of the Lewis a~d Cla;h Expedition, 1804-1806, Bob Saindon Wilbur P. Werner Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1904-1905'. seven 172 Briarwood P.O. Box 428 volumes and an Atlas volume. Reprint edi­ Helena, MT 59601 Cut Bank, MT 59427 tions: Antiquarian Press, N.Y. , 1959; Arno P ress, N.Y. , 1969. Volume 8, (Atlas Volume), page v.)

-2- We Proceeded On, November 1986 [ I Our New President lings Commerce Center, a 25-acre for the (western artist) J .K. Ral­ John E. Foote project consisting of an office/ ware­ ston Studio, Inc. house facility consisting of build­ The Foundation is privileged to ings with a modern, brand-new have this active and dedicated in­ look. After twelve years of devel­ dividual serving as our president opment, the remaining seven acres for the 1986-1987 term, and looks are now under construction. The at­ forward to a great 19th Annual tractively designed buildings sport Meeting in Billings and vicinity, blue mansards with lots of glass August 2-5, 1987. and fluted wall pa nels. John indi­ cates that the blue mansards came from Montana's "Big Sky" country. He says: "When you come to Mon­ President Foote's tana the first thing that impresses Message you is that we have the biggest, bluest skies that are found any­ Congratul ations to Malcolm where in the world." The 12,500- Buffum, his wife Dee and his com­ square foot buildings are double in­ mittee members for an outstanding sula ted against Montana's cold job of hosting the Eighteenth An­ winters, and the skylights, garage nual Meeting of the Lewis and doors, and glass windows are insu­ Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, lated to keep in the heat supplied Inc. in Portland, Oregon. For those by the energy-efficient h eating of you who were unfortunate to units. miss this gathering, I will share John attended Billings schools, our experiences with you. Pictures studied engineering at Montana related to the meeting appear on State University (1963-1965), and re­ pages 5-12, 14, 20. ceived B.S. in Business Administra­ We left Portland on Sunday morn­ John E. Foote, Billings, Montana, tion from the Unive.rsity of Mon­ will serve the Foundation as its ing for a trip to the Pacific Ocean. tana (1965-1967). Moving to South­ Our first stop was Ecola State Park 18th president, August 1986 to Au­ ern California, he was employed by gust 1987. where the Seaside Lions Club pro­ the Security Pacific National Bank, vided donuts and coffee and the A recent magazine article referred in Los Angeles. While with this firm, State of Oregon provided a fantas­ to John Foote as a "truly multi­ from 1967 to 1973, he served as: tic panorama of the rugged Oregon dimensional man", and the writer Operations Supervisor, Rancho Coast. Our next stop was Les Shir­ interviewing John concluded that: Park Branch; Installment Loan Ad­ ley State Park where we h elped "That when John begins to speak ministrator, International Airport dedicate a sign for the historic you realize at once that you're not Branch; Installment and Commer­ Whale Site and heard an address talking to a typical real estate de­ cial Loan Officer, Beverly Hills from Cannon Beach's mayor, Miss veloper, but to someone that "de­ Branch; Commercial Loan Officer, Lucille Houston. From there we velops" every aspect of his life Century City Branch; and Corpo­ traveled to Seaside, Oregon, home whether its his new and growing rate Account Officer in the bank's of the Salt Works. At this historic Billings Commerce Center or his Head Office. location, members of the Expedition dreams for a Montana History boiled sea water to provide salt for Center." John and his wife Pat and child­ the group's return trip. The Na­ Reviewing his background, John's ren Andrene and Jason returned tional Park Service gave us a fine from southern California to Billings interpretation of the Salt Works. grandfather was a barker in a in 1973, where he began the devel­ medicine show, who purchased an opment of the Billings Commerce After a tasty Salmon luncheon and outdoor advertising company in some free time in Seaside, we de­ 1917, and later in life assisted his Center. He is also manager for the parted for Fort Clatsop National son in the construction of an amuse­ Foote Enterprises which involves family real estate interests in the Memorial where the Corps of Dis­ ment park. Foote's father, in addi­ Billings area. As owner of Pompeys covery spent the winter of 1805- tion to building the park, collected Pillar National Landmark, he over­ 1806. The National Park Service Western Americana, and in 1955 has constructed a full-scale replica purchased the geologic la ndmark, sees the operation of the site as a summer (three month) tourist at­ of the original fort on this site and Pompeys Pillar, thirty miles east offers "living history" exhibits. of Billings. Lewis and Clark enthu­ traction. He also operates a 400 acre siasts are familiar with the land­ irrigated farm that is adjacent to We were treated to some very spe­ mark, since carved in its sandstone the hisforical site. cial events after the Memorial's surface is the verbiage: "Wm Clark, normal closing time. Michael Fos­ July 25, 1806." Pompeys Pillar was Active in local, state and national ter and the Fort Clatsop Historical designated a National Historic organizations, he is a member of: Association hosted us to a delicious Landmark in 1965. This last phys­ Billings Chamber of Commerce; buffet featuring Oregon foods and ical evidence of the famous Expe­ Custer Battlefield Historical and wines. After dinner Frank Walker, dition accounts, in part, for John Museum Association; Northern Superintendent of Fort Clatsop Na­ Foote's interest in western history, Pacific Railroad Historical Associ­ tional Memorial, and his staff pre­ the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and ation; Railrodiana Collectors Asso­ sented a historical reinactment of more recently the Lewis and Clark ciation; Montana Historical Socie­ life at Fort Clatsop. Darkness then Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. ty; University of Montana Alumni enveloped the area and we were in­ Association; Yellowstone Corral of vited to enter the Fort which was His business interests and energy the Westerners; and the Billing only lighted by candles and fires. are presently focused on the Bil- Petroleum Club. He is a Director I'll never forget the flickering light,

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -3- the smell of smoke and the dark hers is what keeps many individu­ from our own Irving "Andy" An­ forest outside. This was a true als active in our organization. derson. The conclusion of the bus Lewis and Clark experience. tour was the University of Portland The final day of our Annual Meet­ The next morning found us back where Dr. Jim Covert, Chairman ing was spent in Portland, a city of History, interpreted the view on the bus, viewing the Astoria noted for its beauty and Rose Fes­ from Waud's Bluff over the Wil­ Column and crossing the Columbia tivals. I have always liked the Un­ lamette River where Clark came on River to reach Cape Disappoint­ ion Pacific's slogan regarding Port­ his side trip up this river. ment. This is where the Lewis and land - "For you a Rose in Portland Clark Expedition first reached the grows." After viewing the Sacaga­ The final event of our 18th Annual Pacific Coast and then turned back wea Statue in Washington Park, we Meeting was the Annual Banquet. looking for a more suitable winter traveled to the Oregon Historical President L. Edwin Wang presided camp. Soci~ty where we viewed authentic at this event a ttended by 215 indi­ Lewis and Clark Expedition items viduals in cluding the Honorable After lunch by the ocean, we en­ and one of the four original copies Victor Atiyeh, Governor of the State tered Fort Canby State Park and of the Magna Carta which was on of Oregon. We were addressed by hiked up a short trail to Lewis and Charles H. Odegaard, Regional Di­ Clark Interpretive Center. A walk a special exhibition. This 5000 word Latin document belongs to the rector Mid-West Region of the Na­ through this Center takes you on a tional Park Service. The theme of visual trip from the beginning of Dean and Chapter of Lincoln Cathe­ dral, Lincolnshire, England and talk was the continued cooper­ the Expedition to reaching the Pa­ hi:> was exhibited to celebrate the bi­ at10n between the National Park cific Coast. Foundation director centennial of the Constitution of the Service and the Lewis and Clark Ralph Rudeen was a driving force Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. in in creating this exhibit and for this United States. Our next stop was the development of the Lewis and we thank you, Ralph. The bus ride Lewis and Clark College where we viewed Dr. "Frenchy" Chuinard's Clark National Historic Trail. back to Portland first followed the fine collection of rare books, Ran­ Oregon shore of the Columbia River If it sounds like we had a lot of and then the Washington shore. It dall Kidd's collection of Lewis and fun - we did! Now won't you make has changed significantly since Clark paper items and Oregon Gov­ plans to attend the 19th Annual Lewis and Clark explored this area. ernor Victor Atiyeh's unique collec­ Meeting in Billings, Montana, on tion of memorabilia relating to the August 2, 3, 4, & 5, 1987. Details of After freshening up at the Red Lion "1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial this meeting will be outlinrd in the Inn in Portland, we assembled in a and American Pacific Exposition next issue of WPO. I want to thank banquet room for the occasion of and Oriental Fair in Portland, all the members for your support the 212th anniversary of the birth Oregon." These Foundation mem­ and encouragement in having me of Meriwether Lewis, August 18, bers took the time to share their be your President for the coming 1774. An outstanding address, interests with us and that is what year. Let me know how I can be of which is transcribed in this issue makes annual meetings so special. help to you. of WPO, was given by Dr. James A. Gardner, President of the Lewis We were served lunch at Lewis and Clark College and heard an address and Clark College, Portland, Oreg­ John E. Foote, President on. Lewis and Clark were also in­ ducted posthumously into the Ore­ gon Medical Association in recogni­ Past President L. Edwin Wang has sent We Proceeded 01i a copy of Reverend tion for their medical treatment of William Arbaugh's Prayer of Invocation presented at the Foundation's 18th the Expedition members. Annual Banquet. Reverend Arbaugh is pastor a t the Peace Lutheran Church, Astoria, Oregon, and in responding to Past President Wang's request remarked: The third day's activities were cen­ "Enclosed is a copy of the prayer used as the invocation at the banquet. Thank tered in the Columbia River Gorge, you for inviting me. I thoroughly enjoyed it." Reverend Arbaugh's prayer is probably one of the most scenic transcribed below: areas in Oregon. Lewis and Clark traveled through this area in 1805 18th Annual Banquet Prayer of Invocation and again in 1806 and noted many 0 God, our God, you have been gracious in all creation, for which we of the natural features. We spent are thankful. We praise you at this time for the gift of vision. the day viewing Multnomah Falls, Grateful for the vision of President Jefferson to peacefully explore Beacon Rock, Mayer State Park, and open for hospitable use an unimaginably rich new land, grant we The Dalles Dam and the Cascade pray, that a measure of his visionary enchantment may be continued Locks. in this our generation, that we may properly recognize a new vision and that we may safeguard the gifts of your abundant creation for After a nice lunch in a park by posterity. The Dalles Dam, we were taken to As the explorers imagined great dangers, even prehistoric creatures, the Portage Inn in The Dalles. Mrs. keep us from imagining or developing demons. Remove from us the Francis Seufert gave her slide pre­ dangers of pride and self-righteouness. Give us a steady, deliberate and i' sentation on what the area looked courageous determination to follow a worthy vision. like before the dams flooded the Living now in conditions far from ideal, grant that we may neverthe­ l fishing sites at Celilo Falls and less have satisfaction in our progress, as did the explorers in having inundated the Narrows and the "triumphed over the rocky mountains." Great Shute. It is sad that future Moreover, recalling the problems which spelled urgency for the Ex­ generations will never see the great pedition, grant that we in our perilous times may not lash out in blus­ river as it once was. The highlight ter but move calmly and deliberately to a righteous cause and, in the of the day was boarding the Stern­ words of William Clark, find ". .. the flattering prospect of the final wheeler "Columbia Gorge" for a success of the expedition . . . pleasing." three hour cruise with dinner on Thankful for the bounty, may we proceed on in a manner worthy of board. The food was excellent and your name, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. the friendship shared between mem-

-4- We Proceeded On, November 1986 Cameras Record Events at the Foundation's 18th Annual Meeting

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editor, 18th Annual Meeting participants, and readers of We Proceeded On are indebted to the following individuals for the photographs which are reproduced on this and the pages that follow: Roy Craft; William Sherman; Bev. Hinds; Charles Gass; Bob Saindon; Emmie Betts; and Ruth Lange. We are also appreciative of the expertise of our press, Times Litho, Inc., Forest Grove, Oregon, for the fine photographic reproductions - es­ pecially of the many photographs that were originally in color. From Ecola State Park, Oregon, Foundation members en­ joyed the view of the Pacific Ocean, Tillamook Head (the Expedition's "Clark's Mountain and Point of View"), and Tillamook Rock and the now abandoned Tillamook Rock Oregon's Ecola State Park Lighthouse. Clark and his party crossed over the 1196 foot high headland (Tillamook Head) in January 1806 to barter with the local Indians for blubber and oil fr?m the whale that had stranded on the beach.

Les Shirley Park, Cannon Beach, Oregon

Upon arrival at Ecola State Park and Oregon's Pacific Ocean shore, coffee, tea, and doughnuts were a welcome repast fol­ lowing the one and three quarter hour bus journey from Port­ land. The Seaside, Oregon Lions Club hosted the refresh­ ments.

Foundation members gathered in Les Shirley Park, Cannon Beach, Oregon, near the place where Captain Clark and his party found the Indians dismembering blubber and render­ ing oil from the whale that had stranded on the beach. The occasion was the dedication of a new historical marker and the certification of the site by the National Park Service as a Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Site. (Left to Right) Thomas Gilbert (Omaha, Nebraska), Midwest Region National Park Service, Coordinator for the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail; Lucille Houston, Mayor of Cannon Beach, Oregon; Foundation President Ed Wang (Minneapo­ lis, Minnesota}; Foundation Past President "Frenchy" Chui­ nard (Tigard, Oregon) Chairman of the Oregon Lewis and Clark Trail Committee; Malcolm Buffum (Portland, Oregon) General Chairman for the Foundation's 18th Annual Meet­ ing; and Linda Newberry (Cannon Beach, Oregon) designer of the new historical marker. Tom Gilbert is displaying the Lewis and Clark Trail site certification marker, and this marker will be permanently displayed in the park.

MARK YOUR CALENDAR On the Trail to the viewpoint at Oregon's Ecola State Park. Foundation members pause for visit. (Left to Right) Charles 19th Annual Meeting of the Foundation Gass (San Francisco, California), Foundation Past President Jim Large (Washington, D.C.) and Bob Betts (New York August 2 - 5, 1987 - Billings, Montana City).

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -5- Seaside, Oregon, and the Visit to the "Salt Works"

Seaside, Oregon's Convention Center welcomed Foundation NPS Ranger Stephen Henrikson, Fort Clatsop National members with their entrance sign. Attendees enjoyed a deli­ Memorial, addressed attendees gathered at the Expedition's cious salmon barbecue at the Center on Sunday afternoon "Salt Works" in present-day Seaside, Oregon. The "Salt­ August 17th. Harry Fritz (Missoula, Montana) is the mem­ mahers" distilled about four bushels of salt from ocean wa­ ber in the picture. ter at this location in January and February 1806.

At Fort Clatsop - Outdoor Buffet - "Living History" Demonstrations

On Sunday Evening, August 17th, the Fort Clatsop Histori­ cal Association, a local citizens' support group for the Na­ A "Living History" demonstration: Chief Ranger Curtis tional Park Service's Fort Clatsop National Memorial, Johnson, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, demonstrates hosted a fine buffet on the Memorial grounds. A large repli­ wood working craftsmanship, using tools similar to those ca of a dugout canoe served as the serving table. carried by the 1803-1806 explorers. -6- We Proceeded On, November 1986 At Fort Clatsop -The Expedition's Winter Establishment - 1805-1806

NPS Ranger Barbara Minard, Fort Clatsop National Memori­ al demonstrates shredding cedar bark, a process practiced by the Indians for making clothing. This is described in the Expedition's journals.

Robert Zimmerling, Gearheart, Oregon, is an occasional vol­ unteer at the Fort Clatsop National Memorial as is his New­ foundland dog Godfrey. Godfrey portrays the Expedition's dog Seaman who is regularly documented in the explorer's journals.

18th Annual Meeting Facts: 183 individuals were registered for the full four day meeting. 200 individuals attended the Sunday after­ noon salmon barbecu e at Seaside, Oregon. 248 individuals attended the Sunday even­ Margaret Warden, Chairman of the Montana Governor's Montana Lewis and Clark Trail Advisory Council (Great ing buffet at the Fort Clatsop National Falls, Montana) joins Foundation Past President Bill Sher­ Memorial. man (Portland, Oregon) at the main 5ate of the replica of 192 individuals enjoyed the Monday noon the Expedition's Fort Clatsop (Fort Clatsop National Memo­ box lunch on the beach below the Cape rial, near Astoria, Oregon). Disappointme nt, Lewis & Clark Inter­ pretive Center, Fort Canby State Park, Washington State's "Waikiki Beach" Washington. 210 individuals attended the Monday even­ ing Meriwether Lewis birthday party dinner, Red Lion Inn, Lloyd Center, Portland, Oregon. 194 individuals enjoyed the Tuesday noon box lunch at the park at The Dalles Dam, The Dalles, Oregon. 208 individuals took the Tuesday evening cruise and enjoyed the dinner served aboard the Columbia Gorge Stern­ wheeler, Cascade Locks, Oregon. 200 individuals attended the Wednesday lun­ cheon served at Lewis and Clark Col­ lege, Portland, Oregon. 215 individuals attended the Wednesday To avoid congestion, travelers were divided into two groups evening Eighteenth Annual Banquet , for the visit to the Wa shington State Parks and Recreation Red Lion Inn, Lloyd Center, Portland, Commission's Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center high atop Oregon. Cape Disappointment. Participants gathered, just below the headland, either before or after their visit to the center to en­ Information courtesy of Malcolm Buffum, 18th Annual Meet­ joy a box lunch and a visit to the beach (Fort Canby State ing General Chairman. Park).

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -7- The Expedition Camped Here in October 1805 and in April 1806

..

The Rowena Loops Highway View Point

Annual Meeting attendees leave the four charter buses for the short walk to the rock escarpment above the Columbia River. where the Expedition established a camp on both the outbound (1805) and return {1806) journeys. Members of the Expedition called this place "Rock Fort", and it is located in the west end of the present city of The Dalles, Oregon. Just upstream from this place, and now inundated by the waters behind The Dalles Dam, the explorers traversed the treach- erous "Great Falls", the "Short Narrows" and the "Long Narrows" of the Columbia River.

Loops is the correct terminology for the Rowena Loops (Old Columbia River Scenic Highway) east of The Dalles, Ore­ gon. From the view point at the summit, charter bus travel­ ers were able to view the Columbia River and the I-84 Columbia River Freeway several hundred feet below.

At the rocky site of the Expedition's October 1805 and April 1806 "Rock Fort" campsite with the Columbia River in the MARK YOUR CALENDAR background: (Left to right) Pat and 1986-1987 Foundation President John Foote (Billings, Montana) visit with WPO 19th Annual Meeting of the Foundation Editor Bob Lange (Portland, Oregon}. In the rear Founda­ tion Past President Strode Hinds (Sioux City, Iowa) discusses August 2 - 5, 1987 - Billings, Montana the scenery with Dee Buffum (Portland, Oregon). -8- We Proceeded On, November 1986 At the Rowena Loops Viewpoint Columbia River Gorge Cruise

Foundation members and their guests board the Stern­ wheeler, Columbia Gorge, at Cascade Locks, Oregon, for the Tuesday evening three hour cruise on the Columbia River and in the Columbia Gorge. Dinner was served during the cruise.

Charter buses stop for the spectacular view on the Rowena Loops (the old Columbia River Highway just east of The Dalles, Oregon). Tour participants were able to observe the sudden change in vegetation and soil on both sides of the Columbia River (not as much moisture from the Pacific Ocean reaches this far up the Columbia). Captain Clark ob­ served and documented this in his journal. On board the Sternwheeler Columbia Gorge with the north shore of the Columbia and the base of Wind Mountain, Washington, as a scenic backdrop. (Left to right) Ludd Trozpek (Claremont, California); Foundation Membership Secretary Ruth Lange (Portland, Oregon); unidentified; and Brad Smith (Peekskill, New York).

At the Rowena Loops viewpoint. (Left to right) Astrid Wang (Minneapolis, Minnesota); Marge Brown (Wilmette, Illinois); On board the Columbia Gorge Sternwheeler: (left to right) Mildred Goosman (Omaha, Nebraska); and Foundation Bob Singer, Fort Benton, Montana; Gracie Craft, Stevenson, President Ed Wang (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Washington; and Emmie Betts, New York City.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -9- On Board the Sternwheeler "Columbia Gorge"

On the Sternwheeler Columbia Gorge: Foundation travelers gather on the upper deck to view the scenery.

Sacagawea in Portland's Washington Park "People Pictures"

During the Wednesday August 20th bus tour of historical sites in Portland, Oregon. The tour visited the Alice Cooper statue of the Expedition's Indian Woman Sacagawea. The statue is located in Portland's Washington Park and was moued to the present location from the grounds of Port­ land's 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition (World's Fair). (Center) Beu Hinds (Sioux City, Iowa) visits with Tom Gilbert (left, NPS, Omaha, Nebraska), and Annual Banquet Speaker Charles Odegaard, (Regional Director, Midwest Re­ At the Foundation's 18th Annual Banquet gion, NPS, Omaha, Nebraska).

(Left to right) 1986-1987 Foundation President John E. Foote, (Left) The Honorable Victor Atiyeh, Governor of Oregon at­ and Pat Foote (Billings, Montana); Diana Montague and 1st tended and spoke to m embers and guests at the Wednesday Vice President John Montague (Marietta Georgia). President evening 18th Annual Banquet. He was introduced by Foote holds the president's gavel and the president's flag "Frenchy" Chuinard, Chairman of the (Governor's) Oregon (rep lica of the Expedition's 15 star, 15 bar flag) which he Lewis and Clark Trail Committee. has just accepted from 1985-1986 President Ed Wang.

-10- We Proceeded On, November 1986 II "People Pictures" at the Foundation's 18th Annual Meeting

Foundation Director Don and Barbara Nell (Bozeman, Mon­ tana) visit with Foundation Secretary Edrie Vinson (Red Fay Moulton (Lincoln, Nebraska) has a word with Founda­ Lodge, Montana) tion Director Ralph Rudeen (Olympia, Washington).

I Boy Talk! (From left) Past President Bill Sherman (Port­ Girl Talk! (Fro m left) Astrid Wang, (Minneapolis, Minneso­ land, Oregon), Past President Wilbur Werner (Cut Bank, ta), Elizabeth Thompson (Colebrook, Connecticut), and Foun­ Montana}, and Foundation Director Roy Craft (Stevenson, dation Director Winifred George (St. Louis, Missouri). Washington).

Past President Strode Hinds (Sioux City, Iowa) and Charles Gass (San Francisco, California) examine the preliminary The three Johns, members of the Foundation's Executive model for the "Captain William Clark, the Mapmaker" Committee. (From left) 1986-1987 President John Foote (Bil­ bronze being created expressly for the Foundation by Mon­ lings, Montana); 1st Vice President John Montague (Mariet· tana sculptor Bob Scriver. ta, Georgia); and Treasurer John Walker (Portland, Oregon).

We Proceeded On, November 1986 ·ll· Eighteenth Annual Meeting Attendees

Roy D. Craft

The listings shown below are based on information supplied by the 18th Annual Meeting Registration Committee. *Indicates that individual attended only certain events during the four day meeting.

CALIFORNIA (18) (*5) IDAHO (8) (*2) MISSOURI - continued Donald S. Alderman, Pasadena Ben Aitken, Weippe Jeane Hamilton, Marshall Katherine Alderman, Pasadena Donita Aitken, Weippe Leone Hamilton, Marshall Richard Baynes, Irvine Duane Annis, Orofino L. Max Lippman, Florissant Margaret Baynes, Irvine Patricia Barrett, Boise Zoe Lippman, Florissant *Todd Berens, Santa Ana Richard Barrett, Boise Jane V. McLean, St. Louis *Betty Berens, Santa Ana ·James R. Fazio, Moscow Anita Meyer, St. Louis *Lou Boek, Cameron Park Barbara Opdahl, Pierce Ann Rogers, St. Louis *Molly Boek, Cameron Park Harlan Opdahl, Pierce Joseph Rogers, St. Louis Charles Gass, San Francisco *Judy Space, Orofino Irene Seener, St. Louis Georgette Goslovich, Santa Rosa *Ralph Space, Orofino Ella Tappmeyer, St. Louis Pauline Goslovich, Santa Rosa Virginia Hamerness, San J ose IOWA(4) MONTANA (21) (*1) Wilbur Hoffman, Yuba City Beverly Hinds, Sioux City Marilyn J. Clark, Helena Ruth Hoffman, Yuba City H. Strode Hinds, Sioux City Celia Eusterman, Great Falls Jim Kelsey, Redondo Beach Doris Gaumer, Indianola George Eusterman, Great Falls Jo Kelsey, Redondo Beach R. Keith Gaumer, Indianola Sharon Francisco, Bozeman Donna Masterson, Bloomington John E. Foote, Billings ILLINOIS (6) Patricia Foote, Billings *Rosalie Soons, Cameron Park Joseph Barkley, Paris Jan Schwartz May, Beverly Hills Rose May Forder, Great Falls David E. Brown, Wilmette Harry W. Fritz, Missoula Ludd A. Trozpek, Claremont Marge Brown, Wilmette Eleanor Ward, Cupertino Stacey Fritz, Missoula Michael Dotson, Crest Hill Helen Hetrick, Glasgow Marion D. Wiliams, San Diego Peggy Sue Dotson, Crest Hill Nell Williams, San Diego Charles A. Kirkpatrick, Bozeman Charles C. Patton, Springfield *George D. Morgan, Glasgow COLORADO (5) MARYLAND (2) (*2) Barbara Nell, Bozeman Ann Johnson, Evergreen *David R. Boyd, Columbia Donald F. Nell, Bozeman Ted Johnson, Evergreen *Boyd's son, Columbia Bob Saindon, Helena May Lake, Aurora Gina J effrey, Chevy Chase Bob Singer, Fort Benton Marjorie Robinson, Colorado Springs Joseph D. Jeffrey, Chevy Chase Idella Singer, Fort Benton Ellen Steele, Aurora Irene Smith, Glasgow MINNESOTA (4) John E. Taylor, Bozeman CONNECTICUT (2) Gerald R. Holcomb, Rochester Edrie Vinson, Red Lodge Esther H. Smith, Greenwich Susan Holcomb, Rochester Margaret S. Warden, Great Falls Elizabeth Thompson, Colebrook Astrid Wang, Minneapolis Marty Werner, Cut Bank GEORGIA(4) L. Edwin Wang, Minneapolis Wilbur Werner, Cut Bank Glenda Maxwell, Peachtree MISSOURI (13) NEBRASKA (9) (*1) Jay Maxwell, Peachtree Mary Anzalone, St. Louis Gilbert L. Adrian, Hastings Diana Montague, Marietta Rosa Fischer, Reeds Spring Jeanette Adrian, Hastings John Montague, Marietta Winnifred C. George, St. Louis Debbie Adrian, Hastings

-12- We Proceeded On, November 1986 NEBRASKA - continued OREGON - continued *Janis Gilbert, Papillion *Hersha) Tanzer, Portland Thomas Gilbert, Papillion *Shirley Tanzer, Portlarid Mildred R. Goosman, Omaha Helen Townes, Milwaukie Faye W. Moulton, Lincoln Will W. Townes, Milwaukie Gary E. Moulton, Lincoln Franklin C. Walker, Astoria Dwight D. Smith, Omaha *John E. Walker, Estacada Stormy Smith, Omaha *Judith E. Walker, Estacada NEVADA(5) PENNSYLVANIA (4) Hwa-di Brodhead, Reno Jane Billian, Villanova John Brodhead, Reno Harold B. Billian, Villanova MichaelJ.Brodhead, Reno G. Pownall Jones, Toughkenamon K.C. DenDooven, Las Vegas Margaret F. Walker, Glen Mills Linda DenDooven, Las Vegas TEXAS (2) Charles E. Gibbs, San Antonio NEW JERSEY (1) Fred W. Shelton, Sherman Ruth Backer, Cranford Christmas presents? How about an NEWYORK(8) annual membership in the Founda­ Robert B. Betts, New York WASHINGTON (30) (*7) tion which includes a subscription Emilie Betts, New York Hazel Bain, Longview to the four quarterly issues of We Margaret Norris, Fayetteville *Fred Becker, Olympia Proceeded On. Membership applica­ William B. Norris, Fayetteville *Pat Becker, Olympia Louise Bowen, Tacoma tions s hould be directed to the George J. Richards, Jr., Chadwicks Membership Secretary. Brad Smith, Peekskill Gracie Craft, Stevenson Eugene Swanzey, Warwick Roy D. Craft, Stevenson Mary Ann Swanzey, Warwick Viola C. Forrest, Walla Walla Claudia Hofdahl, Bremerton NORTH DAKOTA (2) Victor C. Hofd ahl, Bremerton Sheila Robinson, Coleharbor Donald R. Holm , Port Townsend Arthur F. Shipley, Bismarck Myrtle Holm, Port Townsend Change of Address Clifford D. Imsland, Seattle A costly part of the distribution OHIO (4) Martha Imsland, Seattle J . Park Biehl, Cincinnati and mailing of our quarterly pub­ Hope V. Jones, Tacoma lication, WE PROCEEDED ON Anna R. Brown, Toledo Randall G. Kidd, Seattle Jean Cambridge, Strongsville Wendi Kidd, Seattle is the administration and han­ Adele Ford, Maumee Betty Korff, Vancouver dling of mailed-out copies of the OREGON (29) (*19) Ralph Korff, Vancouver publication that are returned be­ *Carol Aimonetto, West Linn *Laura Krieg, Skamania cause the addressee has moved. *Lauren Aimonetto, West Linn *Rich ard A. Krieg, Skamania Whether or not members have Irving W. Anderson, Portland Barbara Kubik, Kennewick left a forwarding address with *Susan Barthel, Portland Frances Marckx, Federal Way their post office when they Roy J . Beadle, Gresham Ilene Marckx, Federal Way moved, WPO is returned to the Thelma M. Beadle, Gresham Kyle McHugh, Battle Ground Foundation. We mail our maga­ Florence Bookhultz, Cannon Beach Mildred McHugh, Battle Ground zine on a Non-Profit-Organiza­ Dee Buffum, Portland J ames L. Meredith, Roche Harbor Elpha Nelson, Vancouver tion bulk mail permit (a reduced Malcolm S. Buffum, Portland rate type of Third-Class Mail, at Mary B. Burtis, Portland Howard Nelson, Vancounver *Bruce Chesse, Portland Ralph H. Rudeen, Olympia about .052 to .08 per issue depend­ E.G. Chuinard, Tigard Donna Stevens, Coupeville ing on the numper of pages, in­ Fritzi Chuinard, Tigard Ray Stevens, Coupeville serts, and total weight). This *Sharon Francisco, Gresham David J. Taylor, Seattle type of mail is not eligible for Michael Foster, Astoria George H. Twen ey, Seattle forwarding and is returned to the Dwight Garrison, Portland Maxine Tweney, Seattle sender (the Foundation). When it Myrth Garrison, Portland *Steve Wang, Olympia is returned we are assessed "Post­ *Elizabeth Gueldenzopf, Gladstone George Warner, Roche Harbor Irene Warner, Roche Harbor age Due" at the regular single­ *John Gueldenzopf, Gladstone piece Third-Class Rate (any­ *Charlotte Hallaux, Astoria WISCONSIN (1) where from .56 to .98 depending *Jean Hallaux, Astoria Patti A. Thomsen, Waukesha Billie Holcomb, Corvallis on weigh t). If and when we have Robert Holcomb, Corvallis your new address (sometimes pro­ Howard G. Hopkins, Milwaukie DISTRICT OF vided by the post office), we mail Margaret Hopkins, Milwaukie COLUMBIA (1) (*2) out the returned issue to you and Kelly B. Janes, Portland *Jeffery S. Clark, Washington this postage costs us the same as *Nancy Janes, Portland *Marion Jackson, Washington the "Postage Due" fee when it *Curt Johnson, Astoria Arlen J. Large, Washington was returned. The total cost of *Harpel Keller, Portland such transactions, therefore, *Susan Keller, Portland Robert E. Lange, Portland costs the Foundation anywhere Ruth E. Lange, Portland from $1.12 to $1.96. Richard M. Lillig, Portland If you are about to move, it would *Gary Lord, Lake Oswego be much appreciated if you would *Ruth Lord, Lake Oswego Virginia McKee, (not known) provide us with your new address *Don McKee, (not known) (the USPS has a card for this *Kelly McKee, (not known) purpose, their Form 3576) - it will Virginia E. Moore, Hillsboro save the Foundation money as Marguerite R. Oliver, Portland well as administration time. William P. Sherman, Portland

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -13- Foundation A wards and Oregon Medical Association A ward

Bob Lange, a Foundation Past President, Editor of the Foundation's quarterly magazine, We Proceed On, and a member of the 1985-1986 Foundation Awards Committee, made the presentation of the Foundation's highest award, the Award of Meritorious Achievement to the Fort Clatsop )~ ~' Historical Association. Association Chairman Bob Ellsberg 1 accepted the award. The euent was an activity during the As has been the practice in the past, the Foundation recog­ Sunday evening visit, buffet, and program on the grounds of nizes the contribution of each year's annual banquet speak­ the National Park Service's Fort Clatsop National Memor­ er. (Above) Charles Odegaard accepts the Foundation's "Ap­ ial. preciation Award" from Awards Committee member Irving Anderson. Astrid Wang applauds the presentation.

William "Bill" Sherman Portland, Oregon, was the deserv­ ing recipient of the Foundation's Distinguished Service Award. Bob Saindon, Helena, Montana, Chairman of the Foundation's (1985-1986) Awards Committee, made the presentation at the 18th Annual Banquet. Bob cited the many contributions Bill has made toward furthering the purposes of the Foundation. For example, his busy term as It is now "Doctors" Lewis and Clark! The Oregon Medical our 16th president, his actiue pa.rt in forming five new Association conferred honorary membership in its organiza­ Foundation entities/chapters, his interest in the develop­ tion to Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. This 18th An­ ment of our young adults program, and many other ac­ nual Meeting euent and the presentation of a framed resolu­ complishments. Because of an unfortunate camera malfunc­ tion took place at one of the evening dinner-assemblies of tion, we do not have photographs of three of the Foundation Foundation members and guests. Award presentations. We do, however, have the above photograph of Bill installing the award plaque on the wall The conferring Resolution was passed by the Board of Trus­ of his Portland office. In addition to Bill Sherman's award, tees of the Association and was read and presented to Foun­ two Foundation "Appreciation Awards" were presented to dation President L. Edwin Wang by George Casper, M.D., Foundation member/ author Gerald Olmsted, Berkeley, president of the Oregon Medical Association. Dr. Casper re­ California, for his Fielding's Lewis and Clark Trail [travel marked that "This is the first time this honor has been con­ guide book], and to Malcolm Buffum, Portland, Oregon, for ferred by our Association post-mortem. It is done with sincere his chairmanship of the Annual Meeting Committee, and for high regard for the high caliber of health care rendered by the 18th Annual Meeting. the Captains to their corpsmen and to the native population." -14- We Proceeded On, November 1986 Charles H. Odegaard's Address at the Foundation's 18th Annual Banquet Portland, Oregon, August 20, 1986

Charles Odegaard (see, WPO, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 5) is Regional Director, Mid-West Region, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service.

lars usually occupy this place on your program, scho­ lars including Dr. James Ronda, Youngstown State University; Mr. Peter Parker, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Dr. Harry W. Fritz, University of Montana; and Dr. John Logan Allen, University of Connecticut. I won't try to match their scholarship: Instead, I want to talk about how the Foundation, and the National Park Service can expand our coop­ eration to preserve the legacy of Lewis and Clark and elevate that legacy to its rightful place in our great history. For 17 years you have carried the banner promoting nationwide interest in the Expedition. You should be congratulated - and I salute you. I also want to take a moment to salute those who had the vision, perhaps best exemplified by J.M. "Ding" Darling; salute those who, in the early 60's, acted - and pushed the Lewis and Clark bill through Con­ gress, perhaps best exemplified by the Honorable John Kyl; and salute those who served on that first Lewis and Clark Commission. Then, on October 6, 1969, the commission terminated - and the Foundation cometh. In 1978 the Federal Government re-entered the picture and joined with you as a partner in that effort when Congress created the Lewis and Clark National It is a pleasure to be with you here tonight as your Historic Trail. The purpose of the Trail, as set forth 18th annual meeting banquet speaker. For me, a trip by Congress, is to identify and protect the historic to the Pacific Northwest is "coming home." Some of route, including any remnants and artifacts, and to you know that I spent 25 years in this area, 16 of provide for public use and enjoyment of the route them as Director of the Washington State Parks and through retracement opportunities and interpretation. Recreation Commission. Your National Park Service, on behalf of the Secre­ It is also a pleasure to be among friends - good tary of the Interior, is responsible for overall adminis­ friends; friends I have been involved with through tration of the Trail. We completed a comprehensive Lewis and Clark activities and projects. From 1964 to management plan for the Trail in January 1982. Since 1969, it was my good fortune to serve on the original there are few historic remnants of the trail to be pro­ Congressional Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, rep­ tected, other than Montana's Pompeys Pillar, which resenting the State of Washington, and, in 1972, I the Foote family is so ably protecting, the manage­ served as Secretary of this Foundation. That was the ment plan focuses on providing opportunities for pub­ year John Greenslit was President and Lynn Burris lic retracement of the route and public understanding was Vice-President. Remember? I know "Frenchy" and appreciation of the Expedition through interpre­ Chuinard does, he was President the prior year. tation. The plan classifies the retracement route into During my tenure as Washington State Parks Direc­ 3,250 miles of water trail, 350 miles of land trails, and tor, many projects to improve Lewis and Clark inter­ 900 miles of marked highways. Along this 4,500-mile pretation were undertaken in the parks. The one of route are over 500 existing and proposed sites which which I am most proud is the Lewis and Clark Inter­ provide, or have potential to provide, public access to pretive Center at Fort Canby State Park. The project the route and its interpretation. was fun - tough - but fun. In the end we prevailed. In harmony with both the spirit and the letter of the I hope you enjoyed the results when you visited the National Trails System Act, these sites and segments center on Monday. I must, and want to, give due cred­ are or will be managed through cooperation - coop­ it to Ralph Rudeen, former Chief of Interpretation, eration among Federal, State, and local agencies as who directed the planning and design of the Center. well as private organizations and landowners. In oth­ My current position as National Park Service Mid­ er words, the development of the Lewis and Clark west Regional Director has again placed me in a posi­ National Historic Trail is a partnership effort. The tion to have a real positive influence on public aware­ NPS's job is to stimulate and coordinate the estab­ ness of the legacy of Lewis and Clark. Our Office lishment of the facilities envisioned in the manage­ administers the 4,500-mile Lewis and Clark National ment plan and to recognize non-Federal sites as offi. Historic Trail, a component of the National Trails cial parts of the trail through a process called System. It is as administrator of that trail that I wish certification. More on "certification" later. to address you tonight. We are assisted in carrying out our administrative re­ I am honored to be your banquet speaker, honored sponsibility by an Advisory Council appointed by the because I know that eminent Lewis and Clark scho- Secretary of the Interior. I'd like to introduce those

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -15- members of the council who are here with us tonight cooperation. First, our purposes are nearly identical. and ask them to stand so we might express our appreci­ We, the National Park Service, look to you, the Foun­ ation .1 dation, as our primary private sector partner in the effort to establish the trail. We hope the feeling is Administration of a national historic trail presents a mutual. I'd like to sh are with you four ways in which relatively new role for the National Park Service. Un­ we can accomplish even more than we already have. like our traditional role of managing Government­ owned lands and resources within a park boundary, - 1. Publicity administering a national historic trail requires orche­ Publicity - "getting the word out." When we estab­ strating the efforts of many public agencies and pri­ lish a nation al park, buy land, and construct build­ vate interests. We are still adjusting to this new role ings, the evidence of its existen ce becomes obvious. and trying to determine h ow to best carry out our n a­ The "on-the-ground" evidence of the Lewis and Clark tional trail responsibilities. Our responsibilities were National Historic Trail must include the uniform trail a major subject at our most recent NPS Regional Di­ markers at officially recognized sites, along land trails, rectors' meeting. and at marked highway segments. At that July meeting the Regional Directors and Di­ Might I quickly add that you, you the Foundation, rector Mott approved criteria leading to the develop­ you have already done a lot! Irving Anderson, would ment of National Park Service policy for administra­ you stand please. It is our pleasure to distribute to tion of all national trails under its control. I would be 2 you tonight, the first official National Park Service remiss if I did not give due credit to Tom Gilbert for brochure about the Lewis and Clark National Histor­ doing excellent preparations. ic Trail. The Foundation, primarily through the ef­ I believe that once the policy is fully developed, and forts of Irv Anderson, h as been working with us on implementation has begun, you will see much steadi­ this brochure for nearly 2 years. We provided the er progress toward the goal of completing the Lewis funds for preparing the brochure for printing. You and Clark National Historic Trail, as well as other provided the funds for this initial printing of 10,000 trails in the system. copies and you will be raising private funds to print There are certain issues which remain to be resolved. one-half million more. We are proud of this brochure. Uniform sign criteria and NPS laws and regula tions You should be proud of this brochure. The brochure regarding hunting and motorized vehicles are among promotes the trail and encourages people to join the them. Foundation. (See page 35, this issue of WPO.) The most encouraging aspect of the Regional Direc­ I want to especially commend Irv for his work on this tors' meeting was the willingness of Regional and project. He h as given much of his own time and been Washington Directorate to recognize the importance very diligent in working with Tom Gilbert, our Trail of the national trails system as an integral part of Coordinator. Irv's Lewis and Clark expertise has been the National Park System. very helpful in striving for accuracy in the textual accounts. Thank you Irv. Now I would also ask The LelJ.!iS and Clark National Historic Trail, while it Frenchy Chuinard, Bob Lange, Ralph Rudeen, John presents some administrative challenges to us and Foote, and Strode Hinds to stand and be recognized others, is an exciting project. In the short time since for contributing illustrations for the brochure. Thank completing the trail plan, many activities have helped you. We are also deeply appreciative to John Clymer bring about the development of the new interpretive for permitting us to use his excellent painting, "Lewis signs and opportunities to retrace the route. The Fed­ and Clark in the Bitterroots." eral designa tion of the Expedition route has served as an added stimulus for new recreation and historic in­ As a compliment to the printed brochure, we, the terpretation activities on the part of public agencies Foundation and NPS, h ave made a commitmen t to and private interests. For example, the State of Mis­ cooperate in producing a slide/ tape program about souri is considering acquisition of a soon-to-be aban­ the trail. It will be designed to serve a variety of pur­ doned railroad right-of-way which follows the north poses and audiences. As envision ed, the program will bank of the Missouri River all the way from St. Louis promote the national historic trail and will present to Boonville. National Park Service designation of th e Foundation as the major private sector voice for this as a hikable section of the trail is part of the jus­ preserving Lewis and Clark's legacy. Topics to be cov­ tification being advanced by the State for acquiring ered in the show will be the history of the Expedition, the right-of-way. Imagine being able to hike for 150 how to enjoy traveling the trail today, and sugges­ miles along the Missouri River in the "Sh ow-Me" tions for preserving and interpreting Lewis and Clark State! I'm sure that prospect is exciting to you. Pre­ sites. Multiple copies of the show will be available sently, the Lolo Trail in the Clearwater National from various sources. We are excited about this pro­ Forest, Idaho, is the only long hikable segment. I am ject and are glad to be. a partner with the Foundation. pleased that this past Friday your Foundation Direc­ The Foundation has been publicizing the national his­ tors voted to send a letter to the Interstate Commerce toric trail program through your magazine We Pro­ ,. Commission expressing the Foundation's support for ceeded On. We appreciate and applaud the contents preserving the railroad right-of-way as a recreational and coverage. trail - as part of the Lewis and Clark National His­ toric Trail. 2. Site Establishment and Certification As previously noted, I'd now like to discuss expanded There is no substitute for on-the-ground development 1. The following Foundation members serve on the National Park of the trail. Individually and collectively you have Service Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Advisory Council, and were present at the banquet: Irving W. Anderson, David Brown, brought about the preservation of many Lewis and E.G. C_huinard, Sheila Robinson, Ralph H. Rudeen, Shirley Tanzer, Clark sites a nd the construction of interpretive and Wilbur P. Werner. Anderson is presently serving as chairman of markers an d facilities. You should be proud of what the Council. you have accomplished. However, we must now make 2. Tom Gil b~rt, Nat.ional Park_Service Mid-West Regional Office, the trail more visible by marking the sites with the Omaha, NE, is Coordinator, Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail. official trail emblem.

-16- We Proceeded On, November 1986 Lewis and Clark State Park, Rock Fort Camp near The Dalles, Les Shirley Park in Cannon Beach, Irrig­ on Park in Irrigon, and a city park in Umatilla. The concluding portion of my presentation tonight will be a series of slides showing some of these national his­ toric trail sites. 3. Site Monitoring For those sites which have already been established and for those which will be, you can play another important role. You can act as monitors to assure that the facilities that have been established continue in good condition. And, you can also ensure that the official trail emblems continue to be displayed at cer­ tified sites. If you notice trail emblems missing, or in­ The National Trails System Act states that Federally­ terpretive facilities in disrepair, show your interest by owned lands and waters are automatically part of the bringing this to the attention of the Site Manager. If national historic trail. We are now working with Fed­ there are significant problems at certified sites, please eral Agencies to have them mark their sites as part of let us know. the trail. Did you notice the trail marker on your way There is another way in which you can be "watch­ into Fort Clatsop? Markers are also in place at Knife dogs." Lewis and Clark left few marks upon the land. River Indian Villages National Historic Site in North What they left behind was a record of the undevel­ Dakota, at access sites along the Bureau of Land oped lands through which they traveled. Some por­ Management's Upper Missouri National Wild and Sce­ tions of their route retain this undeveloped character nic River in Montana, along the Lolo Trail in the and these should be highly prized and protected. Raise Clearwater National Forest in Idaho, and at the Corps your voice when proposed developments threaten to of Engineers' Lewis and Clark Lake Visitor Center in diminish this legacy of Lewis and Clark. Let private Nebraska. Marking Federal sites should accelerate in or public developers know the importance of the area the near future. they might be impacting. Often, knowledge of the im­ As you are aware, non-Federal sites may become part portance of an area is enough to bring about modifi­ of the trail through certification. And, of course, certi­ cations in a project. fication means that the owner/ manager of the site or segment voluntarily agrees to manage the site as part 4. Living History /Interpretation Voluntee rs, of the national historic trail, and to erect and main­ Centennial Celebrations. tain the official trail emblems which the National Park Service provides. It is important to state again There are still other ways in which you can help and again that certification of a site or segment does bring the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail to not give the Federal Government any control over the life. You can volunteer your time to present "living land or the landowner. history" demonstrations at Trail sites just like most of you saw at Fort Clatsop. You can volunteer to pre­ The process of obtaining certification is relatively sent special interpretive programs at Trail sites. If easy. Any site, along the route of Lewis and Clark, you are in one of the Trail States with upcoming cen­ which is accessible to the public and provides some tennials you can become involved to assure that Lewis opportunity for understanding or appreciation of the and Cl~rk is an important part of the celebrations. Expedition can be certified as part of the national South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, and Wash­ historic trail. (See page 18, this issue of WPO.) ington will celebrate the centennial of statehood in You can be of great assistance by encouraging those 1989 and Idaho in 1990. who manage Lewis and Clark sites to have them cer­ The NPS, and I personally, compliment you for what tified and marked as part of the national historic you have done - and applaud you for what you will trail. Encourage the appropriate public officials or do. We want to expand our cooperation with you. Ac­ landowners to contact our Office for application in­ cordingly, we presented to your directors, and they ap­ formation, or write for the information yourself and proved on Saturday, a Memorandum of Understand­ take it to the appropriate persons. In either case, offer ing which describes roles for the Foundation and NPS to help them prepare the application, especially in de­ in establishing the Trail. It is similar in purpose to tailing the significance of the site to the Lewis and an agreement between the NPS and the State of Ore­ Clark Expedition. gon which Governor Atiyeh and the Director of the You might also know of public sites along Lewis and National Park Service signed two years ago. The pro­ Clark's route that are in need of interpretive facilities. visions of the proposed agreement describe the activi­ Our management plan identifies many such sites. ties which I have suggested and discussed this Offer to help the appropriate officials document the evening. We are pleased to have this written agree­ Lewis and Clark events that occurred in the vicinity. ment which will strengthen the cooperation between Assist them in designing a device to present this in­ our organizations in pursuing our common objectives. formation. If needed, help them solicit private dona­ Fellow members of the Foundation, it has been a tions to develop the interpretive sign or other facilities. pleasure to be with you. I appreciate the opportunity Collectively as the Foundation, and individually as to speak with you and eagerly anticipate the results members, you can be an even greater effective voice and benefits of our cooperation. in stirring public agencies and private interests to ac­ Now, lets enjoy some slides of the certified sites along tion. I encourage you to continue your past efforts the trail we love so much.3 and dedicate yourselves to even greater heights. A to­ tal of 18 non-Federal sites have been certified as part 3. Tom Gilbert provided the commentary for the series of colored of the trail. Five of these are in Oregon, including the slides. We Proceeded On, November 1986 -17- National Park Service Parks Commision, Lincoln, Nebras­ Publication Available Certified Site Update ka, Gilbert advised that Ponca State Park and Fort Atkinson State Foundation members of record in Historical Park has received Lewis February 1985 received, with the and Clark National Historic Trail mailing of the February issue of Site recognition. We Proceeded On, a copy of a 74 page, soft cover publication. The Appropriate Trail Markers (see il­ publication Enlightenment Science lustration) for installation at the in the Pacific Northwest - The several historic sites noted above Lewis and Clark Expedition, was a accompanied Gilbert's letters. gratuity from Lewis and Clark Communities, civic bodies, organi­ College, Portland, Oregon (see zations or agencies desiring infor­ WPO, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 5), and mation about the National Trail contained reprints of the lectern Systems Act (Public Law 90-543) manuscripts of five lectures pre­ should make inquiry to: Lewis and sented at the February 1984 seg­ Clark National Historic Trail, NPS ment of Lewis and Clark College's - Midwest Region, 1709 Jackson series of symposiums (presented Street, Omaha, NE 68102. over a 15 month period) titled "Perspectives on Our Past." Four Information received from Thomas of the five lectures were by Lewis Gilbert, Coordinator, Lewis and News Notes and Clark Scholars and Founda­ Clark National Historic Trail (NPS tion members. James P. Ronda Midwest Region, Omaha, Nebraska) L. & C. Lake Excursion, N. Dakota spoke about "Lewis and Clark En­ has advised WPO of additions to lightenment Ethnography". Gary the listing of Certified Lewis and North Dakota boaters set sail for a E. Moulton's paper was titled Clark National Historic Trail Sites. nine day a nd approximate 150 "Cartographers on the Columbia In a letter to Mr. Douglas Hofer, mile excursion on North Dakota's River". " 'Of this Enterprize': The Acting Director, Division of Parks Lake Sakakawea. The event began American Images of the Lewis and and Recreation, South Dakota De­ on Saturday, July 26 at the An­ Clark Expedition" was the subject partment of Game, Fish, and Parks chorage Marin a in Fort Stevenson of John L. Allen's paper. E.G. Pierre, South Dakota, Gilbert in'. State Park, near the Garrison "Frecch y" Chuinard spoke about formed Mr. Hofer and included a Dam, and terminated on the fol­ the literature relating to the Expe­ listing of five historic sites in South lowing Sunday August 3, 1986, at dition and symposium attendees Dakota that have been certified. Lewis and Clark State Park, about gathered in the College Library's These are: Lewis & Clark Recrea­ 25 miles east of Williston. Resort rare book room to view Dr. Chui­ tion Area: Snake Creek Recreation owners along or n ear the lake nard's Collection. The fifth speak­ Area; West Bend Recreation Area; shore provided overnight accom­ er was Warren L. Cook and his Farm Island Recreation Area; and modations at Parshall, New Town, subject was "Spain and the North­ West Witlocks Recreation Area. Dickenson, and Williston, for those west Coast" (See WPO, Vol. 10, travelers who did not make use of Nos. 2 & 3. p. 6.) A similar letter directed to Mr. state park or marina facilities. Burrel Cooley, Chairman, Irrigon Foundation members who have Park & Recreation District, Irrigon, The event was conceived by the joined the Foundation since the Oregon, indicates that the Irrigon Missouri River Corridor Associa­ 1984 date will be interested in Marina Park (on t h e Columbia tion last winter and the Dam Yacht knowing that the publication is River in northeastern Oregon - a Club of Minot joined in the effort still available. Send $7.00 to cover site passed by the Expedition on of promoting the excursion/ expedi­ cost of publication, postage and both the outbound and return jour­ tion. Th ey then chose the theme handling. Address requests to Gail neys) has been certified as a Lewis that the event would connotate to Powell, Library Secretary, Aubrey & Clark National Historic Trail the Lewis and Clark Expedition's Watzek Library, Lewis and Clark Site. travel through the same area and College, 061 5 S.W. Palatine Hill Road, Portland, Oregon 97219. A letter to Mr. Phillip F . Schulze, on the river in 1805 and 1806. "We Coordinator for the Heritage Pro­ felt that it would be an ideal and grams and Museums, Jackson exciting way to learn about Lake County Parks & Recreation, Blue Sakakawea and the Missouri River Springs, Missouri, advised Mr. system," said Tolly Holtan of the Schulze that Missouri's Fort Osage Indian Hills Resort and a member and the Mouth of the Little Blue of the Missouri River Corridor As­ River has received Lewis & Clark sociation. "And with a planned Editor's Note: National Historic Trail certification. excursion such as this one, there is We would like to include in each issue 'safety in numbers', as a rescue of WPO, news items detailing current Likewise Certification has been ex­ boat will be traveling with the ex­ or forthcoming activities related to tended to a Lewis & Clark Expedi­ cursionists. We're hoping for not the Lewis and Clark Expedition in tion Rest Stop in Umatilla, Oregon. only sailboats and power boats, but each of the eleven trail states, or fo r Ms. Eva L. Foote, City Adminis­ fishing boats also", Holtan added. that matter, any activity anywhere trator, Umatilla, Oregon, has a let­ The North Dakota Parks and Rec­ that would be of interest to members ter from Mr. Gilbert expressing reation Department provided first and readers. To accomplish this, we '.lppreciation for the community's aid and emergency services along ~ u st rely on our Directors, their des­ mterest. the lake and lakeshore, and assist­ ignated reporters, and other Lewis ed in the historical interpretation and Clark enthusiasts, to provide us In a letter to Mr. Eugene T. Maho­ that was an important part of the with this information. We would be ney, Director, Nebraska Game & project. pleased to hear from you.

-18- We Proceeded On, November 1986 Idaho Organizations Journey to Salmon, ID for Eventful One Day Meet Foundation President and Mrs. (Pat) Foote Travel from Billings, MT to Attend

By President John E. Foote On Saturday, September 27, 1986, in Salmon, Idaho, Pat and I were honored to attend the Fall 1986 Meet­ ings of the Idaho [Governor's] Lewis and Clark Trail Committee and the Idaho Chapter of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. The meetings pro­ vided a full day of activities, and began at 8:00 A.M., and James Fazio, Chairman of the Idaho Governor's committee, conducted an excellent two hour meeting. Reports were given regarding the Committee's recom­ mendation for wilderness status for the Hungry/ Fish Creek Drainages in the Clearwater National Forest; and in regard to the present status of the Clearwater National Forest Plan and the inclusion of a reserved power line corridor paralleling the Lolo Trail (trav­ ersed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805- 1806). Due to the Idaho Committee's intervention, travelers probably have been saved from viewing an unsightly power line along the historic Lolo Trail. 1 Other discussions related to: the funding of the Idaho Chapter of the (national) Foundation; plans for host­ ing the 1990 (national) Foundation's 22nd Annual Meeting; and the development of a "Living History" demonstration area at the Expedition's "Long Camp", (historian Elliott Coues' "Camp Chopunnish")2 near Kamiah, Idaho. After the formal Governor's Commit­ tee Meeting adjourned, Ottis Peterson, President of the Idaho Chapter of the (national) Foundation, wel­ comed all the members in attendance. Ottis is the gentleman who has had the recent misfortune of los­ ing his eyesight,3 but he has certainly not lost his en­ thusiasm for Lewis and Clark matters. Everyone should have the opportunity to meet a man like Ottis. Following his remarks, there were two presentations: by Ken Stauffer, Landscape Architect, Salmon Na­ tional Forest; and by Dave Wolf, Outdoor Recreation Planner, Salmon District, Bureau of Land Manage­ ment. Both speakers reviewed what their respective agencies are doing to preserve the Lewis and Clark Trail in the Salmon and Lemhi Valleys and adjacent areas. Now that the travel route of the explorers has (continued on page 20)

1. See WPO, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 18-19; Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 16; and Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 24-25. 2. See: Elliott Coues (Editor), History of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark . .. , Francis P. Harper, N.Y., 1893 (re­ printed, Dover Publishing, Inc., N.Y., 1965, same pagination). Vol­ ume 3, p. 1010. This camp, though nameless to Lewis and Clark, has come to be called "Long Camp" because of the explorers' long dura­ tion of stay (May 14 to June 10, 1806) at this location. 3. See WPO, Vol. 12, No. 3, p. 24.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -19- a National Historic Trail status, there appears to be a so substantially made the continuation and further greater degree of cooperation among the various Fed­ development of We Proceeded On possible. In 1976 he eral agencies. was the recipient of the Foundation's highest award - the Award of Meritorious Achievement. Following a tour of the Lemhi County Historical So­ ciety Museum, and an inspection of the late David The Society's "Boo" MacGilvra Memorial Room will Ainsworth's Lewis and Clark Collection, a car cara­ be a continuing tribute to this colorful man who per­ van was formed for the approximate 30 mile drive to sonified Montana, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the Continental Divide and 7339' high Lemhi Pass. and western history in the minds of hundreds of peo­ This is the pass traversed by the Expedition on their ple throughout the nation. outbound journey in August 1805. If you've never trav­ In 1980, Foundation Director, and later Foundation eled this route be careful of inclement weather since President, Arlen "Jim" Large wrote: "What can we the road is a ten mile gravel road from Tendoy, Idah o say about "Boo" MacGilvra? Rather n arrowly, we to the summit of the pass with an elevation gain of can say that he was the granite base of our Founda­ 2500 feet. The road follows the course of Agency tion, and if we are strong n ow, it is great part the re­ Creek and had recently been graded. The last two sult ofhis effort. The odd thing is, h e never seemed to miles were breathtaking, and Pat refrained from look­ be making any effort, or to be forcing anything. He ing out of her side window until we reached the was just enjoying life, and his enjoyment infected us summit and the Idaho-Montana stateline. Light snow all." was falling when we arrived at Sacajawea Historical Area4 just below the summit on the Montana (east) He was a great friend to many Foundation members side of the Continental Divide. We were welcomed who had the privilege of knowing and loving him. here by the Salmon River Mountain Men dressed in Those who did not have that pleasure will find the their buckskins and they kept a big fire burning and tribute to him that appeared in the May 1980 (Vol. 6, were our hosts for a delicious luncheon. During and No. 2) issue of We Proceeded On. after lunch I was the cameraman for the activities Foundation members wishing to remember "Boo" and a group photograph. with a contribution toward funding the completion We returned to Salmon, and in the evening we were and furnishing of the Memorial Room may send their joined by members of the Lemhi Valley J.Iistorical So­ checks made out to the Montana Historical Society ciety and the Salmon Chamber of Commerce for an Foundation, P.O. Box 4592, Helena, MT 59604. enjoyable "attitude adjustment" hour and a marve­ lous dinner at the Shady Nook Restaurant. After Annual Meeting Autograph Party dinner, James Fazio was elected President of the Foundation's Idaho Lewis and Clark Ch apter, Ben Aitken read his Lewis and Clark poem dedicated to Ottis Peterson, and I followed with a short talk about Foundation activities and the plans for next August's 19th Annual Meeting in Billings, Montana. Member­ ship applications were given to non-members in the hope that they would join the Foundation. Hats off to Salmon, Idaho's Jim Herndon, who with his local people, arranged for and hosted a very suc­ cessful meeting.

4. A Recreational/Picnic Area promoted and developed by the Daughters of the American Revolution and maintained by the U.S. Forest Service (Beaverhead National Forest).

Montana Historical Society Plans E.E. "Boo" MacGilvra Memorial Room Since the recent expansion and building program, a third floor room at the Montana Historical Society has become available for another function. Used for thirty years as a meeting place for the Montana His­ torical Society Board of Trustees and for many other groups, the room will be refurbished and refurnished. The room will memorialize E.E. "Boo" MacGilvra, a man known by many Foundation members, wh o served the Montana Society for a quarter of a century as a member of the Society's Board of Trustees. He is responsible for much of the Society's growth in terms of building expansion and acquisitions. "Boo" often spoke to groups about "One Man's [his] Love Affair with the Lewis and Clark Expedition", and this interest involved his joining in St. Louis with twelve others on June 27, 1970, for the purpose of organizing the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Roy 0. Craft Foundation, Inc. Until his death at age 86, in 1980, Foundation member Bob Betts (New York City) autographs he was an inspiration for, and a supporter of, our his book In Search of York: the Slave wh o Went to the Pa­ Foundation. Along with Wilbur Werner, he under­ cific with Lewis and Clark for Foundation member Jerry wrote the beginnings of our bronze program that has Holcomb, (Rochester, Minnesota).

-20- We Proceeded On, November 1986 Editor's Note: There have been numerous communications from Foundation members who attended the August 1986, 18th An­ nual Meeting requesting that the address presented by Dr. James A. Gardner be published in We Proceeded On. Following the evening dinner and presentation, the editor spoke to Dr. Gardner and indicated a desire to include his address in a forthcoming issue of our publication. Dr. Gardner graciously agreed to prepare his remarks for publication. For the over 800 Foundation members who were not present, as well as those who attended the August 18, 1986 event, his address provides an interesting investigation of the international aspects of the famous exploration. Dr. Gardner is the 21st President of Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon. He attended Harvard College and Yale Law School, and after completing his law degree he returned to Harvard to teach law and social sciences. Thereafter, Dr. Gardner joined the Ford Foundation, the nation's largest philanthropic organization, where he served that entity for twelve years in this country and later as the Ford Foundation's chief executive officer in Brazil. On the date of his inauguration, November 15, 1981, as President of Lewis and Clark College, Dr. Gardner's inaugural address was titled "Voyage of Discovery: Lewis and Clark Expedition, Lewis and Clark College". That address was transcribed in We Proceeded On, Vol. 8, No. 2, May 1982.

International Interpretation & "Internationalist's" Interpretation of the Lewis & Clark Expedition (Subtitle: Where Was the Spanish Passport?)

By James A. Gardner, President, Lewis and Clark College

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Lewis phers, responding to Jefferson's and Clark Trail Heritage Foun­ charge to understand the relations dation: of the Indian tribes, their trade, and their weapons of war. It is both an honor and a humbling experience to address this 18th And, of course, we know the expe­ Annual Meeting of the Lewis and dition intensively through its car­ Clark Trail Heritage Foundation - tography, its mapping of navigable an honor because of the national rivers - and the strikingly accu­ character of your organization, rate geographical record this pro­ drawing people from all walks of duced. life, to preserve and enrich an im­ We also know Lewis and Clark as portant part of our cultural herit­ doctors, albeit untrained, who ac­ age; a humbling experience because tively cared for the health of their I know a number of the a uthors own crew, and attended to th e and experts in this audience. I sus­ health problems of the Indians they pect never has one with so little encountered across the land. knowledge of the expedition ad­ dressed a crowd with so much know­ We know them as diplomats and ledge. traders, interacting with the various Indian nations, and seeking to es­ Still, your invitation provides an We know a great deal from the journals, and the remarkable rec­ tablish and define the American pre­ auspicious opportunity to advance sence in this vast area. the constant theme of "exploration ," ord of publication of the entire ex­ so important to the voyage of dis­ pedition. In this sense, the expedi­ In my inaugural address as presi­ covery, and to Lewis and Clark Col­ tion was not only an exercise in dent of Lewis and Clark College, lege. And on this date - Meriwether courage and exploration, but a now more than five years ago, 1 I Lewis' birthday - it is particularly significant thrust of enlightened spoke of two particular days in the important to honor him, a point I thinking, observation, and scholar­ life of Lewis and Clark, July 31 will return to in conclusion. ship into the frontier. and August 5, 1805. On those days they had recently passed the Three The world knows a great deal about In the process, we admire the Lew­ Forks of the Missouri River (the the Lewis and Clark expedition - is and Clark expedition for sheer Jefferson, the Madison, and the Gal­ one of the great explorations in the physical effort and tenacity, for latin) and they designated names history of humankind. We know of courage, for keen observation (if not for a series of tributary streams the preparation and charge by Presi­ always for spelling!). And we are flowing into the Jefferson River. dent Thomas Jefferson, of the joint enriched by the philosophical and The names seleted reflect the phi­ efforts and leadership of Meri­ intellectual underpinnings of the losophical, and valued underpin­ wether Lewis and William Clark, mission, so strongly colored by nings of the expedition. The names the wintering in St. Louis, and the Jeffersonian vision and by Lewis' of these waterways were: Philosopy, subsequent two winters in the wild work with the American Philo­ Wisdom, and Philanthropy which, - with the Mandan Indians and sophical Society, and the expedi­ as the journals state were ". . . in subsequently at Fort Clatsop in Ore­ tion's general predisposition toward commemoration of those . . . car­ gon. We know of the interaction careful and scientific observation. dinal virtues, which have so emi­ with and study of the Indian Na­ Thus, we know Lewis and Clark as nently marked that ·deservedly sele­ tions, and of t he fight with the remarkable naturalists - explorers brated character [Jefferson] through­ Blackfeet. We know of transporta­ who discovered, identified, and care­ out [his] life." Out of this great tion difficulties, by boat, canoe, fully described 178 types of plants, philosophical as well as exploration horse and foot, and of hunger and 102 species of birds and animals, hardship; we know much of the and 24 Indian tribes. In working 1. Editor's note: Dr. Gardner's inaugural ad­ food of the expedition, including the with the latter, they proved them­ dress was published in We Proceeded On, staple of dog, and of their health. selves to be advanced ethnogra- Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 6-11.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -21- heritage, then, and out of the mas­ interdependent character of the ex­ Lewis and Clark expedition, and sive body of scholarship it produced, pedition was reflected in part in its larger impediments, achieve­ there emerged a world understand­ Lewis and Clark's interactions with ments, and meaning. ing of the theretofore uncharted in­ the Indian nations. I will not focus terior areas of the North American on these relationships at great ****** continent. The expedition ended length, however, largely because once and for all illusions of the long this ethnographic experience and Russia reaches south. At the time sought-after Northwest Passage. material has been so effectively ana­ of the Lewis and Clark expedition, The exploration secured America's lyzed by Ronda's fine study, Lewis the Russians long had a major eco­ title and claim to the Northwest and Clark Among the Indians. 2 nomic and military presence in the territory, in this sense, being a fore­ Suffice, for the moment, to say that Americas, most notably in Sitka or runner of "mainfest destiny." Lit­ Jefferson's charge was for differen­ New Archangel. The Russians had tle wonder, then, that the "Voyage tiated study and understanding of a longstanding claim in the area, of Discovery" of Meriwether Lewis the respective tribes, and for com­ beginning with Bering's crossing of and William Clark is considered one mercial and diplomatic relations the Straits in 1742 - six decades of the greatest chapters in the his­ with them - charges that Meri­ before the Lewis and Clark expedi­ tory of exploration. wether Lewis and William Clark tion - and following with the carried out to the best of their leadership of Baranoff. This was And yet . . . and yet, the more I scholarly and diplomatic abilities. the era of Czarist Russia, and the read of the literature on the Lewis In the process, Lewis and Clark reign of Catherine, beginning in and Clark expedition, the more I learned, and shared with us, a 1762. Among other things, Cathe­ am persuaded that it is inadequate, great deal about the Indian lan­ rine took an active interest in Rus­ and in several aspects seriously guage and culture, instruments sian America, and she approved a flawed. The literature is enriched and relationships - and we learn number of expeditions to survey the by studies of Sacagawea, a popu­ about mistakes and omissions of New World. Gradually Catherine lar and romanticized figure, and by the explorers, as well as their con­ also let out the secret that Russia's studies on Clark and Lewis, York tributions and achievements. In lucrative fur trade with China came (the only Black), Sergeant Gass, particular, Lewis and Clark are not from the Siberian coast - but and on the various naturalistic, eth­ fairly criticized for their relative rather from the Aleutian Islands nographic, cartographic, medical, naivete in assuming they could and the New World. As word of and scholarly contributions of the rearrange intertribal relations in this remarkably lucrative commerce spread, the imperial powers inter­ expedition. But the literature seems response to external economic a~d to be wanting in several ways - political concerns that, at this ested in America were reinforced and in what I would characterize juncture, still had little meaning or accordingly. as its "river-bound" perspective in importance to the Indians. Nor did Spain, in particular, had the sharp­ particular. Lewis and Clark reflect a full ap­ est reaction to the Russian presence preciation of the intertribal trad~, and trade, and the Viceroy in Mex­ A fuller appreciation of the expedi­ and of the political and economic ico was ordered to defend and oc­ tion and its contributions needs to relations between and among the cupy more of the western coast in engage the broader political and eco­ tribes. In this sense, Lewis and upper California. Franciscan mis­ nomic reality of the era of which it Clark were committed to deal with sions and military presidios were was a part. For within this context, the various Indian tribes, cogni­ built, beginning in San Diego in the Lewis and Clark expedition was zant that every step of the expedi­ 1769. From time to time, ships were not a national, but an interna­ tion beyond the Mississippi River sent from Mexico to assess the Rus­ tional expedition, not a " river­ was, in a very real sense, depend­ sian presence and developments in bound" experience, but a process ent upon these diverse cultures the north, and to monitor Russian that engaged the major diplomatic and nations. Yet their successes attempts to gain a foothold farther and geopolitical forces on the globe were largely scholarly and person­ south. at that time. Stated differently, the al, and in a real sense diplomatic Lewis and Clark expedition is a - though in the final analysis the Men in Captain Cook's expedition story peopled not only by such par­ Lewis and Clark endeavors to es­ also purchased otter skins from the ticipants as Meriwether Lewis and tablish peace among the tribes, natives of the Northwest Coast, William Clark, Sacagawea, York, and to change tribes' economic though they did not appreciate their Gass, and others __; it is also an trading and power relationships, value until they landed at Canton expedition colored by the Russian were not notably successful. - only to find the pelts would bring Prince Rezanov, by Napoleon, by an astronomical price in China. Jefferson and Monroe, by Pitt and Again, for purposes of the imme­ Word of these transactions soon Talleyrand, and Toussaint Louver­ diate discussion, I will not pursue leaked out also, further undercut­ ture in Haiti, and by ignoble trai­ these "inter-nation" issues further, ting the quiet Russian-Chinese mer­ tors within the American system, in part because they are well cov­ cantile monopoly that had existed as well as the courageous expedi­ ered in existing materials, and in theretofore, whetting the appetities tions of earlier French, Spanish, part because I want to reach beyond and exacerbating the fears of the Russian, and British explorers. the "river-bound" images and dis­ other geopolitical powers interested Stated still another way, the "map" cussions of the Lewis and Clark in Pacific America. of the Lewis and Clark expedition expedition, to other larger and often By the turn of the century, the was not confined to the Missouri neglected international dimensions Russian presence in what is now and Columbia River basins, but en­ of the Lewis and Clark experience. Alaska was well established, with gaged the commercial, territorial, Only in this context, I would sub­ towns, churches, libraries, side­ and diplomatic interactions and ten­ mit, can we truly understand the walks, and in ongoing interchange sions of the great imperial and co­ efforts and contributions of the with the Czarist capital - in par­ lonial powers of the era. 2. University of Nebraska Press, 1984. Re­ ticular through the formation of the This larger internationalist and viewed in WPO, Vol. 11, No. 2, p.10. Russian-American Company. One

-22- We Proceeded On, November 1986 can characterize the foreign policy native taking of Sitka. The retak­ of a great geopolitical confronta­ underpinning this presence as quite ing and rebuilding of that port was tion, as reflected in the foregoing laissez faire (especially under keeping Baranoff far too busy to paragraph, were being played out Catherine) and opportunistic in undertake any widespread organiz­ on the world's stage of the North character. The basic objective was ing a n d exploration designed to Pacific basin: the Russian presence to exploit the resources of the re­ further territorial expansion to the in Alaska and the territorial reach gion for commercial gain; a subsi­ south. south; the American immediacy and diary Russian objective was terri­ entrepreneurship; the fear and ap­ torial expansion and acquisition. But Rezanov's original vision was preciation of British maritime only reinforced by the commercial power and potential; the clear un­ Into this context stepped a signifi­ potential and organizational disar­ derstanding of Spanish occupation , cant Russian actor - the so-called ray h e encountered in the New and weakness; the awaren ess of "Russian Columbus," one Nicolai World. "These islands (Pribilofs) Napoleon 's power preoccupying Rezanov. Rezanov was a high no­ would be a n inexhaustible source Europe - and the underlying per­ ble in the Russian court. In the very of wealth for us were it n ot for the ception of commercial and expan­ year that Lewis and Clark prepared Bostonians," he wrote the Czar, sionist opportunity. for their expedition, 1802, Rezanov going on to su ggest that the and his wife, Anna, were expecting Russian-American Company should For the Russians this imperial urge a child. As Procurator General of patrol the waters ... "it is very was reinforced by conflicts with the the Senate, Rezanov was also aid­ essential to take stronger hold of Alaskan natives, and by food short­ ing the then-new Czar, Paul, in the this country, else we shall leave it ages and scurvy within the Russian creation of the Russian-American empty-handed."3 community there. Rezanov forth­ Company (which Rezanov alone rep­ with announced that he would ex­ resented in the councils of state in Rezanov promised great suport for plore the Columbia River, seeking Moscow). Significantly, Rezanov's Baranoff in the new colony, includ­ trade and searching urgently for visions of Pacific America were not ing medical staff and a hospital, a food. He set sail in the Juno in late of commercial exploitation alone, but school and library, support for com­ February. But the scurvy-ridden of geopolitical expansion, in parti­ mercial relations with foreigners, crew could not ma nage the ship ef­ cular the mission to open the and credit. But the underlying im­ fectively, and did n ot dare cross Amur to encourage China-Russian petus of Rezanov's mission re­ the Columbia bar. Thus Rezanov trade, plans to gain Russian admis­ mained as it h ad· been from the pushed on to San Francisco. In this sion to commerce in Japan - and beginning, territorial and imperial exploration, incidentally, the Rus­ plans to extend the Russian empire in character: sian and his officers planned care­ in America. To him the most important thing at fully, followin g co pies of charts the moment was territorial expan­ developed by explorer George Van· For the latter, h e planned a great sion . . . h is expansionist blueprint couver, including charts of San shipyard and educational centers he laid before Baranoff . . . all move­ Fra ncisco Bay. They entered quiet­ - coupled with considerable terri­ men t must be toward the south, to ly before daybreak, quickly drop­ torial expansion. He wrote Baranoff the entire neglect of the north for ping anchor as closely as possible in Alaska that h e must advance the time being. The American sea­ board lay open before them as far to the Presidio. They hoped their down the south mainland to the credentials as Russian ambassador 55th Parallel and beyond, even at as California, and perhaps even that country was penetrable, in view of the to the world, with three-year-old the risk of encountering the other access to Spanish ports, would still powers with incipient interest in the known weakness of the Spaniards. Two immediate objectives were de­ be r ecognized in th e Spanish area. signated: a post on the Columbia colony. Rezanov's wife gave birth to the River, another just north of San Fran· child in October; twelve days later cisco. The post should be placed with So it happened that, in the very she died. Rezanov was despondent an eye to the agricultural possibili­ winter Meriwether Lewis and Wil­ with grief, and could not be roused, ties. Hawaii, that most strategic of liam Clark sat on the rainy Ore­ even by the Czar. Eventually, Re­ Pacific positions, was another objec­ gon coast at Fort Clatsop, they were tive. Baranoff was to cultivate his surely passed off the coast by a zanov was given leave to go on a friendship with the king, and win world tour, traveling with two fri­ scurvy-infested Russian ship, bound him away from the British, attempt for San Francisco, captained by a gates. He was to head a mission to to gain at least a trading station for Japan , and thereafter was to ex­ the company in the Islands. The time Russian prince, seeking trade, food plore the American colony he re­ was sh ort for doing all of these - and geopolitical and imperial present ed in the Russian court. things; hence the need to put them expansion. Literally five days after Toasted as "the Russian Colum­ foremost. Napoleon would not forever the Lewis and Clark expedition left bus," Rezanov departed Moscow in keep Europe distracted. Two British for Clatsop to return east, across 1803. ships were now in the Pacific, which the mountains, the Russian prince the summer of He had been was one reason the Americans could named "envoy to the world" - even sailed into the San Francisco har­ advance their trade so vigorously. bor, on March 28, 1806. Spain had agreed to the Czar's re­ The endeavor of the Americans to quest to have his emissary received supplan t the British had to be aided, Thereafter, there ensued in San at the colonial ports (an unusual a policy h aving support of St. Peters­ burg.4 Francisco a story of great personal move, as we shall discuss later). as well as political pathos. As it The glory of this expedition was Already we see the outlines of the happened, the governor of the pro­ all at the outset, however, and the imperial reach , ten sion and inter­ vince and the Post Commandante Japanese inhospitality to all foreign­ action, as the world closed in on were away from San Francisco at ers was similarly accorded to Re­ the Pacific Northwest. The elements the time of Rezanov's arrival. A zanov. Subsequently, in Alaska, young twen ty-year-old lieutenant Rezanov found the Russian colony 3. Hector Chevigny, Russian A merica, the was left in charge of the command, in considerable disarray. The Rus­ Great Russian-Alaskan Venture, 1741-1876, and of the commander's fifteen-year­ sians had recently suffered a ma­ p. 1110. old daughter Maria de la Concep­ jor defeat and m assacre in the 4. Ibid., pp. 115-116. cion Arguello.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -23- When guests arrived, all eyes prompt­ ments to, the union. Rezanov agreed in the Russian outpost in northern ly went to the central figure and to wait for a Vatican dispensation, California, near the Russian River.6 stayed there. Rezanov was a head and to seek the approval also of In any event, Russian foreign poli­ taller than any of the Spaniards; he the King of Spain, and, on this ba­ was dressed in a fashion to take the cy during this era was character­ breath away, a rich fur cape hang­ sis, the betrothal was approved. By ized by a predominant focus on the this time it did not matter that a ing from one shoulder, his tunic exploitation of the fur trade in the adorned with decorations set with courier arrived _from Mexico City north, and the subsidiary, if dra­ jewels, one of them ablaze with di­ bringing definite word that a war matic, endeavor at geopolitical ex­ amonds. At 42 he was still lean of raged in Europe, with Russia and pansion south. As it evolved, face and figure; and his carriage was Spain in opposite alliances. still that of an imperial guardsman. however, Czarist Russia was pre­ Concha Arguello had never im­ Six weeks after his arrival in San occupied with other issues, and the agined anyone like him. As for her Francisco Bay, Rezanov set sail imperial-expansionist dimension of effect on him, in more than two again for New Archangel. The guns Russian foreign policy was not pro­ years he had seen no woman of any of the fort and ship exchanged sa- nounced or persistent. In this sense, beauty at all to his taste. As he 1u tes, and Concha and Rezanov the manifest destiny impulse under­ bowed to kiss her hand in acknowl­ parted and waved farewell. Reza­ pinning the Lewis and Clark expedi­ edgment of their introduction, sure­ nov had promised he would sur­ tion was both more immediate and ly she sensed that, habitual though the gesture obviously was to him, mount the difficulties and be back more pronounced, and was ultimate­ this time it was not casuaJ.5 within two years, and she turned ly to give meaning to the words of to making the gowns for h er wed­ Prince Rezanov, "It is very neces­ ding. Rezanov was supremely con­ sary to take stronger hold of this In fact, at this time there was war fident that the Czar would aid him, country, else we shall leave it between Russia and Spain. But the just as he was confident that the emptyhanded." remoteness of the outpost in San Vatican would see the advantage Francisco, at the furthest reaches in the marriage, which would ****** of the Spanish empire, had pre­ amount to a dynastic ·alliance, one British Vision of Containment, vented the arrival of this news. uniting the Russians and Spaniards Commerce, and Expansion. British Moreover, Rezanov had been singu­ in the new world . . . He, Nicolai foreign policy, at this time, was larly fortunate in the absence of Rezanov, had designed a new pol­ similarly two-pronged in character, the governor and the commander. itical map for America.3 seeking both commercial advantage Had either been present, Rezanov Thereafter, personal and political and geopolitical expansion. The would probably not have been al­ tragedy occurred. Rezanov arrived underlying British drive was, if any­ lowed to come ashore, following in New Archangel in June, and thing, even more aggressive than longstanding Spanish policy to ex­ quickly crossed the Pacific to Ok­ most of the other nation's actors, clude all foreigners from ports and hotsk, attempting to push on as Britain sought openly to seize internal provinces. When the com­ toward St. Petersburg before the Spanish provinces in the area, and mander and governor returned, Russian winter. He set out on horse­ to exclude expanding American in­ Rezanov was ready with a pro­ back on a grueling 2,200 mile trip terests and exploration - and ex­ posal for trade in foodstuffs to be to Irkutsk, only to be drenched and tend British possessions. forwarded to Alaska. This request chilled by the freezing fall rains. To this end, the British presence resulted in tremendous pressure on In March of 1807 he fainted and the governor, with the local colony was reflected in maritime explora­ fell from his horse, and was killed tions, most visibly by Cook in 1775, favoring an affirmative response to when struck on the head by a the request for trade, and the gov­ and by the continued awareness horse's hoof. He was buried in and projection of British seapower. ernor persistently arguing that he Siberia. could not break his oath to uphold All of the geopolitical actors were Spanish laws prohibiting such com­ California legend suggests that aware of and in some measure re­ merce. Meanwhile, the Spanish girl Concha did not learn of his death sponding to this perception of Brit­ Concha and Rezanov were drawn for forty years. History was more ish power, in part by participation close, and she became his informer cruel or kind, as the case may be, in shifting European alliances, and of the debates within the Spanish for, within six years at the latest, by endeavors to strengthen the colony. she learned of his death. She put American presence in the Califor­ away forever the beautiful clothes nia Territory and the Pacific arena. Suddenly, Rezanov asked Concha's she had been making and rejected father for her hand in marriage. The British presence in the North­ subsequent suitors. At sixty she west was also reflected in explora­ Predictably, this produced a great joined a Dominican convent in Cal­ uproar, with the commander man­ tion and trade across the northern ifornia, where she now lies buried part of the continent, significantly dating his daughter to go to con­ with the nuns of her order. fession, followed by her stormy declaration that she had commit­ Of course, this was not the only 6. The fur trading establishment was known Russian endeavor for imperial reach as Fort Ross and was located on the Pacific ted no sin, that she loved the Rus­ coast about fifty miles north of San Francis· . sian, and would marry no one else. to the south, only the most human co (18 miles north of Bodega Bay). The Rus· and dramatic. Interestingly, though sian American Fur Co. occupied the establish· "Probably it never occurred to him," this human tragedy and political ment from 1814 to 1840 and had taken out observed one author, "that he was failure is little known or remem­ millions in otter skins. The American John following the old Russian custom Sutter (Sutter's Mill on the Sacramento River bered in this country, it is the sub­ Valley) purchased the Fort from· the Russians of uniting with the women of new­ ject of a major play in the Soviet in 1842. Since most of the buildings were ly penetrated lands." At length, it Union, and is well known to Soviet constructed of redwood, many of the original dawned on the commander that his scholars. Moreover, other Russian structures are still extant and the locale is daughter had made a very substan­ presently a California State Park. For addi· initiatives to reach south were more tional information see: Irving Stone, Men to tial match, and the families ex­ successful, as reflected most visibly Match my Mountains: The Opening of the plored the significant political and Far West, 1840·1900, Doubleday & Co., religious gains from, and impedi- 5. Ibid., pp. 122. Garden City, N.Y., 1956, pp. 20-22.

-24- We Proceeded On, November 1986 in the form of the Hudson Bay Com­ British foreign policy at this time ly got underway. A few years later, pany, and most visibly in Macken­ was aggressive in its commercial in 1786, J efferson supported the re­ zie's journey across the Canadian and imperial aspirations, but shift­ markable endeavor of John Ledger Rockies to the Pacific Ocean in ing in its strategic interpretation to cross Siberia and the Bering 1793 - ten years before the Lewis and interactions with other poten­ Straits from west to east, and to and Clark expedition. The latter tial actors in the area. In the final similarly cross the United States was not a scholarly or scientific analysis, this presence and projec­ - an expedition that was stopped expedition, though Mackenzie did tion of power was not to be deci­ by Catherine, though not before return and write a book7 on this - sive in the British role and occu­ Ledger had reached the eastern part and the concluding chapter of this pation, but it had a major impact of Russian Siberia. There were sub­ book urged British attention to the on all other geopolitical actions in sequent Jefferson attempts in 1792 area, to preclude American expan­ the Pacific Northwest. and 1793, these bound up with the sion: Frenchman Andre Michaux, who proposed an expedition which J ef­ If you believe it of importance to ****** ferson supported and funded, only preserve the possessions of His Ma­ American manifest destiny: the jesty from invasion which is rapidly to see it tied up in French and Eu­ demographics and diplomacy of ex­ ropean politics. moving forward to the frontiers of pansion. At this same time, Ameri­ the Californias, crossing a territory By 1800 Thomas Jefferson was Pres­ which belongs to us, we ought not can foreign policy was, perhaps to permit this occasion to pass by first and foremost, characterized by ident of the United States, and Meri­ without beseeching you to arouse infinite good luck: by the known wether Lewis was his secretary. your intelligence, your patriotism, weakness of Spain, by European Significantly, J efferson's aspira­ and your talent to make known your preoccupation with internal and tions on the West were ambitious observations to the Governor­ interstate relations, and with Na­ in objectives and both demogra phic General, pointing out to him the ne­ poleon, and by the quality of and diplomatic in strategy and cessity of maintaining a militia to American political thinking and character: protect and defend the line which vision. The American government our Company is extending from the The American confederacy must be Maha (Omah a) nation to beyond the focused on maintaining free water· viewed as the nest from which all Rocky (Mountain) Chain about 50, ways, so essential to enhancing com­ America, north a nd south, is to be north latitude to approach the Sound merce and preserving the union peopled. We should take care . .. ofNootka. both in the south and in the west. for the interest of that great conti­ And America was subtly a nd un­ nent (not) to press too soon on the This distance, which is not less than subtly - but persistently - expan­ Spaniards. These countries cannot be seven or eight hundred leagues, de­ in better hands. My fear is that they mands a chain of forts located a t sionist in both demographic and diplomatic terms. are too feeble to hold them till our intervals which our Company has population can be sufficiently ad­ a lready begun to build and which In historical terms, the Americans vanced to gain it from them piece ought to continue in the same direc­ by piece. io tion.8 could assert certain claims on the Pacific Northwest, most n otably In 1802 the Spanish withdrew the In this sense, the British impulse Gray's expedition in 1792, "discov­ "right of deposit" in New Orleans, was complicated, on the one hand ering" the Columbia River (though meaning, in essence, that the Mis­ interested in containment a nd the Spa nish h ad discovered the sissippi River route to internation­ keeping others out, resisting the Columbia many years before).9 And, al trade from the American frontier Americans and rejecting the Span­ of course, Thomas Jefferson had had been closed. The difficulties ish, and on the other hand inter­ long cherished a vision of westward this created for J efferson were pol­ ested in commercial exploitation exploration, and had tried repeat­ itical, economic, and diplomatic in - while at the same time Britain edly to launch expedition s to the character, and exacerbated by was preoccupied with Napoleon Northwest. Jefferson's first such American cries for retaliation. Mean­ and the wars and politics of Eu­ endeavor surfaced in 1783 when he while, America's demographic ex­ rope. Within this context, it is attempted to persuade George pansion continued each year, as thought that at one point in 1802, Rogers Clark to lead such an ex­ settlers moved south to Florida, Britain offered the Louisiana terri­ pedition - twenty years before the Louisiana, and Texas, and west to tory to the United States - on the Lewis and Clark expedition actual- St. Louis, and beyond. Thus, Jef­ condition that British troops would ferson had to respond to the politi­ be admitted to the area. But the 9. In 1775 the Spanish Sea Captain Bruno cal and economic pressure created predominant British impulse was Hezeta (Heceta) sighted the entrance of the by the French closing of New Or­ Columbia River. He gave the name of Bahia reflected in the Mackenzie admoni­ [Bay) de la Ascuncion de Nuestra Senora. leans - and he wanted to move tion of "containment", and their Due to strong currents and a crew suffering forward with his vision, now sev­ focus on commerce, coupled with from scurvy he made no attempt to enter the eral decades advan ced, of western their wariness of Napoleon on the estuary. In his journal Voyage of the Sonora exp loration and expansion. He continent. he concluded that it was "the mouth of some great river, or a passage to another sea." moved on both objectives simul­ On balance, it is fair to say that See: Warren Cook, Flood Tide of Empire: taneously, sending Monroe to join Spain and the Pacific Northwest, 1543-1819, Ambassador Livingston in Paris to 7. Alexander Mackenzie, Esq., Voyages from Yale University Press, New Haven, 1973, p. explore the purchase of New Or­ Montreal on the Riuer St. Laurence, through 78, map 16, following page 304. In 1788, the the continent of North America to the Fro­ English explorer and fur trader John Meares leans, and recommending that Con­ zen and Pacific Oceans, in the years 1789- sought the entrance of a suspected river (the gress support the Lewis and Clark 1793. Printed for T. Cadell, Jun, and W. Colum bia) which he called the River San expedition. Davies, Strand; Cobbett and Morgan, Pall Roque and the entrance Entrada de Heceta Mall; and W. Creech, at Edinburgh, by R. from early Spanish navigation charts, but We will return to the swirl of poli­ Noble, Old-Bailey, London, 1801. denied the existence of a river. Meares ap­ tics and motives behind the Louisi- plied the name "Cape Disappointment" to 8. Clamorgan and Reilhe to [Zenon Trudeau], land's end on the north shore of the present­ St. Louis, July 8, 1795, SpAGI (Papeles de day entrance to the Columbia River, and gave 10. Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, Paris, Cuba 2364). trans. in [Nasitar's] Befo re Lew­ the name of "Deception Bay" to the estuary J a nua ry 25, 1786, in J efferson Papers, is and Clark, 1:335-341. of the river. 9:217-219.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -25- ana transfer in a moment, with a of, and expansion to, the Pacific as a "counterweight" or buffer discussion of the interrelated Northwest. against Britain. French, Spanish, and American roles. Suffice, for the moment, to Thus, Livingston in Paris had been note that Jefferson did go forward ****** instructed to pursue purchase of the with his vision and expedition, New Orleans area, to open this port, securing Congressional authoriza­ Shifting French policy, from im­ the Mississippi and the American tion on February 20, 1803, for a perial expansion in the New World frontier; Monroe was dispatched to "Voyage of Discovery." Jefferson's to geopolitical "counterweighting" join Livingston in this important charge to the expedition, carefully in Europe. Even as the American negotiation. But Napoleon changed read, reflects the international claim was pressed, the French pos­ his mind quickly, and even prior to character and diplomatic delicacy ture and foreign policy was chang­ the arrival of Monroe, instructed of the undertaking, along with the ing rapidly. Like other European his secretary to inquire: "Wh at strength and zeal of Jefferson 's actors, the French had long and would you give for the whole?" In underlying vision of commerce and deep roots in the upper Missouri a few sh ort days, some 830 million leadership, explorations and expan­ region. French traders are ·recorded square miles had been transferred sion, his "manifest destiny" in the area at least as early as 1738, to the United States for the modest impulse: and Jean La Perose explored the sum of $15 million - slightly less area in the l 780's. But the French than four cents an acre. In this Your mission has been communi­ claims to the New World were sub­ process, Napoleon, like Russia, saw cated to the ministries from France, advantage in American power and Spain, and Great Britain, and sequently jeopardized in the French and Indian wars - only to have expansion, coupled with Spanish through them to their governments weakness and incipient competi­ and such assurance given them as Napoleon reassert New World as­ to its objectives, as we trust will sat­ pirations and expansion at the turn tion with Britain. This was a sig­ isfy them. The country having been of the century. nificant motivation in Napoleon's ceded by Spain to France the pass­ change of mind and foreign policy ports you have from the Minister of Within this context, the transfer of strategy, and he virtually gloated France, the representative of the the so-called Louisiana Territory is over the potential long-term im­ present sovereign of that country, particularly instructive. France pact of its implementation: will be a protection with all its sub­ ceded this territory to Spain in jects; and that from the Minister of 1763, as French interests in the When he signed the treaties he de­ England will entitle you to the New World diminished. Spain re­ clared that this accession of territo­ friendly aid of any trappers of the ceded this territory to France in ry ... "assures forever the power allegiance with whom you may hap­ of the United States, and I have pen to meet. 1800 - this in response to direct given England a rival who, sooner Napoleonic pressure, and a treaty or later, will humble her pride." 12 The object of your mission is to ex­ promise not to cede this territory plore the Missouri River and such to any country other than Spain. ****** principal streams of it, as, by its Within a few short years, however, force and communication with the France had transferred the territo­ Spain: foreign policy consistency, waters of the Pacific Ocean, wheth­ foreign policy failure: "Contain­ er the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado, ry not back to Spain - but to the United States. To understand this ment ." And what of the role of or any other River, may offer the Spain - as the Russians reached most direct and practicable water com­ important shift in French foreign policy, it is importa nt to remember down from the north, the British munication across this continent for penetrated from the east and the the purpose of commerce . . . 11 that Napoleon lost some 50,000 troops in the revolt led by Tous­ Sea, as did the Americans and Lewis and Clark - and France and Instructively, as we will discuss in saint Louverture in Haiti. Moreover, America perceived Spanish frailty a moment, Jefferson was fully h e was urgently pressed for re­ aware that his assurances to the sources to pursue his expanding con­ and disregarded Spanish interests? Spanish government did not "satis­ flict in Europe. The long-term As suggested in several quotations fy them," just as he was aware that economic promise of the Louisiana above, Spanish foreign policy was they had denied his request for a territory was obviously outweighed constant in this era, but poorly con­ passport for the expedition - and in Napoleon's mind by the value of ceptualized, and simply inadequate. thus my initial question: Where was the price paid - and indeed, by In part this was a reflection of an the Spanish Passport? Obviously, the potential to use this territory overextended and weakened Span­ there was already available con­ ish empire. And it was a reflection siderable evidence that a North­ of failure to rethink some basic west water passage did not exist, Spanish commitments - even in as the Spanish were quick to in­ the face of some knowledgeable in­ form Jefferson when he requested formation about American and the passport. Just as obviously, the European expansionary intentions Jeffersonian impulse reflected a mix­ - and to rethink Spanish interests ture of motives, not only scientific in a way that moved beyond the and scholarly, conceptual and com­ focus on, and protection of, Span­ mercial in character, but also care­ ish mines and interests in Mexico. fully geopolitical and international In fact, the Spanish viewed Amer­ in perspective. The underlying vi­ ica and the Louisiana Territory sion was one of persistent commit­ principally as a buffer zone, as a ment to the American exploration way to contain European and Amer­ ican expansion to the north - rath- 11. Donald J ackson (Editor), Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents, 1783-1854, University of Illinois 12. J ames K. Hosmer, The History of the Press, Urbana, 1962. Second Edition 1978. Louisiana Purchase, D. Appelton & Co., N.Y., Page 61. 1902. Page 144. -26- We Proceeded On, November 1986 er than an area for acquisition and scientific observation and investi­ passport. The Spanish ambassador economic development. This was gation notwithstanding, as reflect­ denied the American President's the rationale for their missions and ed in the Spanish Ambassador's request for reasons that were as outposts in the Southwest, and for subsequent report to his superior insightful and sound as the denial their chain of Missions subsequent­ in Spain: was ineffective. ly built up the California Coast. My Dear Sir, the President asked The politics of the subsequent And it was the reason for the con­ me the other day in a frank and Lewis and Clark exploration and stant Spanish policy of excluding confident tone, if our Court would Spanish reaction form an interest­ commerce and exploration. In this take it badly that the Congress de­ ing, and sometimes almost pathet­ defensive and weakened posture, cree the formation of a group of tra­ ic, exercise. The Spanish posture Spain seriously underestimated the velers, who would form a small was complicated by the sophistica­ resources to the North, and the caravan and go and explore the course of the Missouri River in tion and accuracy of the Spanish powers for penetration and com­ information base (most notably merce across what they perceived which they would nominally have the objective of investigating every· provided by the traitor General to be a vast wasteland. But within thing which might contribute to the Wilkinson, as discussed in Cook, this context, it can fairly be said progress of commerce; but that in Flood Tide of Empire. L4 that Spanish foreign policy was con­ reality would have no other view sistent: it attempted to exclude for­ than the advancement of the ge­ In this literature, it is interesting eign exploration and commerce gen­ ography .. . I replied to him that to follow the tensions and recrimi­ erally; and it attempted to build a making use of the same frankness nations mounting between Madrid, border buffer area to contain Euro­ with which he honored me, I would St. Louis, and, ultimately, Santa Fe pean and American expansionism. take the liberty of telling him, tl:iat I persuaded myself that an .,xpedition and New Mexico as the Americans of this nature could not fr;l to give expanded westward. At this point, umbrage to our Government (em­ however, I would focus on the next Spanish claims to the area of the phasis added). Then he replied to significant manifestation of the Pacific Northwest are so many me that he did not see the motive Spanish opposition to the expedi­ why they (our government) should tion, and the subsequent denial of and diverse that they cannot be have the least fear, inasmuch as its repeated here in any significant a passport request. This occurred objective would not be other than to when Meriwether Lewis contacted detail. Suffice to note the partici­ observe the territories which are pation of diverse Spanish explor­ found between . .. the mouth of the the Spanish officer in St. Louis. ers, including Perez-Hecheta­ Missouri to the Pacific Ocean, and Again, the comments of the Span­ Bodega in 1770, coupled with land unite the discove1;es that these men ish ambassador in St. Louis, who expeditions in the Southwest in would make with those which the subsequently offered the following 1794, and the explorations of Val­ celebrated Makensi made in 1793, intelligent but ultimately ineffec­ dez in 1792. Even in this context, and be sure if it were possible in tive, analysis to his superiors in however ,· Spanish foreign policy that district to establish a continual Madrid: communication, or little interrupted, was remarkably constant as War­ by water as far as the South Sea. I The 7th of this month, Mr. Men-y­ ren L. Cook discussed in his won­ told him that this was already a de­ weather Lewis, Captain of the Uni­ derful book, Flood Tide of Empire termined point, as much by the ted States Army and former Secre­ (especi a lly his discussion of fruitless attemps made with this ob· tary to the President, presented "Spanish Defense of Oregon's jective by the J esuits in Northern himself at this post. He has given Frontier"). California as by the particular sur­ me a (letter) ... presenting it to me veys later made by the Captains so that I might become acquainted Given this essentially defensive Cook, Maurelle, Martinez, Vancouv­ with it as well as with the passports, foreign policy, and given the na­ er, Caudra, and lately by the Senors copies of which he also enclosed, ture of the Spanish treaty with Malespina and Bustamante, who adding also that his intention was France, and the transfer of the had reconnoitered in the most care­ to continue his trip penetrating the Louisiana territory to France only ful and scrupulous manner all that Missouri in order to fulfill his mis­ on the treaty condition that it not coast ... and that all these exami­ sion of discovery and observations. nations and attempts evidently I have hinted to him that my orders be forwarded to another power ... proved that there does not exist this did not permit me to consent to his it is not surprising that the Span­ passage of the Northwest, sought passing to enter the Missouri River ish were stunned by the Louisiana with so much anxiety by the most and that I was opposing it in the Purchase, and quickly protested to famous navigators of all the nations name of the King my Master ... the French and American govern­ in the last two centuries . .. (emphasis added). ments. They also initiated numer­ I should inform your excellencies ous endeavors to impede or block This account of useless and fruitless attempts, it seemed to me, calmed that according to advices, I believe the Lewis and Clark expedition - his spirit with which he began to that this mission has no other ob­ consistent with the long standing talk with me of the subject. The ject than to discover the Pacific Spanish policy of excluding President has been all his li"fea Ocean, following the Missouri, and foreign commerce or exploration. I man of letters, very speculative and to make intelligent observations, will focus on three manifestations a lover of glory, and it would be because he has the reputation of be­ of such Spanish opposition to the possible he might attempt to perpe­ ing a very well educated man and of American expedition and · explor­ trate the fame of his administration many talents ...10 ation. ... by discovering or attempting at least to discover the way by which The latter laudatory comments of First, Thomas Jefferson encoun­ the Americas might someday extend the Spanish official notwithstand­ tered diplomatic resistance - and their population and their influence ing, the fact remains that, before refusal to issue a passport - when up to the coast of (the Pacific). (Em­ going west, Lewis and Clark he raised this issue with the Span­ phasis added). 13 ish ambassador in Washington, Here, then, :i:s the missing Spanish 14. Warren L. Cook, Flood Tide of Empire, D.C. The latter held few illusions Yale University Press, New Haven, 1973. Page453. about Jefferson's real geopolitical intent, the purported objects of 13. Jackson, op. cit. I; 4-5 15. J ackson, op. cit., 1:142-143.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -27- camped on the east side of the Provincias Internas sent parties to quires not only an understanding Mississippi River at St. Louis, pre­ impede and arrest the members of the roles of Meriwether Lewis cisely to be out of Spanish territo­ of the expedition (something the and William Clark, and of Saca­ ry. And the fact remains that the Spanish subsequently did with Ze­ gawea, York, Gass, Charbonneau, Spanish again denied the passport bulon Pike). On one occasion, in­ and others - it also requires an authorization to Lewis and Clark. cidentally, such a Spanish group appreciation of the Indian nations Of course, Meriwether Lewis, like apparently cam~ with in a few hun­ and leaders, and of the roles of Jefferson before him, ignored or dred miles of Lewis and Clark; Prince Rezanov, Mackenzie, Napo­ attempted to explain away the other Spanish attempts to intercept leon, Jefferson, Livingston and Spanish opposition, and continued the expedition were themselves set Monroe, the American traitor on the expedition. upon by Indians. In the final anal­ General Wilkinson, and of the ysis, however, the Spanish efforts Spanish Ambassadors, vainly at­ Finally, as the Lewis and Clark ex­ to· physically impede and oust the tempting to deny the Americans pedition "proceeded on" west, it fell expedition were as ineffectual as passport and passage. In the final to the Commandante of the Provin­ the diplomatic efforts that had pre- analysis, the Lewis and Clark Ex­ cias Internas to prevent this pene­ ceded. · pedition was significant not only tration of the Spanish "buffer," this as a "river-bound" frontier explo­ tangible reflection of the position It is instructive to note that Tho­ ration, and a process of ethnogra­ of the defensive Spanish policy of mas J efferson did not send a ship phic and scientific accomplishment, containment. Amid constant bick­ to pick up the expedition members intellectual enrichment, and hu­ ering and blame back and forth be­ on the West Coast, a reality that is man courage - it was also a re­ tween Santa Fe and New Orleans, probably explained in part by Span­ flection and a part of international Mexico and Madrid, Santa Fe did ish opposition to American presence interdependence. In this sense the mount efforts to find and arrest in the area. The expedition had to map of the Lewis and Clark Expe­ members of the Lewis and Clark trek back overland - again reflect­ dition should reach beyond the expedition. The Commandante wrote ing the international context for Missouri and Columbia Rivers, to as follows on one such expedition: and dimensions of the entire ex­ the roles of interacting leaders and pedition. Your Excellency will recognize that nations of that era. In the final that expedition is directed to territo­ One could go on and on in the ex­ analysis, it is the map not only of ries under my command and that it ploration of this remarkably inter­ the North west, but of the world. is a step of the said United States esting literature. In summary, how­ which indicates its ambitious views ever, even the materials quoted ****** in the same act of taking possession I have saved my summary com­ of the province of Louisiana. I am above reflect that the Lewis and unable to dictate any other precau­ Clark expedition was not a "river­ ments on Meriwether Lewis until tionary step than the orders already bound" and national phenomenon, last, to h onor his birthday. Because communicated to the governors of but a truly interdependent, inter­ I have gone on at some length about Texas and New Mexico relative to national process. Moreover, this the international character and im­ their preventing the introduction of analysis reflects in a preliminary portance of the expedition, I will foreigners in the districts of both way the dynamics of international be relatively brief in praise of Meri­ provinces, and to their refusing per­ geopolitical interactions in the wether Lewis. mission to such foreigners and rela­ shifting perceptions and strategic I would like to cite two quotations tive to their now allowing the interests and alliances of Russia, boundaries of Louisiana to be in honor of Meriwether Lewis, first marked out along their frontiers United States, Britain, France, and from Lewis himself, on the date of Spain. It was within this context (borders of Texas and New Mexico), his 31st birthday; and second, from as I informed your Excellency in my that the constant foreign policy of Jefferson, offering his own testi­ letter of October 4 last (emphasis the United States, buttressed by monial to the life and accomplish­ added). demographic presence and diplomatic ments of Meriwether Lewis: agility, and the Lewis and Clark I am informing you that .. . I sent a party of Comanche Indiansor expedition, had such impact, even This day I completed my thirty-first other of those who are affected to us as the well informed and constant year ... I reflected that I had as to reconnoiter the country as far as - but frail - foreign policy of yet done but little, very little indeed, the banks of the Missouri River in Spain was defeated in part by the to further the happiness of the hu­ order to examine if the expedition inadequacy of the underlying buffer man race, or to advance the infor­ (of Meriwether Lewis) has penetrat­ mation of succeeding generations. I and containment perception. France viewed with regret the many hours I ed into these territories, to acquire ultimately withdrew from this geo­ all possible knowledge of its pro­ had spent in indolence, and now political theater, after defeat in sorely feel the want of that informa­ gress. and even to stop them, mak­ Haiti, preoccupation with Europe, ing efforts to apprehend it (empha­ tion which those hours would have sis added).16 and a strategic desire to enhance given me, had they been judiciously the American role at the expense expended. But since they are past In short, the Spanish opposition to of England. England failed to heed · and cannot be recalled, I dash from American exploration and expan­ Mackenzie's warning, and was ul­ me the gloomy thought, and resolve sion was longstanding and deep timately pushed to the north. And in the future to redouble my exer· rooted, constant, well informed, but tions and at least endeavor to pro· Russia, after Rezanov, continued to mote those two primary objects of ineffective. This posture surfaced in focus on commercial exploitation human existence ... or in the fu­ diplomatic opposition when Presi­ rather than sustained geopolitical ture, to live for mankind, as I had dent Jefferson requested passports expansion; finally, Rezanov's warn­ heretofore lived for myself. 17 for the expedition, when Meri­ ings, too, were to prove prophetic, wether Lewis requested similar as the American expansion con­ Thomas Jefferson wrote the follow- passport authorization in St. Louis, tinued. and when the Commandante of the 17. Reuben Gold Thwaites, (Editor), Original As stated at the beginning of my Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition comments, a broader appreciation 1804·1806. Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1904, 16. Ibid., 1:183-184. of the "Voyage of Discovery" re- 2:368.

-28- We Proceeded On, November 1986 ing about Meriwether Lewis: its leaders, and the members of the exploring party. Datillio provides a Of courage unda unted; possessing a brief history of the actual explora­ firmness and perserverance of pur­ ~~Review pose which nothing but impossibili­ : 3:fook tory undertaking, a fine description ties could divert from its direction; of the fort, and enhances his text careful as a father of those commit­ with verbatim entries from the ted to his charge, yet steady in the By Robert E. Lange1 Expedition's journalists. He also maintenance of order and discipline; writes about and incorporates in­ intimate with the Indian character, Fort Clatsop: The Story B ehind formation concerning the early-day customer, and principles; h abituated the Scenery, by Daniel J . Dattilio_ preservation and development of the to the hunting life; guarded, by exact site by local and state historical observation of the vegetables and KC Publications, Las Vegas, a nimals of his own country, against Nevada, 1986. Illustrations by societies, and the presen t-day pres­ losing time in the description of ob­ Andrew Cier, David Muench, Craig ervation, administration, and inter­ jects already possessed; honest, dis­ Harmel, James Stoffer; National pretive programs entrusted to the interested, liberal, of sound under­ Park Service photographs by Dan National Park Service. standing, and a fidelity to truth so Dattilio, Curt Johnson, Franklin scrupulous, that whatever he should Most of the sixty-six illustrations, Walker, Mike Gurling and Tom all in color, are of the ranger staff report would be as certain as if seen Gray; Wildlife photographs by John by ourselves; with all these qualifi­ engaged in staged episodes of the cations, as if selected and implanted Gerlack, Robert C. Fields, Leonard daily routine that took place dur­ by nature in one body for this ex­ Lee Rue, Mickey Gibson, and Dav­ ing the winter of 1805-1806 at the press purpose, I could have no hesi­ id C. Fritz. Soft cover, Format 9 x explorer's winter establishment, tation in confiding the enterprise to 12 inches, 48 pages. $4.50 (at book­ and of the "Living History" demon­ him. 1K seller's counters). strations. Since the rangers, in ad­ Again, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am A statement on the title page of dition to the administration of the deeply honored to speak to you this this book reads: "This book is ded­ facility, spend countless hours evening, to offer the beginnings of icated to all who cherish America's dressed in authentic buckskin­ an international interpretation of history as a vast heritage of people frontier clothing, and demonstrate the Lewis and Clark Expedition. and events - some heroic, some the skills of the Expedition's per­ And I am honored, on this the inglorious, but all part of Ameri­ sonnel with tools and weapons of 212th anniversary birth date, to ca's epic struggle to come of age - the period, these illustrations of the honor Meriwether Lewis: public and to all who know that under­ " Living History" programs are servant, ethnographer, scientist, standing the past is essential to informative and exceptionally leader, writer and keen observer - dealing with the present." With this graphic_ and international explorer. Thank in mind, how can a true Lewis and The publication Fort Clatsop: The you. Clark enthusiast pass up ownership Story Behind the Scenery is of this remarkable publication with available and may be ordered from 18. Thomas Jefferson's "Memoir to Meri­ its informative text and superb and the Fort Clatsop Historical Associa­ wether Lewis", in Nicholas Biddle (Editor), colorful illustrations? tion, Route 3, Box 604-FC, Astoria, His tory of the Expedition Under the Com­ OR 97103. Enclose $5.50 to cover mand of Captains Lewis a11d Clark .. ., Whether or not you have visited Bradsford and Inskeep, Philadelphia, 1814, the National Park Service's Fort the cost of the publication, h andling (several reprint editions). Pages xi-xii. Clatsop National Memorial, near and postage. Astoria, Clatsop County, Oregon, 1. Fifth president of the Foundation. Editor, Dan Datillio's fine text and the ex­ We Proceeded On. ceptional photographs by the con­ tributors noted above, you will want Foundation Gift Recent Meetings: Memberships this book in your Lewis and Clark library. For it will recall memories For a report concerning the Sep­ If you have someone on your of your visit, or for others it will tem her 27, 1986 meetings of the gift list who is interested in portray Fort Clatsop as it has been IDAHO [GOVERNOR'S] LEWIS American history and the restored in its nearly undisturbed, AND CLARK TRAIL COMMIT­ contribution of the Lewis and original environment. Best of all, TEE, and the IDAHO CHAPTER Clark Expedition to our na­ it will reveal for readers this Na­ OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK tion's westward expansion, a tional Memorial's outstanding in­ TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDA­ membership in the Founda­ terpretive program which has been TION, see Foundation President tion, which includes the quar­ developed by the dedicated National John Foote's "Picture Story" and terly issues of We Proceeded Park Service staff. text on pages 19-20. On, would be an appreciated gi,ft. Dan Datillio, a National Park Service career employee, has a lib­ ******* The Foundation has an attrac­ eral arts degree with emphasis on The OREGON [GOVERNOR'S] tive gift membership card history and education. He was an LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL which will list you as the interpreter at the NPS Jefferson COMMITTEE held a September sponsor of a membership. National Expansion Memorial in 16, 1986 meeting and luncheon, Send your gift membership fee St. Louis, Missouri, prior to his as­ 10:00 A.M. - 1:00 P.M., at Elmer's together with the name, of the signment as Interpretive Specialist Pancake House, Delta Park, in gift recipient and the occasion at the Fort Clatsop Na ti on al Portland. (friendship, birthday, gradua­ Memorial. His text reflects his ex­ The committee adjourned at 1:00 tion, or holiday) you wish to perience as a participant and su­ P.M., and reassembled at Port­ honor to the Membership sec­ pervisor of the Fort's " Living land's Kelley Point Park at 2:00 retary whose address appears History" program, and his respect P.M. for the dedication ceremony on page two. for the skills and accomplishments of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, (continued on page 30) We Proceeded On, November 1986 -29- - for the new Lewis and Clark his­ lished minutes of the meeting, in 1806; detailed the twenty-eight torical marker in the park (see re­ mailed to members at a later date, months the explorers had been lated story and illustrations on this announce that the Christmas Party away from civilization , and the page). is scheduled for Friday evenin g, miles traveled; referred to the "journals that would provide a At the morning meeting there were December 12, 1986 at Lewis and Clark College, in Portland. storehouse of information about the reports and discussions relating to: land, rivers, Indians, animals and a proposed Lewis and Clark Inter­ * * * * * * * plants they had seen" ; indicated pretive Building, and the consider­ Members of the METRO ST. that " ... both Meriwether Lewis ation for the site of such a struc­ LOUIS CHAPTER OF THE LEW­ and Will iam Clark became, in later ture (Cascade Locks, Oregon, about IS AND CLARK TRAIL HERI­ years, governors of the Missouri 30 miles east of Portland in the TAGE FOUNDATION attended a Territory"; and that "St. Louis be­ Columbia River Gorge or Portland's September 23, 1986 special cere­ came the "Gateway to the West". Kelly Point Park); Lead Agency mony in St. Louis Mayor's office. activity related to National Park Mayor Vincent C. Scho~meh l is­ * * * * * * * Service certification of Lewis and sued a proclamation declaring Sep­ Clark National Historic Sites in tember 23, 1986, "Lewis and Clark There is news from the SAKAKA- . Oregon; a proposed agreement re­ Expedition Homecoming Day" - WEA CHAPTER OF THE LEWIS lated to the use of funds for secre­ the 180th anniversary of the Lewis AND CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE tarial work between the Oregon and Clark Expedition's return to FOUNDATION. Bismarck, North State Parks and Recreation Divi­ St. Louis. The proclamation's ver­ Dakota. In a July 24, 1986 letter to sion of the State Transportation biage noted: the 180th Anniversary We Proceeded On, Foundation Di­ Department and the Committee; date; referred to the "large cheer­ rector Art Shipley advised that the and a discussion regarding the date ing crowd" that greeted the expe­ Chapter's President John Von Rue­ and place for the Committee's an­ dition in their canoes as they den found it necessary to resign nual Christmas Party. The pub- landed on the St. Louis riverfront (continued on facing page) New Historical Marker Installed in Portland, Oregon Park

Working closely with the City of Portland Park Bureau, the Oregon [Governor's} Lewis and Clark Trail Committee has seen to the instal­ lation of a handsome new histori­ cal marker. The marker is located in north Portland at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers in the city's Kelley Point Park. The location closely con­ notates to early Oregon history and especially to the Lewis and Clark Expedition. As the legend on the marker, which was supplied by, the ney (on March 31, 1806) without look across the Willamette River to Oregon Committee, states, William seeing it. Sauvie (the Expedition's "Wap­ Clark returned to this place on pato") Island, and north to the April 3, 1806, from the explorer's The historical marker closely fol­ downstream, and east to the up­ campsite several miles east and up­ lows the design of other Lewis and stream on the Columbia, and en­ Clark Expedition markers that have stream, courses of the Columbia tered the Willamette (the Expedi­ been erected by the Oregon State River. tion's "Multnomah") River. Readers Parks Department at other Oregon Some 50 interested individuals will note from the text (right) that locations related to the Expedition. gathered at the marker in the park the reason for Clark's reconnais­ The text on the sign is routed into for a dedication ceremony on Sep­ sance came about because the ex­ heavy wooden planking which is tember 16, 1986. Dr. E.G. "Frenchy" ploring party had passed the mouth mounted on the substantial and at­ Chuinard, M.D., Chairman of the of the Willamette on both the out­ tractive natural stone structure. Oregon Committee, and Portland bound journey (on November 4, From the location of the sign in City Commissioner Mike Lindberg 1805) and again on the returfj, jour- Kelley Point Park, the visitor may spoke briefly. -30- We Proceeded On, November 1986 because of business and other or­ Great Falls. The sale of miniature News Note ganization obligations. Vice Presi­ size bronze copies of the work will dent Allen L. Fisk1 assumed the fund the development and comple­ The Foundation and Pakistan? office for the balance of the term, tion of the heroic statue. The Port­ Word of the Foundation continues and at the October 11, 1986 meet­ age Route Chapter will be signing to be spread far and wide! Several ing was elected to a full one year an agreement with Western Leg­ weeks ago the editor received a term as chapter president. Other acy relating to the Chapter's as­ mailing from Hamdard, Pakistan. matters on the October meeting's sistance toward the promotion and The mailing consisted of a quarter­ agenda included: a report on the sale of the miniature bronzes. ly issue (Vol. XXXIV, January Foundation's (August 1986) 18th There was a report relating to the 1986) of the Journal of the Pakis­ Annual Meeting (Portland, Ore­ Chapter's two 1986 field trips (the tan Historical Society, together gon); remarks by "Buckshot" Hoff­ Fort Benton Area, Marias and Te­ with a letter from the quarterly's ner, Executive Director North Da­ ton Rivers, on June 10th, and the edit.or Dr. S. Moinul Haq. The let­ kota Centennial Commission, con­ Gates of the Montain river excur­ ter suggests that we exchange cerning Lewis and Clark history sion and picnic at Headwaters mailings of our Foundation's and having an important part in North State Park, near Three Forks, his Studies in History publica­ Dakota's (1989) Statehood Centen­ Montana, July 12th). This was fol­ tions. Written in the English lan­ nial celebrations; and a discussion lowed by the announcement of guage, much of the Pakistan pub­ by Doug Eiken, Director of North scheduled field trips for 1987 - a lication's content appears to be Dakota Parks and Recreation, re­ three day/ two night float trip political history. Mailed by "Book lated to marking the Expedition's through the White Cliffs area of Post" the mailing was postmarked Trail in North Dakota. There also the Missouri River, date to be an­ May 5, 1986, and arrived in Port­ was a review of the Chapter's nounced, a nd a one day excursion land in early September. Since our plans for developing a Lewis and to the Expedition's Lower Portage organization is listed in several Clark display at the Fort Abraham Campsite, and the excavation of publications cataloging historical Lincoln Museum in the community the suspected expedition's cache societies and fo undations, it is of Mandan, North Dakota, across site by professional archaeologists, probable that the Pakistan society the Missouri River from Bismarck date to be announced. The possi­ chose our organization to be one of (not to be confused with the Expe­ bility of additional 1987 field trip some 177 mailings (that number dition's Fort Mandan near Wash­ activity was discuss'ed. appears in h andwriting on the burn, North Dakota). Following mailing label). the meeting chapter members en­ President Eusterman announced joyed a tour of Lewis and Clark that the Chapter's request for a sites along the Missouri River. The ma tching grant to support the tour was via pontoon boat and Lewis and Clark Adventures with Vern Erickson served as the tour Marionettes project had been for­ guide. warded to the (national) Founda­ tion's Grant Committee. Arlen 1. Allen Fisk, Bismarck, ND, is a retired North Dakota Soil Conservatio n Service Large, chairman of the Founda­ Director. tion's Grant Committee h as re­ quested additional informa tion Back-Issues of WPO * * * * * * * prior to submitting the request to Back-issues of We Proceeded his committee. On are available for purchase. Great Falls, Montana's PORTAGE Some early issues are paper ROUTE CHAPTER OF THE LEW­ Programs or featured topics for the plate photo-offset reproduc­ IS AND CLARK TRAIL HERIT­ Chapter's 1987 monthly meetings tions of the original publica­ AGE FOUNDATION continues to are as follows; January, Pot Luck tions and the quality of the hold meetings on the fourth Mon­ Dinner and Election of officers: illustrations are slightly depre­ day of every month. President February, a paper, "Medical As­ ciated. Present-day printing George Eusterman called the Sep­ pects of the Expedition," presented and mailing costs require that tember 22, 1986 meeting to order, by Dr. George Eusterman; March, b ack-issues be supplied at and 23 members were in attend­ Presentation of Lewis and Clark $2.00 each to Foundation mem­ ance. An election was held to fill Adventures with Marionettes, by bers, and at $2.50 each to non­ the vacant chapter office of vice puppeteer Blanche Harding; April, members. You may request a president. Jeffery Mahon was nom­ a paper, "Lewis and Clark Mon­ copy of a " WPO Feature Story inated and elected to that office. tana Campsite Designations and Prospectus", which lists the Locations", by Bob Saindon; May, A committee of Ella Mae Howard, titles, etc., of feature stories Field trip to Missouri River White that have appeared in We Pro­ Ben Rangel, Dick Martin and Jeff­ Cliffs (see ante.); June and July, to ery Mahon are working with Phil ceeded On and in WPO Sup­ be announced; August, National plementary Publications. A re­ Scriver of Western Legacy. Western Foundation's 19th Annual Meet­ Legacy (a partnership of Bob capitulation of book reviews ing, Billings, Montana; September that have been published in Scriver, Mick Moran, Jim Brous­ and October, to be announced; No­ seau and Phil Scriver) is develop­ We Proceeded On is also in­ vember, Slide show, Missouri River cluded in this prospectus. ing ~nd promoting the heroic Lew­ Segment administered by the Bu­ is and Clark statue that will be reau of Land Management, present­ Address requests for specific completed and dedicated July 4, ed by Chanler Biggs, BLM, Fort back-issues, or for the "WPO 1989, and will be a Montana State­ Benton. Feature Story Prospectus" to: hood Centennial activity. Bob 5054 S. W. 26th Place, Port­ Scriver, Browning, Montana, is the At the time this issue of WPO was land, OR 97201. Remittances sculptor and has already pro­ ready for the press, the minutes of should be made payable to the duced a model. The statue will be the Chapter's October meeting had Foundation. installed in Overlook Park in not been received.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -31- Floyd Monument Photo Erroneously Identified

There is an illustration error in the August-September issue of Modern Maturity, the magazine published by the American Association of Retired Persons. Lewis and Clark­ ers, who are familiar with histori­ cal photographs of the Floyd Monument (near Sioux City, Iowa), have discovered an illustration that is incorrectly identified. The August-September issue of the magazine featured an article titled "Monumental America: How the Symbols that Express our Nation's Spirit Came to be Built". Along with a discussion of the design and construction of: The United States Capitol, The Empire State Building, The Golden Gate Bridge, and Mount Rushmore, the author of the article first wrote about the Washington Monument in Washington D.C. De­ scribing it as the tallest masonry structure in the world, the story tells of the 555 feet, 51/s inch high article. It _is interesting that in a Thiry-six years later it would seem structure, and the trials and delays special edition of the Sioux City that the "Sioux Cityans" complaint involving its construction which Sunday Journal, for November 26, may have reached the Associated began in 1848 and was not com­ 1950, there are several photographs Press, but never went forward to pleted until 1884. An illustration, relating to and reviewing the his­ the Library of Congress. Perhaps credited to the National Archives, tory of the Floyd burial place and it is time to try again to correct the shows the only partially finished the eventual constru~tion of the 100 error. To identify the photograph 150 foot high stump of the monu­ foot high monument. One of the properly as the top of the 100 foot ment that is said to have stood for photographs is the exact illustra­ high obelisk that stands on Floyd's over 25.years. tion used in the 1986 Modern Ma­ Bluff, southeast of Sioux City, Iowa turity m~gazine . A part of the in memory of Sergeant Charles Of interest to Floyd Monument stu­ legend under the 1950 newspaper Floyd, the only member of the dents is a much larger illustration illustration reads: "This picture re­ Lewis and Clark Expedition to lose on the facing page. Credited to the cently was identified in an Asso­ his life during the course of the Library of Congress, ·this photo­ ciated Press photo as the cap of exploring enterprise. In May of graph shows the very top of an the Washington Monument with the 1960, the Floyd Monument was des­ obelisk and the reader is led to be­ Potomac River in the background. ignated a Registered National His­ lieve that it is the top of the Wash­ Some Sioux Cityans were quick to toric Landmark, the first such des­ ington Monument. Artisans are catch the error." ignation. shown on scaffolding at work high above the ground with masonry trow­ els in hand applying grout to the finished stone work. One artisan N. Dakota's Sakakawea State Historical Society of North wears a derby topper, another wears Dakota and their Historian/ Editor a soldier's campaign hat. The State Historical Society of Larry Remele have been convinced North Dakota, has recently seen to that some important statements The irregularity involving the lat­ a fourth printing or "Fourth Edi­ made by Reid in his original mo­ ter illustration is that it is not a tion" of historian Russell Reid's nograph should be omitted from the photograph of the very top of the Sakakawea: The Bird Woman. It two editions (1974 and 1986) issued Washington Monument, with con­ was originally published as a mo­ since Reid's death. struction underway. It is a famil­ nograph by the Society in 1950, and iar photograph in Sioux City, Iowa in verbatim reprint editions, includ­ The editor of We Proceeded On and historical archives and in that city's ing volume 30, Nos. 2 and 3 of many Foundation members feel newspaper galleys showing the North Dakota History, and in pam­ that if the citizens of North Dako­ finishing touches being applied to phlet form in 1963. In 1974 and ta want to persist in the use of the the top of the Floyd Monument in 1986, highly edited versions of double "k" (Sakakawea) spelling, it 1901. The monument was dedicat­ Reid's original were issued by the is their prerogative. They should, ed on May 30, 1901. Society. however, realize that this form has no historical precedence in primary One wonders if the Library of Con­ It is apparent that North Dakotans Lewis and Clark literature. The gress has this Floyd Monument hold to their steadfast belief that name appears seventeen times to­ photograph identified as being a "Sakakawea" rather than "Saca­ tal, in the text and on maps of the part of the Washington Monument, gawea" is the spelling to be used original Lewis and Clark Journals, or if the article's author of the when writing about the Lewis and each time spelled with a "g" in the magazine's editorial staff erred in Clark Expedition's Indian woman. third syllable. From this consis­ the choice of illustrations for the This feeling is so strong that the tency it is apparent that the jour-

-32- We Proceeded On, November 1986 nalists h eard distinctly, a "g" ing. We must, however, point out Tom Gilbert, Foundation member sound when the name was pro­ that most recent literature about and National Park Service (Mid­ nounced. Historian Russell Reid, a the Expedition written by disci­ west Region, Omaha) coordinator native North Dakotan, did cham­ plined historians universally use for the Lewis Clark National His­ pion the double "k" spelling. He the Sacagawea spelling. The Uni­ toric Trail h as the responsibility of acknowledged in his original 1950 ted States Board on Geographic administering its development and publication , however, that the Names has recently restored the preservation (from the Mississippi authorized spelling used by Feder­ Sacagawea spelling, in lieu of the River west to the Pacific Ocean). al agencies was Sacagawea. Sacajawea spelling, to the 9655 ft. Tom has provided the editor of We high mountain peak (just north of What follows is a part of the fourth Proceeded On with the following Montana's Bozeman Pass, in the notes related to th e possible acqui­ paragraph transcribed from the Bridger Mountain Range). Likewise first (1950) edition, and from the sition of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas the Board applied the name "Sa­ "KATY" railroad right-of-way: 1963 reprint. The two sentences in cagawea River", when the name for bold type are the sentences where Montana's "Crooked Creek" a trib­ Missouri Governor Ashcroft has filed the omission and alteration have a n application under Section 8(d) of utary of the Missouri (near the con­ the National Trails System Act, as been made in the 1974 and 1986 fluence of the Mussellshell and Mis­ edited printings. amended, to h ave responsibility for souri Rivers) was changed, in 1979, th e MKT rig h t-of-wa y from St. Apparently Lewis and Clark h ad to h onor the Indian woman and to Ch arles (Machens) to S edalia much difficulty with the name as conform with the name given the assigned/ transferred to the State of they attempted to spell it in several waterway by the Captains in their Missouri. The Governor, h owever , different ways. Her Hidatsa name, journals. has pledged only to develop two seg­ which Charbonneau stated meant ments - St. Charles to opposite "Bird Woman", should be spelled Washington, and Jefferson City to Tsakaka-wais according to the for­ Soon to Be Abandoned Rocheport - for recreational use. most Hidatsa language authority Or. Washington Matth ews. When this KATY Railroad Being The MKYIKATY Railroad would like riame is anglicized for easy pronun­ Considered for 200 to dispose of the right-of-way to the ciation, it becomes Sakakawea, Mile Park in Missouri state, but initiated negotiations by Sakaka meaning bird and wea asking $1.5 million for it. That price meaning woman. This is the spell­ Foundation members may not know has now been significantly reduced ing adopted by North Dakota. The about the proposal for the State of to below $1 million. spelling authorized for the use Missouri to acquire a 200 mile of Federal agencies by the Uni­ stretch of the Missouri-Kansas­ The Governor's application delays ted States Geogi·aphic Board is Texas (MKT / KATY) railroad right­ for 180 days the decision by the Inter­ Sacagawea. Although not close­ of-w ay for development into a state Commerce Commission related ly following Hidatsa spelling, the Missouri Recreational Trail Park. to allowing the railroad to abandon pronunciation is quite similar the line. If a bandoned, 80% of the and the Geographic Name Board Foundation member Tom Gilbert, (National Park Service, Omaha, right-of-way would revert to adjacent acknowledged the name to be a landowners. A decision by the ICC Hidatsa word meaning Bird Nebraska) called to the attention of the Board of Directors that the on the Governor's request will not Woman. The spelling adopted by come soon, since ICC's regulations Wyoming and several western states KATY Railroad has taken action to implement the provisions of Sec­ has been Sacajawea. This is a Sho­ to abandon their right-of-way that tion 8(d) are the subject of a court shone word meaning Boat Launcher follows the Missouri River west­ case which will not likely be resolved and while it has been widely used ward from St. Charles to New Frank­ in the near future. there is no historical justification for lin, and thence to Sedalia. The it. The use of this n ame merely per­ petuates an unexplained spelling major portion of the railroad Foundation Director Winifred George used by the editor of the Biddle text trackage follows the river and the (St. Louis) attended a state legisla­ of the Lewis and Clark Journals. It 1804 and 1806 routes of the Lewis tive hearing and presented a state­ does not occur in the Original and Clark Expedition, and of other ment on behalf of the Foundation Journals. early-day travelers. Because of this, urging the right-of-way's preserva­ the Foundation and the National tion and acquisition by the State for Park Service have gone on record use as a land trail segment of the The alteration made by the editor along with others (the U.S. Fish Lewis and Clark National Historic of the 1974 and the present 1986 and Wildlife Service, the Con serva­ Trail. Joe Tieger, U.S. Fish and Wild­ reprint editions, is the omission of life Service, (Columbia, Missouri) tion Federation of Missouri, the presented a similar statement on the word Sacagawea. In the pro­ Sierra Club, the Open Space Coun­ cess of doing this, Reid's original behalf of the National Park Service. cil, the Coalition for the Envi­ Individuals wh o attended the sever­ two sentences were changed to read ronment, the Missouri Parks As­ as a single sentence as fo llows: al meetings said that the national s o ci a ti on, the Rails-to-Trails significance of the right-of-way as a The spelling authorized for the use Conservancy, and the St. Louis potential segment of the Lewis and of Federal agencies by the United Bicycle Touring Society) as a sup­ Clark National Historic Trail carried States Geographic Board acknowl­ porter of the possible railroad significant weight in persuading edge the name to be a Hidatsa word right-of-way acquisit ion by the Governor Ashcroft to act. meaning Bird Woman. State of Missouri. Foundation Presi­ The editor wonders if historian dent John Foote and Ch arles H. Foundation 1st Vice President John Russell Reid who died in 1967, Odegaard, Regional Director, Na­ Montague has interested BIKE­ would have condoned this omission tional Park Service, Omaha, Ne­ CENTENNIAL: The Bicycle Trav­ in his text? It is evident that the braska, h ave written the Secretary el Association, Missoula, Montana, alteration was delayed until the of the Interstate Commerce Com­ in the proposed acquisition of the 1974 edition, and repeated in the mission and the State of Missouri right-of-way. The organization's current 1986 reprint edition, North strongly supporting conversion of Research Director Stuart E. Crook Dakotans continue to express their the right-of-way to a recreation has written Missouri state legisla­ option favoring the double "k" spell- trail. tors urging support for the proposal.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -33- We Proceeded On Editor and the Foundation's Membership Secretary Announce Their Forthcoming Retirement

Since 1974, the library room in the Lange residence in Portland, Oregon, has been Bob's editorial office for We Proceeded On. In 1982, when Hazel Bain, who had serued since 1976 as Membership Secretary, was elected president of the Foundation, Ruth Lange accepted that responsibility. That actiuity takes place on desk space in what was her sewing room.

Robert E. Lange, editor of th e wish to retain the task of publish­ At the recent 18th Annual Meeting Foundation's quarterly magazine ing, at convenient intervals, .the of the Foundation, President Foote WE PROCEEDED ON and WPO popular Supplementary Publica­ announced the appointment of an Supplementary Publications, and tion program and the annual up­ ad-hoc "Editor/ Executive Secre­ chairman of the Foundation's Pub­ date of The Foundation's Mem­ tary Selection Advisory Commit­ lication Committee, included an an­ ber's Handbook. Presently "WPO tee" to undertake the task of mak­ nouncement in his annual commit­ Publications" has also assumed ing a recommendation to the board tee report to the Foundation Board the task of printing a membership of directors with reference to re­ of Directors. He indicated that he prospectus and membership appli­ placing Bob as editor of WE PRO­ would like to relinquish his duty cation, a membership renewal so­ CEEDED ON and Ruth as Mem­ as editor of the quarterly magazine licitation form, and a multitude of bership Secretary. Gary E. Moul­ WE PROCEEDED ON at some other form letters and other print­ ton, presently a member of the convenient time between the pres­ ed materials essential to the ad­ Publications Committee, is chair­ ent and the Foundation's 19th ministration of the Foundation. man of this ad-hoc committee, and Annual Meeting at Billings, Mon­ serving with him are 1st Vice tana, in August 1987. During the Ruth Lange has also indicated h er President John Montague, Past twelve year period, since the fall of desire to relinquish the increasing President Strode Hinds, Treasurer 1974 and following his term as duties as the Foundation's Member­ John Walker, and Bob Lange. president of the Foundation, ship Secretary to, perhaps, a Lange has seen to the editing of Foundation "Executive Secretary". forty-six issues of WE PROCEED­ During her four year tenure she Both Bob and Ruth Lange are de­ ED ON, and eight WPO SUPPLE­ has seen the task of the adminis­ sirous that the change of duties MENTARY PUBLICATIONS. In tration of the organization's mem­ and responsibilities to succeeding discussing a forthcoming retire­ bership increase from some 500 individuals or to a single individu­ ment with the board of directors, members to well on the way to al shall be as uncomplicated and he has indicated that h e would 1100 members. as well-ordered as possible.

-34- We Proceeded On, November 1986 The Buffalo Robe at cast furth er doubt on the assump­ all of the horses but one or two are tion that th e Peale artifact be­ facing the same direction rather The Peabody Museum? longed to Jefferson, for two rea­ than opposite each other." In Foundation member Walter sons: there apparently were n o Marx's monograph about the Lew­ accessions to th e Peale museum Walter Marx has indicated to the is and Clark memorabilia and arti­ after 1809; and the Peabody robe editor that Jackson's scholarship facts in New Engla nd museums does not exactly fit the description was overlooked, and that a correc­ and institutions, published in the given by Montlezun. As described tion should appear in We Proceed­ August (Vol. 12, No. 3) issue of We by Sally Bond, the present catal­ ed On. Walter and the editor must Proceeded On, both Walter and the oger, in a letter of 3 Jan. 1977, the agree with Dr. Ronda's counsel: "I editor provided some misinforma­ Peabody robe does show four rows have always found that it pays to tion in both the text and illus­ of figures, more or less, but there read Don's [Jackson's] footnotes trations! are no green horses and, in fact, with great care."

Member Gary Moulton pointed out to the c:ditor at last August's an­ nual meeting, and at a later date a letter from member James Ronda ABOUT THE ENCLOSURE similarly observed, that a note in Enclosed with the mailing of this issue of We Proceeded On is the Donald Jackson's L etters of the recently developed National Park Service brochure describing the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail. This is the publication Related· Documents, 1 (Vol. 2, page referred to in Charles Odegaard's 18th Annual Banquet Address, 734, note 1) provides evidence that trans·cribed on pages 15-17 in this issue of We Proceeded On. A the buffalo robe at Boston's Har­ cooperative project involving the National Park Service and the vard University Peabody Museum Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, the brochure is in­ may not have originated from the tended to be a h andout at historical sites and institutions along Lewis and Clark Expedition. the Lewis and Clark Trail, and for use by state tourism depart­ ments and bureaus as enclosures in their tourism promotional Jackson's note follows the trans­ mailings. cription of an "Excerpt from Bar­ on de Montlezun's Journal". Mont­ An initial printing of 10,000 h as been made specifically for the lezun, a French aristocrat, visited purpose of providing samples of the brochure for interested users Jefferson at Monticello in 1816, and for making application for private funding for the printing of and his journal described several an addition al one-half million copies. The entire cost of the art of the artifacts in Jefferson's mu­ work, illustrations, and text development has been borne by the seum. Included was a detailed de­ Nation al Park Service. Because of limited Federal funds the scription of "an India n picture Foundation must cooperate with the seeking of private funds and representing a battle; it is on buf­ grants to complete the multi-copy printing and distribution of the falo hide, about five feet square. publication. There are four lines of warriors. The Foundation has had a strong influence in the development of On each line th ere are horses the brochure. Many Foundation members throughout the entire painted red and green opposite length of the Trail contributed photographs, together with vital each other . .." information concerning noteworthy Expedition sites, geographical features, or significant events that occurrred in their locales. In his note, Jackson indicates: These assisted immeasurably in determining priorities for selec­ "The robe now at the Peabody tion of final illustrations and interpretive texts. Consolidating the Museum of Archaeology and Eth­ whole effort was the work of two persons who occupy dual roles, nology, Harvard University, is both as Foundation members, and as National Park Service rep­ commonly thought to h ave come resentatives. Foundation Past President Irving W. Anderson, from Jefferson by way of Peale's who serves as a volunteer with the National Park Service, pre­ museum. But Ellie Reichlin, while pared the historical a nd biographical texts for the brochure; a cataloger at the Peabody, began Foundation member Thomas L. Gilbert, National Park Service, to doubt the· proven ance of the Lewis and Clark National Historical Trail Coordinator, created robe. In a letter to me of 19 July its design and layout. The two worked closely in the final editing 1974, she pointed out that in anno­ and completion process. tating Lewis's list of items in the shipment, Jefferson marked the Mention is made in the brochure's text about the Foundation and robe with the word "came," while the Foundation's quarterly magazine We Proceeded On. It is ex­ presumably those marked "came pected that this should develop interest and memberships in the P," were sent to Peale. Reichlin Foundation. suggested that the robe may have The task now before the Foundation is to raise the funding to been collected by an army lieuten­ accomplish the cost of the printing and distribution of one-half a ant named Hutter and donated by million copies of the brochure. Rutter's father to the Peale Muse­ um. Montlezun's description of the robe seen at Monticello in 1816

1. Donald Jackson (Editor), Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783-1854 - Second Edition with Additional Documents and Notes, Uni· versity of lllinois Press, Urbana, 1978.

We Proceeded On, November 1986 -35- News Notes: North Dakota Drama/Re-enactment The One of the events during North Confluence Dakota's "Stanton Knife River of the Days" (August 14-17, 1986) were Knife & Missouri Rivers the performances, August 16 and 1986 17, of the living history/ drama titled "The Corps of Discovery - Lewis and Clark Among the Earth­ lodge Villages". The drama is a historical re-enactment of the Lew­ is and Clark Expedition's return to the villages of the Hidatsa Indians at the conference of the Knife and Missouri Rivers in August 1806. The Knife River flowing eastward joins the Missouri River at Stan­ 31 ton, North Dakota (see map). The performances were held at the Knife River Villages Historic Site, and the drama was written and di­ rected by Phillip Zenke, Bozeman, Montana, a writer and preschool teacher who maintains a residence Map shows the locations of the Knife River Indian villages. Also indicated are the changes over the past century of the Missouri River's course. The map, drawn by in North Dakota during the sum­ Brian Austin, is reproduced f rom the State Historical Society of North Dakota's mer months. The North Dakota publication Sakakawea: The Bird Woman, Fourth Printing, 1986. Legends are as Humanities Council provided part follows: 1. Site of Lewis and Clark's Fort Mandan (now inundated by the river); 2. of the funding for the dramatic Big White Mandan Village; 3. Site of second Mandan village abandoned before project. Other contributors were 1804; 4. General location of Black Cat's Village; 5. Amahami Village site; 6. Lower the Stanton Community Action Hidatsa Village site; 7. Big Hidatsa Village site. Group, local business, service clubs and newspaper. Participants, ac­ tors and behind the scene individu­ (D) North Dakota, made the an­ vice. The site is adjacent to the als were Dakotans from Stanton, nouncement on August 9, 1986. community of Stanton at the con­ New Town, Minot, Riverdale and Burdick said that he was pleased fluence of the Knife and Missouri other local communities. Perform­ that his colleagues on the sub­ Rivers. Five archaeological sites ances were free and open to the committee had supported his re­ have been identified which contain public and seating was provided quest for the money which will be remnants of earth lodge dwellings, with willow covering to give pro­ used to plan and design an inter­ cache pits, burials, fortifications tection from the August sun. At­ pretive center at the facility. and travois trails. There is evi­ tendance was good and spectators dence that the area may contain were enthusiastic. "Th ese earthlodge villages may be more than fifty sites dating back the oldest continually occupied site for about 8000 years. Knife River Site Funding Ap­ in the United States," the Senator proved said. "This Center is needed to ed­ Burdick indicated that the funding ucate visitors about the archaeo­ for the $435,000 was included in Funding of $435,000 for a visitor's logical and historical importance the 1987 Interior Department bud­ facility at the Knife River Indian of this area.. " get (approved by the sub commit­ Villages Historic Site, North Dako­ tee), and that he anticipated ap­ ta, was approved by the Senate Ap­ Congress set aside 1,292 acres at proval when the measure went to propriations Interior Sub-Commit­ Knife River in 1974 to be adminis­ the full Appropriations Committee, tee. Senator Quentin N. Burdick, tered by the National Park Ser- and then to the Senate floor.

THE FOUNDATION NEEDS THE CONTINUED INTEREST AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEWIS AND CLARK ENTHUSIASTS ON A NATION-WIDE BASIS. WE HOPE, IF YOU ARE NOT ALREADY A MEMBER, THAT YOU WILL CONSIDER LENDING YOUR SUPPORT TO THE FOUNDATION. IF YOU REQUIRE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, A PROSPECTUS DESCRIBING THE FOUNDATION, TOGETHER WITH A MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION, WILL BE FORWARDED PROMPTLY. ADDRESS YOUR REQUEST TO THE SECRETARY.

WE PROCEEDED ON derives from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals ,of the Expedition: - "this 17Wm.ing we set out early and proceeded on . . . " Capt. Meriwether Lewis, July 19, 1805. "... wind from the S. W. we proceeded on ... until 6 oC/,ock ... " Capt. William Clark, May l4, 1805. ". . . the fog rose thick from the hollars we proceeded on . .. " Sgt. John Ordway, June 29, 1806. "We proceeded on with four men in front to cut some bushes . . . " Sgt. Patrick Gass, June 18, 1806. "We set out early proceeded on past a Island on the S. Side.. ." Sgt. Charles Floyd, J une 26, l~. ·~ .. clouded up ... We proceeded on under a fine breeze .. . " Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, October 10, 1805.

-36- We Proceeded On, November 1986