Biology Keystone Study Guide

Resources used:

For use by CCTI Biology Students 2013 – 2013

1 The Characteristics of Life

Using your Green text, pgs 3-6 describe and/or explain the characteristics common to all organisms. A more in-depth explanation can be found in the Blue book, pgs 6-10.

Sample Exam Questions: Which statement best describes a difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? A. The presence of both DNA and ribosomes in prokaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than eukaryotic cells. B. The larger size of prokaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than eukaryotic cells. C. The presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than prokaryotic cells. D. The larger size of eukaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. ability to store hereditary information B. use of organelles to control cell processes C. use of cellular respiration for energy release In Depth: D. ability to move in response to environmental stimuli If given a sample of material, explain what observations and or tests you would perform to confirm or deny the hypothesis that the sample is a newly-discovered form of microscopic life.

2 Structure and Function Using your Green text, pgs 8 and 9, describe relationships between structure and function first at the molecular level (for example protein channels), then at the cellular level (for example, brain cell structure vs. red blood cell structure), finally, at an organism level (for example the alveoli sacs in your lungs).

Sample Exam Questions: Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. (You can see a picture of them on s 911 and 912 of the Green book.) Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly? A. They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood. B. They increase the ﬂexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation. C. They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled. D. They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange.

Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and In Depth: eukaryotic cells? Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and A. cell wall and nucleus eukaryotic cells. Use your Green textbook, pg 72, as a reference. B. cell wall and chloroplast C. plasma membrane and nucleus D. plasma membrane and cytoplasm

3 Open Ended Sample Question Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Part A: Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size. Visual Concept Copy the Blue book’s illustration of a prokaryotic cell compared to a eukaryotic animal cell on pg 180. Label them with their parts.

Part B: Based on the structural difference, explain why prokaryotic cells can be much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Draw a plant cell and label it with it’s parts. A good illustration is on pg 192 of the Blue book or on pg 74 of the Green book.

Part C: Describe one similarity between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is independent of size.

4 Water Supports Life Describe the importance of water’s polarity for the dissolving of Using your Green text pgs 40-42, or the Blue text, pgs 156-158, substances like ions or other polar molecules. describe how the unique properties of water support life on earth.

Sample Question Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake? A. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake. B. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms. Describe the importance of water’s hydrogen bonding for freezing C. When water in a lake freezes, it ﬂ oats, providing point, high specific heat, cohesion and adhesion. insulation for organisms below. D. Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze.

Visual Concept Using the Green textbook, pg 40 and 41, draw several water molecules, show where the + and – areas are located and the hydrogen bonds that make them stick to each other and other things.

5 Carbon-based Molecules Sample Exam Questions Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s ability to form Using your Green text, pg 44-45 or your Blue text, pg 161-162, four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules? explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological A. It forms short, simple carbon chains. macromolecules. B. It forms large, complex, diverse molecules. C. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. D. It forms covalent bonds that can exist in a single plane.

The diagram (on top - pg 163) shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called? A. glycolysis B. hydrolysis C. photosynthesis D. dehydration synthesis

Visual Concept Biological molecules are very diverse, although they all have a carbon backbone. Copy a general structure of the three shapes of carbon molecules. Label them.

Using your Blue textbook, pgs 162-163, describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers. (hint: start with the upper diagram on pg 163)

6 Structure of Organic Molecules As you know, structure and function are the main theme of this biology course, draw the structure of the four types of molecules and describe how the structure relates to the function of each one.

Carbohydrate Lipid How the structure is important to its function: How the structure is important to its function:

Protein Nucleic acid How the structure is important to its function: How the structure is important to its function:

7 Sample Exam Questions Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Part B: Describe how the structures of proteins differ from the Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from structures of carbohydrates. carbohydrates? A. large amount of stored information B. ability to catalyze biochemical reactions C. efficient storage of usable chemical energy D. tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic

Sample Open Exam Question Proteins are a major part of every living cell and have many different functions within each cell. Carbohydrates also perform numerous roles in living things.

Part A: Describe the general composition of a protein molecule.

Part C: Describe how the functions of proteins differ from the functions of carbohydrates.

8 Specialized Proteins – Enzymes Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration Using your Green textbook, pgs 55-56 and the Blue text, bottom of levels can affect enzyme function. pg 165-166, explain how enzymes regulate biochemical reactions within a cell.

Sample Exam Questions Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction? Read Green text pgs 54, then pgs 50-53. Using what you read, A. It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium. explain how an enzyme is a catalyst in specific biochemical B. It provides energy to carry out the reaction. reactions. C. It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium. D. It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.

A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme? A. A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape. B. A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme. C. A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme. D. A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate. 9 Energy for Life Part I

Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes. Use your Green text pgs 104 and 114 to see photosynthesis and cell respiration. Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing Sample Question energy. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two major processes of carbon cycling in living organisms. Which statement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? A. Both occur in animal and plant cells. B. Both include reactions that transform energy. C. Both convert light energy into chemical energy. D. Both synthesize organic molecules as end products Draw structures above and label them. Use Green text pgs 77 and 79 and pg 104 and 114. Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation most likely occurs ﬁrst within the observed organelle? A. ATP to light B. light to chemical Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and C. heat to electrical mitochondria in energy transformations in a living cell. D. chemical to chemical

10 The Energy for Cells – Bioenergetics Part II Sample Open Exam Question Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. The Blue text, pg 230, has an excellent, short review and illustrations. Energy in  Photosynthesis  Energy out

Energy in  Cell Respiration  Energy out

Part A Complete the chart below by describing energy transformations in each process.

Process Energy Transformations

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration Sample Exam Questions A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. Which molecule was most likely used by the protein as an energy source? A. ATP B. ADP Part B: Describe how energy transformations involved in C. catalase photosynthesis are related to energy transformations involved in D. amylase cellular respiration.

11 Homeostasis and Transport Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated into, out of, and throughout a cell. Skim and scan the Green text, pgs 81- diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis). 91 to get a good idea, and then write a general answer. A shorter version of the same information can be found in the Blue text, pgs 181-184.

Sample Question Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell. See your and oxygen molecules move? Green text pg 83, or the Blue text 181-182. A. orientation of cholesterol in the plasma membrane B. concentration gradient across the plasma membrane C. configuration of phospholipids in the plasma membrane D. location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane

A sodium-potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of a cell does not require energy. Which statement best describes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane? A. Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by osmosis. B. Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion. C. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis. 12 D. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport. Part B: Explain the process that occurs as the cell produces the ion Sample Open Exam Question concentration gradient. Some animals can produce a potassium ion concentration inside their cells that is twenty times greater than that of their environment. This ion concentration gradient is maintained by the plasma membrane.

Part C: Compare the process of potassium ion transport to another mechanism that moves material across the plasma membrane.

Part A: Identify the process in the cell membrane that produces this difference in concentration.

13 Organelles and Processes involved in Homeostasis and Transport Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation). Use the Green book pgs 858-859, Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic limited information is in the Blue book, pg 181. reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell. See the Green text, pg 76, and the Blue text, pg 188-189.

Sample question The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological eukaryotic cells. What is one way that the rough endoplasmic reticulum balance between their internal and external environments. Use the assists the Golgi apparatus? Green book pgs 858-859, limited information is in the Blue book, pg 181. A. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers. B. It breaks down old, damaged macromolecules. C. It packages new protein molecules into vesicles. D. It determines which protein molecules to synthesize.

Which example is an activity that a fish most likely uses to maintain homeostasis within its body? A. using camouflage to avoid predators B. feeding at night to regulate body temperature C. moving to deeper water to regulate metabolic wastes D. exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels

14 Cell Growth and Reproduction Visual Concept

Describe the three stages of the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, Label the diagram of Mitosis below with chromatin, chromosome, cytokinesis. See the Green book pg 140 or 141 (illustration). Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis.

Label the diagram of Meiosis below with homologous chromosomes, Prophase I, Metaphase I, crossing over, Prophase II, haploid cells. Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions. See page 171 in your Green text.

15 Sample Question

Part B: Describe how chromosome separation in meiosis is different from chromosome separation in mitosis.

Which statement best describes the phase of the cell cycle shown? A. The cell is in prophase of mitosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled. B. The cell is in prophase I of meiosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled. C. The cell is in telophase of mitosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome. D. The cell is in telophase of meiosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.

Sample Open Exam Question Patau syndrome can be a lethal genetic disorder in mammals, resulting from chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis.

Part A: Identify the step during the process of meiosis when chromosomes would most likely fail to separate.

16 Genetics Visual Concept Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission Make a simplified copy of the diagram on page 292 and 293 of the Blue and/or conservation of genetic information. See the Green book, pg 235 textbook showing how DNA is replicated. and the Blue book pg 290.

Sample Exam Questions Which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication? A. the replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and B. enzymes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds chromosomes and their roles in inheritance. C. the synthesis of unique sugar and phosphate molecules for each nucleotide D. nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules

In a flowering plant species, red flower color is dominant over white flower color. What is the genotype of any red-flowering plant resulting from this species? A. red and white alleles present on one chromosome B. red and white alleles present on two chromosomes C. a red allele present on both homologous chromosomes D. a red allele present on at least one of two homologous chromosomes

17 Genetics

Compare Mendelian and non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance.

Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (i.e., dominant, recessive, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles).

18 Sample Exam Question Part B: Explain how a roan calf results from one white- and one red- coated parent. In your explanation, use letters to represent genes. Be Use the table below to answer the question. sure to indicate what colors the letters represent. Blood Types Genotype(s) Phenotype ii O IAIA, IAi A IBIB, IBi B IAIB AB

Blood type is inherited through multiple alleles, including IA, IB, and i. A child has type A blood. If the father has type AB blood, what are all the possible phenotypes of the mother? A. phenotypes O or A B. phenotypes A or AB C. phenotypes A, B, AB D. phenotypes O, A, B, AB

Sample Open Exam Question A cattle farmer genetically crosses a cow (female) with a white coat with Part C: Predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring a bull (male) with a red coat. The resulting calf (offspring) is roan, which produced from two roan cattle. means there are red and white hairs intermixed in the coat of the calf. The genes for coat color in cattle are co-dominant.

Part A: Although a farm has cattle in all three colors, the farmer prefers roan cattle over white or red cattle. Use the Punnett square to show a cross that would produce only roan offspring.

19 Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes (i.e., crossing-over, nondisjunction, duplication, translocation, deletion, insertion, and inversion).

Sample Exam Question Use the diagram below to answer the question Describe how the processes of transcription and translation are similar in all organisms. See Green textbook pg 245 and Blue textbook pg 290.

Which type of change in chromosome composition is illustrated in the diagram? Describe the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi A. deletion apparatus, and the nucleus in the production of speciﬁc types of B. insertion proteins. See Blue textbook pgs 186-188, Green textbook pgs 75- C. inversion 76. D. translocation

From DNA to Protein Explain the process of protein synthesis (i.e., transcription, translation). See Blue text pgs 294-301 and Green text pgs 239- 247.

20 Sample Exam Questions Which statement describes a cell process that is common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A. Both cell types carry out transcription in the nucleus. B. Both cell types use ribosomes to carry out translation. C. Both cell types assemble amino acids to carry out Sample Exam Question transcription. A genetic mutation resulted in a change in the sequence of amino D. Both cell types carry out translation in the endoplasmic acids of a protein, but the function of the protein was not changed. reticulum. Which statement best describes the genetic mutation? A. It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the DNA The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the of the organism. cell, and it is often classified as rough or smooth, depending on B. It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the whether there are ribosomes on its surface. Which statement best phenotype of the organism. describes the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell? C. It was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the A. It stores all proteins for later use. DNA of the organism. B. It provides an attachment site for larger organelles. D. It was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the C. It aids in the production of membrane and secretory phenotype of the organism. proteins. D. It stores amino acids required for the production of all proteins. Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene How genetic information is expressed. splicing, cloning, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy). See Green textbook pgs 275-279 Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype (e.g., silent, nonsense, frameshift). Copy the definition for point mutation in your Keystone Exam Glossary, then see Green textbook pgs 302-307 or Blue textbook pgs 252-255.

21 Sample Exam Question Genetic engineering has led to genetically modified plants that resist insect pests and bacterial and fungal infections. Which outcome would most likely be a reason why some scientists recommend caution in planting genetically modified plants? Explain how genetic mutations may result in genotypic and A. unplanned ecosystem interactions phenotypic variations within a population. B. reduced pesticide and herbicide use C. improved agricultural yield and profit D. increased genetic variation and diversity

Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population.

Sample Exam Questions Use the circle graphs below to answer the question.

The graphs illustrate change in a lizard population over time. Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of new Which process most likely led to species (e.g., isolating mechanisms, genetic drift, founder effect, the change in the lizard migration). population?

A. natural selection acting on a harmful trait B. natural selection acting on a beneﬁcial trait C. natural selection acting on a dominant trait D. natural selection acting on a recessive trait

22 In North America, the eastern spotted skunk mates A. changes in muscle structure in late winter, and the western spotted skunk mates in late B. changes in the genetic codes summer. Even though their geographic ranges overlap, the C. trait formation due to behaviors species do not mate with each other. What most likely prevents D. development of vestigial structures these two species from interbreeding? A. habitat isolation Sample Exam Question B. gametic isolation Use the table below to answer the question. C. geographic isolation D. reproductive isolation Sequence Differences between COII Genes in Some Animals A mutation occurs in the genes that code for coat color in deer. Which change will most likely result from this mutation? Animal Number of Base A. a change in the selection pressures acting on coat color Differences from a Rat B. a change in the coat-color genes of deer predator mouse 101 species cow 136 C. an increase in coat-color diversity in the population D. an increase in the number of genes for coat color in the The gene COII is in the genome of many organisms. A comparison population of the number of base differences between the COII gene in a rat and that of two other animals is shown.

Part A: Based on the data, describe a possible evolutionary relationship between rats, mice, and cows.

The skeletons of mammalian forelimbs represent variations of a Part B: Describe how different organisms having a common gene such structure that was present in their common ancestor. What has as COII supports the theory of evolution. most likely caused the variation in forelimbs? 23 Sample Exam Question Student's Observations of a Pond Ecosystem Quantitative Qualitative 37 fish and 3 frogs Leaves lie on the bottom of the pond. Part C: The COII gene of a monkey has 203 base differences from the 2 types of aquatic grass Water insects move along the same gene in a rat and 210 base differences from the same gene in a water's surface mouse. Compare the evolutionary relationships between the monkey, the 12 small rocks and 1 medium All 3 frogs are sitting on a pond rat, and the mouse. rock bank Sand

A group of students measured a ten-square-meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations. Which statement is a testable hypothesis? A. The frogs living in the pond represent a population. B. Water is an abiotic component in the pond ecosystem. C. If the fish are given more food, then they will be happier. D. If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into the water.

Ecology

Describe ecological levels of organization in the biosphere (i.e., organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere).

Distinguish between the scientific terms: hypothesis, inference, law, theory, principle, fact, and observation.

24 A researcher observing an ecosystem describes the amount of sunlight, precipitation, and type of soil present. Which factors is the researcher most likely describing? A. biotic factors in a forest B. biotic factors in a tundra C. abiotic factors in a prairie Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of aquatic and D. abiotic factors in an ocean terrestrial ecosystems. Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem (e.g., food chains, food webs, energy pyramids).

Sample Exam Questions Use the list below to answer the question. Observations Describe biotic interactions in an ecosystem (e.g., competition, • two grey wolves predation, symbiosis).. • five moose • several species of conifer trees • large granite rock • shallow pond

A student wrote several observations in a field notebook. Which term best classifies all of the student’s observations? A. population B. food chain C. ecosystem D. community

25 Sample Exam Questions A species of snapping turtles has a tongue that resembles a worm. The tongue is used to attract small fish. Which best describes the interaction between the fish and the snapping turtle? A. predation B. symbiosis C. parasitism D. competition Sample Exam Question Use the diagram below to answer the question. Which statement correctly describes how nitrogen in the soil returns to the atmosphere? A. Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas. B. Decomposers directly convert ammonium into nitrogen gas. C. Plants assimilate nitrites and convert them into nitrogen gas. D. Nitrogen-fi xing bacteria in plant roots convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.

Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances (e.g., climate changes, introduction of nonnative species, pollution, fires).

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of energy between organisms in the marine food web? A. from seals to penguins to krill B. from whales to krill to small fi sh C. from sea birds to seals to penguins D. from small fi sh to penguins to seals

Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle).

Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction.

26 Sample Exam Question Agricultural runoff can carry fertilizers into lakes and streams. This runoff can cause algae populations to greatly increase. Which effect does this change in the algae population sizes most likely have on affected lakes and streams? A. an increase in water level B. an increase in water clarity C. a reduction in dissolved oxygen needed by fish and shellfish Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior. Isle Royale is home to D. a reduction in temperature variations near the water’s surface populations of wolves and moose. The interactions between the wolves and moose, as well as the individual population sizes, have been studied A farmer observed that an increase in a fi eld’s soil nitrogen content was since 1958. The graph shows the population sizes over time for both followed by an increase in producer productivity. What does this wolves and moose. observation most likely indicate about the relationship between nitrogen and the producers in the field? Part A: Describe one limiting factor for the moose population. A. Nitrogen was a biotic factor. B. Nitrogen was a limiting factor. C. Nitrogen became a surplus resource. D. Nitrogen became a selection pressure.

27 Part B: Explain one likely reason why the wolf population rapidly increased between 1975 and 1980.

Part C: Predict what will happen to the moose population’s size after 1994 by describing the shape of the curve. In your answer, be sure to explain the reasoning behind your prediction.