Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

312/2 GEOGRAPHY Paper 2 June 2013

MARKING SCHEME

KASSU JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/2 Paper 2 GEOGRAPHY

1 SECTION A. Answer all the questions in the section.

1. (a) Name one area where each of the following minerals are mined in Tanzania: (i) Gold - Geita/Mpanda (1 mark) (ii) Diamonds - Mwadui (1 mark)

(b) Give three processes which influence the occurrence of minerals. - Vulcanicity - Metamorphism - Weathering - Erosion - Evaporation (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

2. Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a).

(a) Name: (i) the national park marked P. (1 mark) - Amboseli National Park (ii) the game sanctuary marked Q. (1 mark) - Lake Nakuru (iii) the marine park marked R. (1 mark) - Kisite / mpunguti

(b) Give three reasons why the government of Kenya encourages conservation of wild life. - To protect endangered animal/plant species/ regeneration - To promote tourism - To generate foreign exchange/revenue - To keep them for posterity/future generation - To sustain raw materials for supply of drugs. - For education/ research purposes. - For aesthetic value/ beauty/ recreation (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

2 3. (a) List two social factors that influence agriculture in Kenya. - Tradition/diet/ culture - Land ownership and inheritance - Religion - Gender roles - Technology - Foreign influence (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(b) State three physical factors which favour beef farming in Argentina. - Moderate rainfall/ 1000m ensure there is enough pasture - Moderate temperature/100C (winter)240C (summer) ensure continuous growth of grass throughout the year. - Availability of water supplied using wind pumps for cattle. - Availability of extensive rolling / vast lands for grazing. (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

4. (a) Apart from water, give two other renewable sources of energy which are utilised in Kenya. - Geothermal steam - Wind - Solar/sun - Biomass - Wood (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) State three advantages of using hydro-electric power over other forms of energy. - It is non-exhaustible/renewable. - It is clean to use/non-pollutant - It is relatively cheap - It is easy to transport using wires - It is easy to use (switch on and off) - It can be adjusted to any fraction of energy using transformers. - It is convinient to use in a variety of ways. (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

5. Give four objectives for the formation of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). - To encourage member states to reduce duties charged on goods entering their countries from COMESA member states. - To promote trade among member states. - To acquire greater economic strength/higher bargaining power with other trading blocks of the world. - To create political cooperation among member states. - To establish a larger market for the goods produced in the region. - To remove trade barriers among member states/create similar trade laws. - To create specialization in order to improve the quality of goods. - To create monetary/financial co-operation among member states. (4 x 1 = 4 marks)

3 SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

6. (a) State the characteristics of simple subsistence farming. - The land to be cultivated is earmarked in a virgin forest on hill tops. - Clearing of vegetation is done by setting on fire - Trees which are unburnt are cut down or left to rot - Use of simple tools (axes, hoes, digging sticks) - Cultivating plots are small - Utilises manual labour - Food crops are mainly grown - Planting is staggered throughout the year - Little attention is given to the crops. - Crop yields are low - Once the crop yields decline, the plots are abondned and new ones identified. - Old plots are left fallow for a long period of time. (5 x 1 = 5 marks)

(b) Study the photograph below and answer the following questions.

(i) Identify the type of photograph shown above. (1 mark) - Ground close up/ ground particular view photograph.

(ii) Give one reason to support your answer in (i) above. (1 mark) - The camera is focused on one specific object - The object focused is larger and clearer than other features in the photograph - The object focused blocks out other features on the photograph

4 (iii) Draw a rectangle 15cm by 10cm to represent the area covered by the photograph. (1 mark)

5 - Oil palm leaves - Man - Shadow - Oil palm fruit - Knife / chisel

(iv) On the rectangle, sketch and label three main features. (3 marks)

(c) Describe the stages involved in Palm oil production from harvesting to marketing. - The ripe fruit is cut using curved knives/ pangas/ chisel/ hooks - Fruits are carried in baskets or on poles to lorries for transportation to the factory. - Fruits are transported quickly to the processing factory. - At the factory the fruits are weighed - They are off-loaded into tube-like cages or trucks - Fruits are passed through hot steam to arrest acid development/ they are sterilised. - The fruits are stripped off the stalks and other unwanted materials. - The fruits are put in digesters for further cooking to soften them into pulp. - The pulp is separated from the kernel - The pulp is passed through oil-extracting machines - The kernels are crushed to remove shells and extract oil (sequence must be followed.) (8 x 1 = 8 marks)

(d) Explain three problems facing oil palm farming in Nigeria.

- Attack by pests e.g. beetles, redpalm weevils, spindle bug, destroy the oil palms leading to low yields. - Attack by diseases e.g. Anthrac nose/ freckle/ Blast destroy the plants leading to low yields. - Competition for the use of land by food crops has led to shortage of land for oil palm leading to decline in production (3 x 2 = 6 marks)

7. Study the map of Ruhr region below and use it to answer questions.

6 (a) (i) Name the following: River X – River Rhine (1 mark) Canal Y Rhine Herne canal (1 mark)

(ii) Name the town marked: (2 marks) R – Duisberg S - Exposed coalfield

(b) (i) Apart from iron and steel identify 3 other heavy industries found in the Ruhr region. (3 marks)  Oil refining  Chemical industries / fertilizer / petrol chemicals  Engineering

(ii) State three factors that favoured the location of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region. (3 marks)  Availability of coal , iron, ore, limestone , provided raw materials for the industry.  Cheap water transport from navigable rivers like Rhine to transport bulky raw materials and finished products.  Presence of other industries in the region such as food & textile industries provided industrial inertia.  Rich merchants & companies provided the capital for the establishment of industry e.g. Krupp family  Coal / imported petroleum provided power required for the industry  Availability of skilled labour from the local population who had acquired the skills on iron working  Availability of ready market from Western Europe. Local and other parts of the world  Availability of water from Rhine R/lipper provided water for cooling in the industry.  Its central location in Europe gives an easy access by water road, railway and air. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

7 (c) (i) Describe three characteristics of cottage industries in India. (3 marks)  Cottage industries are owned by individuals  Cottage industries are rural based  Cottage industries depend on family depend on family labour.  Cottage industries operates in small workshops / homes  They use local available raw material  They sell their products mainly to the local market though some is exported  Middle men market their products.  Middlemen provide / supply the industries with raw materials  They require relatively small capital to start / small scale  They are labour intensive / work is done manually  They rely on simple tools or equipment.  They are found almost throughout the country. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(ii) Explain three measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve the Jua Kali sector. (6 marks)  Govt has provided loans & technical assistance to the artisans through KIE to buy raw materials  Sheds have also been built for the artisans for them to work comfortably  Govt is also promoting it by marketing their products in other countries through their trade emissaries & trade fairs.  The govt also runs the Kenya industrial research & devt institute (KIRDI) to improve the of quality items.  A department has been set up in the ministry of trade & industry to promote this sector.  Local authorities have set aside land for use by the Jua Kali artisans.  Jua kali artisans have been encouraged to form co-operatives to assist in marketing of their products. (Any 3 x2 = 6 marks)

(d) Explain three problems that result from industrialization. (6 marks)  Production of industrial waste has led to air, land or water pollution – acid rain destroys vegetation, kills aquatic etc.  Erosion of traditional values due to mixing up of people of different cultures hence loss of cultural values.  Industries have taken over land leading to displacement.  Had led to rural-urban migration depriving the rural areas of the able bodied persons hence low agricultural production.  Increased application of new technology leads to unemployment e.g. use of robot  There is a tendency to neglect agriculture leading to low food production hence food imports  Concentration of infrastructure and services in the industrial centres has caused an imbalance in economic development  Shortage of housing due to increased population has led to emergence of slums.  Industrialization will lead to depletion of natural resources to satisfy demand.  Some companies (multinationals companies) repatriate most of their profits leaving little money for investment in the country.

8 (Any 3 explained pts x 2 = 6 mks)

8. (a) (i) Identify two types of migration apart from urban-rural migration.(2 marks)  Rural urban  Rural rural  Urban – urban  Intra-urban migration (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(ii) State three cases of urban-rural migration. (3 marks)  High cost of living in urban centres causes people to move back to rural areas.  Movement of retired people from urban areas to settle in rural areas  Decentralization of industries from urban centres to rural areas makes people jobless hence move to rural areas in search of jobs  Insecurity in the towns may make people move back to rural areas.  Others move from town to escape the noisy busy lives overcrowding. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)

(iii) Explain three effects of population migration on the place of origin. (6 marks)  Migration from rural areas causes shortage of labour on the farms resulting reduced food production hence food shortage.  The place of origin may experience imbalance in female-male ratio since mostly men, young adults move to urban areas. This may lead to break-up of families and lowering social morals.  Where a large number of aged people are left in the village, it may result in under- development of the rural areas. (3 x 2= 6 marks)

(b) (i) Define the term over population. (2 marks) This is a situation whereby a region or country has such a high population that it cannot be supported fully by the available resources. A situation whereby the number of people in a country / region exceed available resources.

(ii) Explain how the following factors influence population growth. - Level of education (2 marks) - An increasing number of women and men are opting to remain single resulting in slow populating growth. - Many women have also focused on pursuing careers hence marrying late. This results in low fertility rate thus slows down population growth. - Young girls who drop out of school and opt to be married lengthen their fertility period which leads to high population growth. - Ignorance on importance of small families and birth control methods leads to high population.

- Improved health care and nutrition (2 marks) - this makes fertility period start earlier than normal and also prolonged than the expected period causing high population growth. - Improved health care has lead to high population growth, since most diseases have been controlled lowering mortality rate and increase in life expectancy.

9 (d) (i) Describe the characteristics of the structure shown by the pyramid.(4 marks)  The population may comprise of older generation  There is a low birth rate  There is high life expectancy  There is moderate dependency ratio mainly of the older people  The mortality rate is low. (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)

(ii) Compare the population of Kenya and Sweden under the following headings:  Distribution (2 marks)  In both countries the population distribution is uneven.  In both countries there is low population settlement in forested areas.  In both countries there over dense population in mining countries e.g. Magadi in Kenya and Dennemora in Sweden.  In both countries there in high population in Urban centres.

 Differences (2 marks)

10  In Kenya, there is high population in the highlands due to cool and wet condition while in Sweden, the mountainous areas have very; little / no settlements.  In Kenya the northern parts have sparse population due to dry conditions / unfavourable climate while in Sweden, there is very little / no population in the northern parts due to cold conditions.  The average population densities in Kenya in 40 p/um2 while in Sweden the population density is about17 p/km2. (Any 2 complete difference x 1 = 2 mks)

 Growth  Kenya experience high population growth rate of approximately 2.3 – 2.9% whole in Sweden the population growth rate in very low, almost zero. (1 x 2 = 2 mks)

9. Use the data below to answer the questions that follow:

Lake Year 2000 2001 Lake Baringo 4600 200 Lake Turkana 2000 3700 Fish farming 980 1000

Quantity of fresh water fish landed in the year 200 to 2001 in tones in Kenya.

(a) (i) Radius of each circles Year 2000

Total 7,580 = 87.063

Lake Baringo 4600 x 360 = 218.460 7580

Lake Turkana 2000 x 360 = 94.980 7530

Fish farming 980 x 360 = 46.540 7580

Year 2001

Total 4,900 = 70

Lake Baringo 200 x 360 = 14.490 4900

11 Lake Turkana 3700 x 360 = 271.80 4900

Fish farming 1000 x 360 = 73.460 4900

(a) (i) Draw proportional divided circles to represent the statistical data on the two fresh water fish landed between the years 2000 to 2001. (8 marks)

12 (ii) State two advantages of using method is suitable for presenting this type of statistical data. (2 marks)  They create a good visual impression.

13  They are easy to construct.  Easy to interpret  Suitable easy for data comparison  Many commodities can be shown. Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

(iii) State one possible reason as to why there has been a decline in fish catch in Lake Baringo. (2 marks)

 Over fishing  Low demand

(b) (i) What is fish farming? (1 mark) Fish farming is the rearing of fish in artificial water bodies or ponds.

(ii) Explain two significance of fish farming in Kenya. (4 marks)  Fish farming crease employment opportunities like in the construction of ponds thereby raising living standards.  Fish farming leads to development of related industries as some are used as raw materials in making fertilizers and shoes, boat and ne making.  Fish farming provided protein and vitamins thus crating a healthy population.  Some fish species like tout are exported hence bring in Kenya foreign exchange that is invested in development of infrastructures.  Fish farming is free from inter territorial conflicts and disputes as its within the state.  Fish farming leads to utilization of wastes because fish feed on food remains.  Fish farming occupies little space as compared to livestock husbandry. (Any 2 x 2 = 4 marks)

(c) Describe Haul seining as a fishing method. (4 marks)

 Haul seine nets have weights at the bottom to keep them stretched.  It also has corks to keep them floating stretched.  The nets are stretched by two boats to surround the shoal of fish  The net is pulled from both ends by the two ends by two boats towards the shore.  At the shore the fish are removed from the nets to the container.  In shallow waters at the coast one end is pulled by fishermen and the other by small boats.

(d) Explain two reasons why fishing is more developed in Japan than in Kenya. (4 marks)  Japan is made up of islands hence they have a long fishing tradition which has made them develop efficient fishing technology whole Kenya is the mainland with little sea tradition.  Japan is mountainous with thin permafrost soil which inhibit agriculture so the Japanese have turned to fishing as the main occupation while Kenya is an agriculturally oriented population hence little attention to fishing.

14  Japanese have done extensive research on fishing while Kenya has little research on fishing.  Japan’s large population provides ready market for fish while Kenya has relatively few people who eat fish.  Japan use well developed and advanced fishing methods, vessels and fleets while Kenya use traditional fishing methods and vessels e.g. canoes.  Japan has indented coastline with many natural harbours while Kenya has a regular coastline hence has poor fishing ports and villages.  Japan has extensive continental shelf which is shallow coupled with cold and warm ocean current hence rich in plankton which attract abundant fish while Kenya has narrow continental shelf resulting in few plankton to attract abundant fish.  Japanese with strong fishing vessels can verger into deep off Shore Sea fishing while Kenya can only operate a few kilometers off the shore. (any 2 x 2 = 4 mks)

10. (a) (i) Distinguish the difference between Environmental Management and Environmental Conservation. (2 marks)

Environmental management is the measures and controls that are directed at the exploitation and the improvement of resources within a given environment while Environmental conservation is the preservation from destruction waster or loss of natural resources by careful use.

(ii) Apart from air pollution name two other types of pollution that is common in Kenya. (2 marks)  Land pollution  Water pollution  Noise pollution Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

(iii) Explain three possible solutions to the air pollution. (6 marks)  Old vehicles plus the ones which emits a lot of exhaust fume should be removed from the roads as well as prosecuting their owners.  Legislation can be made for the factories to use smokeless fuel.  Industrial zone should be located far away from human residential areas to reduce the effects of industrial pollution on human beings.  Sprays used in farms and domestic gases should be manufactured and used in a way that they do not cause damage to the zone layer.  Use of other forms of energy which do not pollute the environment.

(b) (i) Name two rivers in the Lake Region of Kenya which cause flooding. (2 marks)  River Nyando  River Nzoia  River Yala  River Kuja  River Sondu Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

15 (ii) Explain three human activities that contribute to the occurrences of floods in Kenya. (6 marks)  Indiscriminate felling of trees exposed the land leaching to increase in run-off thereby causing the flash flood.  Further deforestation exposes the soil to the agent of erosion and at the same time reduces water percolation rate resulting in surface run-off which carries the silt to river channel thus making them too shallow to accommodate its water resulting in spilling water over bank.  Poor urban planning like constructing building too close makes drainage system either poor or non-existence leading to floods  Cultivation along river banks exposes the soil to water erosion and hence when it rains heavily the soil sis carried and deposited in river channel making it too shallow to accommodate its water which then spills over banks.  When dams collapses excess water enter into the lower river channel resulting into floods. (any 3 x 2 = 6 mks)

(c) Describe the steps which are followed in reclaiming land for Agricultural use in the Netherlands. (7 marks)  Construction of the dyke to enclose the area to be reclaimed  Construction of ring canals  Construction of ditches within each polder which lead water to a pumping station  Water is pumped out into the canals  Desalination of soil is done by flushing fresh water and planting of hard plants on additional soil  The polder land is sub-divided into economic units.  Infrastructure are constructed  People are settled in villages  Farming activities begin.