Terms to Know: Progressive Era
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Name: ______Period: ___ Terms to Know: Progressive Era
Presidents Literature/Art/Music
o Teddy Roosevelt o The Jungle
o William Taft o How the Other Half Lives
o Woodrow Wilson People to Know/ Social Reformers
Amendments o Jane Addams
o 16th o Upton Sinclair
o 17th o Jacob Riis
o 18th o Ida B. Wells
o 19th o Lincoln Steffens
Legislation o Ida Tarbell
o Meat Inspection Act o W.E.B. Du Bois
o Pure Food and Drug Act o Booker T. Washington
o Pendleton Act o Susan B. Anthony
o Federal Reserve Act o William Bryan Jennings
Significant Elections o Elizabeth Cady Stanton
o 1912 – Roosevelt v Taft v Wilson
o Bull Moose Party Social Events/Movements/Protests
Scandals o Muckrakers
o Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire o Populist Party
Domestic Issues o Hull House
o Civil Service Reform o Coal Miner’s Strike
o Spoils System o Seneca Falls Convention
o Patronage Voting Reform
o Voting Reforms o Recall
Economy o Referendum
o Federal Reserve o Secret Ballots o Initiatives
o Direct Primaries
The Progressive Era: 1. Who were Progressives? a. Believed social problems could be fixed:
a.i. Education, safe environment/workplace
a.ii. Government could be a tool for change
a.iii. Believed in the vision of American democracy
b. Come from middle-class
c. Lived mainly in cities
d. Well educated (college)
d.i. Mostly teachers, social workers, journalists
e. Worked to:
e.i. Expose corporate greed
e.ii. Combat fear of immigration Progressives Drive Reform: Uncovering Problems at the Turn of the Century Poor living conditions/Urbanization Poor working conditions/Labor
Unsafe/unregulated products (meat & medicine) Problems with the environment/pollution
Political machines/ corruption government Social Differences among classes
2. Urbanization:
a. By 1900 40% of Americans lived in the city b. Caused by rural to urban migration and immigration
b.i. 100 years earlier six percent lived in urban areas
c. Evidence of industrial progress:
c.i. Skyscrapers
c.ii. “Palaces of Merchandise” large department stores
c.iii. Mansions
d. Census reveals diverse America
d.i. 12 Million Immigrants in a 50 Year Span
3. Poor Living Conditions:
a. Urban poor lived in slums and tenements
a.i. 90,000 people per square mile in New York City!
b. Infrastructure: Facilities and equipment required for a community to function
b.i. Roads, sewage, power systems, transportation, etc.
b.ii. Very poor quality
b.iii. Couldn’t support increasingly large numbers
b.iv. Sanitation problems promoted disease
c. Problems in the Workplace:
c.i. The workplace was unsafe and unsanitary
c.ii. No regulations for safety/sanitation
c.ii.1. Many workers were sick, injured, or killed
c.iii. Many times whole families were employed
c.iii.1.Wages were too low
c.iv. Injury only meant poverty
c.iv.1.Workers were replaced if they were injured or unable to work
4. Unsafe Products:
a. Food and medicine was not regulated by the government
a.i. Led to contaminated/unsafe food b. Medicine could include nearly anything
b.i. doctors could make any claims about a medicine working even if it didn’t, just to make money
5. Environmental Problems:
a. Industrialization, Mining, farming practices, and lack of government regulation
a.i. Deforestation
a.ii. Unsafe water/lack of drinking water
a.iii. Polluted air
6. Corrupt Government/Politics:
a. Spoils System gave power to the wrong people
a.i. Incapable of doing their job
a.ii. Many were corrupt
b. Political Machines had limitless power
b.i. Cities were ran by ‘bosses’ who controlled everything
b.ii. Many of the poor and immigrants were indebted to the bosses
c. Bribery was common
c.i. Many politicians/government employees took bribes
d. Caused a lack of Justice and more social problems
Efforts to Expose the Muck: 7. Muckrakers: a. Newspapers and magazines began to reach a larger audience.
b. Investigative reporters, writers, and social scientists
b.i. Exposed industrial and governmental corruption.
c. Became known as Muckrakers, because they raked up all the muck or the dirt of American life.
c.i. Examined the rise of industry and the abuses that were often used in the effort to become rich.
c.ii. Examined business practices and the negative effects they had on the consumers and the lives of the very poor.
d. Muckrakers are often considered to be the first Progressives. Upton Sinclair Government passed the He exposed dangerous working conditions – “Meat Inspection Act” and Unsanitary practices in meat packing • Set standards of cleanliness and industry in his book The Jungle. required federal inspection of meat plants. – “Pure Food & Drug Act” • Required foods to be pure and accurately labeled. d.i. Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle portrayed the new industrial economy as unsanitary, inhumane, destructive, and uncaring.
d.ii. Meat Inspection Act:
d.ii.1. Passed because of Upton Sinclair’s novel ‘The Jungle’
d.ii.2. Government and public were horrified at what was exposed
d.iii. Pure Food & Drug Act:
d.iii.1. This law required foods and drugs be pure and accurately labeled. Ida Tarbell ∙ Problem – trusts and monopolies had an Exposed Standard Oil’s ruthless business unfair advantage among businesses. tactics of forcing others out of business and ∙ Government passed Sherman Anti-Trust thereby creating a monopoly. Fought for Act outlawing monopolies. regulations against Monopolies Lincoln Steffens ∙ Problem – city and state leaders were often Exposed corruption in city and state corrupt, took bribes or broke the law. governments in his book, “The Shame of the ∙ Government passed the Pendleton Act Cities” requiring exams for Civil Service employees and exact qualifications Jacob Riis ∙ Problem – the horrible living conditions of He exposed the poverty, living conditions, the poor in the cities. and disease in urban poor communities. His ∙ Led to New York City passing building book “How the Other Half Lives” codes to promote safety and health. ∙ Other Cities across the country began to work to promote safety and health Suffrage: 8. Women’s Suffrage Movement:
a. In the early 19 th century:
a.i. The United States was a ‘patriarchal’ society – men held the positions of authority and women were considered inferior.
a.ii. Women lacked the right to vote, to serve on juries, or to hold public office.
a.ii.1. Excluded from public life and were left in charge of the home and children.
a.iii. In most states, once a woman married, she lost control of her property and wages to her husband. b. By the middle of the 19th century:
b.i. Some women began to organize to gain more rights.
b.ii. In 1848, they held a convention at Seneca Falls, New York.
b.ii.1. The convention passed a resolution that paraphrased the Declaration of Independence.
b.ii.2. It proclaimed that women were equal to men and deserved the right to vote, or suffrage.
c. Susan B. Anthony:
c.i. In 1872, Susan B. Anthony attempted to vote, exercising her 14 th Amendment right (citizenship).
c.i.1. A judge refused to grant her the right to vote.
c.ii. In 1874, the Supreme Court ruled that women were citizens, but they couldn’t vote, because voting was not a privilege of citizenship.
d. By 1890:
d.i. Several women’s suffrage groups joined together to form the National American Women Suffrage Association.
d.i.1. This group was led by reformers:
d.i.1.a. Susan B. Anthony
d.i.1.b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
9. Nineteenth Amendment
a. During World War I, women had taken the place of the fighting man in the work place
a.i. Women stepped up to meet the challenges of war
b. It became hard to deny them suffrage.
b.i. As a result of World War I and women’s involvement, the U.S. Congress passed 19 th Amendment.
c. The 19th Amendment stated that no state could deny a citizen the right to vote based on their sex.
10. Impact of the 19th Amendment:
a. A step forward in making the USA a true democracy
a.i. System of government by the people (All people) b. It did not lead to dramatic changes in our political system
b.i. Women did not sweep men out of public office.
b.ii. Even today many women face discrimination and some are paid less than a man doing the same work.
Changes in Society: 11. Social Gospel:
a. Religious social-reform movement (1870 to 1920)
a.i. Believed to be welcomed into heaven required social as well as individual salvation
a.i.1. Sought the betterment of industrialized society
a.i.2. Believed in the biblical principles of charity and justice.
b. Labor reforms most prominent concern
b.i. Abolition of child labor, a shorter workweek, a living wage, and factory regulation. Social Reformers: Jane Addams W.E.B. Du Bois ∙ Founded a settlement house called Hull ∙ Help found the NAACP to help African House Americans gain civil rights. ∙ Help immigrants and needy find a place to ∙ First African American to earn a Ph.D. live, jobs, or get an education from Harvard. ∙ (Beginning of social services like Youth ∙ W.E.B. felt African Americans should Shelter, and Food Bank) achieve immediate racial equality and supported open protests. Booker T. Washington Ida B. Wells ∙ Argued that African Americans should gain ∙ Lynching: equality by focusing on job training, not ∙ Murder by beating, and then hanging by demanding. ∙ Common tactic used to intimidate ∙ Founded the Tuskegee Institute African Americans, especially in the ∙ An African American school in Alabama South. devoted to training teachers ∙ After 3 of her friends were wrongfully ∙ Help to form the National Negro Business lynched for crimes they didn’t commit, League she started a national anti-lynching campaign. 12. Temperance Movement:
a. Social Movement against alcohol
a.i. Believed alcohol was the root of all the social problems
a.ii. Worked to get legislation passed banning liquor
b. Mostly older women
b.i. Traditional b.ii. Often tied into Christian teachings/sermons
c. Eventually leads to the passing of the 18 th Amendment
c.i. Ban on the sale, manufacturing and distribution of alcohol
13. Social Legislation:
a. States passed laws to overcome some of the worst effects of industrialization.
a.i. Abolished child labor
a.ii. Improved the working conditions in the factories.
a.iii. New regulations concerning the construction and safety of urban housing.
b. Protecting the Environment:
b.i. Preservation- the protecting of wilderness lands from all forms of development
b.ii. Conservation- the limited use of resources
b.iii. Roosevelt: created the U.S. Forest Service
b.iii.1. Protected forests and other natural areas from excessive development. Set aside 150 million acres of national forest
b.iv. Taft added 2.7 million acres to the National Wildlife Refuge System
b.v. Wilson: created the National Park Service
b.v.1. Manage national parks for preservation and public use.
b.v.1.a. Yellowstone
Labor 14. Progressive Era and Labor:
a. Public attitude towards labor unions began to change.
a.i. The violence associated with the labor unions caused a loss of public support for unions.
a.ii. The government often had to use the military against the union protests.
b. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory:
b.i. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory caught fire
b.ii. Immigrant women and girls worked on the upper floor in a sweatshop making clothing.
b.iii. Fire spread rapidly and to make matters worse:
b.iii.1. the doors were bolted shut b.iii.2. the sprinkler system failed,
b.iii.3. the fire escape was faulty.
b.iv. The fire department was not in time to save the girls
b.iv.1. They either died in the fire or jumped to their death on the street below.
b.v. In all 146 people died due to conditions in the factory.
b.vi. Congress passes laws sympathetic to unions
b.vi.1. Called for safer conditions.
c. Effects of Triangle Fire:
c.i. Department of Labor (1913)
c.i.1. Congress created a Cabinet post to study the problems of labor & to -“promote the welfare of working people and improve their working conditions”
c.ii. Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914)
c.ii.1. Prevented courts from restricting activities of unions.
c.iii. Child Labor Act (1916)
c.iii.1.Prohibited sale of goods made by child labor.
c.iv. Protection for Consumers and Workers:
c.iv.1.Taft and Wilson expanded worker protections
c.iv.2.Taft established the Children’s Bureau to investigate child labor.
c.iv.3.Wilson passed the Keating Owen Child Labor Act in 1916
c.iv.3.a. Prohibited companies from hiring children under the age of 14.
c.iv.4.Taft and Wilson also supported an 8 hour work day
c.iv.4.a. Under Taft the 8 hour day became the rule for government employees.
Industrialization: 15. Addressing the Effects of Industrialization and Big Business:
a. Protecting Consumers and Workers
b. The Meat Inspections Act and The Pure Food and Drug Act
b.i. Established the FDA (food and drug administration) to test and approve drugs
c. Roosevelt helped coal miners by pressuring the miners and owners to submit to arbitration c.i. a legal process in which neutral outside party helps resolve a dispute.
d. BUSTING TRUSTS
d.i. Roosevelt passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
d.i.1. Became known as a “trustbuster” by breaking up J.P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company and limiting the power of the Railroads
d.ii. Taft brought 90 lawsuits against trusts during his presidency
d.iii. Wilson strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by passing the Clayton Anti-Trust Act in 1914- outlawed underselling and protected labor unions
Government: 16. Reforming State Governments:
a. Progressive governors took steps to limit corruption and the influence of big business.
a.i. Governor Theodore Roosevelt of New York took steps to limit the powers of big business within the state.
17. Voting Reforms:
a. To give people more power, a direct voice in the government, and make it more responsive to the people. Progressives passed several laws. Secret Ballot – to keep people from being Initiative – voters could introduce bills themselves. intimidated or forced to vote a certain way. Referendum – voters could force legislators to place Recall – elected officials could be removed from a bill on the ballot to be voted on. office by voters in a special election. Direct Election of Senators – 17 th Amendment Senators are elected by the people of a state. 18. Reforming the National Government:
a. Banking System:
a.i. Wilson: Federal Reserve Act in 1913- this divided the country into 12 regions
a.i.1. Created the Federal Reserve System- a central bank of the United States.
a.i.2. “The Fed” would offer a safety net to private banks and would set the monetary policy to regulate the money in circulation.
b. Taxes and Tariffs
b.i. Big business’s favored high tariffs-taxes on imported goods
b.i.1. Progressives felt this was unfair to consumers
b.ii. Taft passed the 16th Amendment
b.ii.1. Income Tax b.iii. Wilson signed the Underwood Tariff Act in 1913
b.iii.1. Reduced tariffs and created the graduated income tax
19. Amendments: Amendments: 16 th Amendment- Created an mandatory income tax 17 th Amendment- Direct election of senators, gave the people more power 18 th Amendment- Prohibition of “the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors” 19 th Amendment- The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United states or by any state on account of SEX! 20. Civil Service Reform:
a. Much of the corruption in government could be traced to the ‘spoils system’.
a.i. This gave government jobs as rewards to those who helped get a candidate elected.
a.ii. These people were often not qualified for the job.
b. When President Garfield was assassinated by an office-seeker, Congress decided it was time to act.
c. Pendleton Act (1883) passed by Congress
c.i. Created the Civil Service Commission .
c.ii. Gave exams: selected government appointees based on merit, not on who they knew.
c.iii. Helped to rid government of corruption and made it more efficient.
21. The Progressive Presidents:
a. Between 1901 and 1919, three Presidents began a series of Progressive reforms.
a.i. Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson
a.i.1. Committed to reform, challenged the industrial giants, expanded power of the presidency
b. Theodore Roosevelt 1901 – 1909
b.i. Teddy Roosevelt came from a rich family
b.ii. Teddy was actively involved in sports and hunting.
b.iii. His accomplishments included:
b.iii.1. New York City Police Commissioner
b.iii.2. Rancher in the Dakotas b.iii.3. Officer in the Spanish American War
b.iii.4. Governor of New York
b.iii.5. He became President after the assassination of President William McKinley.
b.iv. His economic agenda was called the Square Deal.
b.iv.1. New laws to protect the consumer’s health from false advertising
b.iv.2. Meat Inspection Act (1906) and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
b.iv.3. Increased powers to regulate railroads, telephones, and the telegraph
b.v. Suspicious of big business, particularly trusts or monopolies.
b.v.1. Used the Sherman Anti-trust Act against some ‘bad trusts’ he felt acted against the public interest.
b.v.2. Roosevelt became known as the ‘Trust-busting President’
b.vi. The Coal Miners Strike (1902)
b.vi.1. Proved he was willing to use the power of the federal government to protect the public interests.
b.vi.2. The coal miners and the mine owners could not agree on a settlement, a strike looked near.
b.vi.2.a. Roosevelt stepped in and threatened to use the military to keep the mines running for the good of the nation.
b.vii. He was a big game hunter
b.viii. Conservation of natural resources was important
b.viii.1. Stopped the government from selling off public lands and added millions of acres to the national parks and forests. c. William Howard Taft 1909 – 1912
c.i. Vice-President William Howard Taft
c.ii. Nominated as Republican for President when Roosevelt decided to not run again.
c.ii.1. Taft won the election of 1908
c.iii. Promised to continue with Roosevelt’s Progressive policies
c.iii.1.Only lasted for a while.
c.iv. Taft was quiet, reserved, and cautious c.v. Taft supported low tariffs in his party platform (during election time)
c.v.1. 1909-signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, which raised tariffs and tarnished his record as a progressive
c.vi. Roosevelt supported President Taft
c.vi.1.Until Taft began doing things not considered to be a part of the Progressive agenda.
c.vi.2.Taft was nominated for President again in 1912, but Teddy decided to run against him. d. Bull-Moose Party:
d.i. Roosevelt wanted to run against Taft
d.ii. Roosevelt started his own third party called the Bull Moose Party.
d.ii.1. Teddy’s 3rd Party split the votes and neither Taft nor Roosevelt would win in 1912 e. Wilson and the Election of 1912:
e.i. Teddy Roosevelt (Bull Moose Party), William Taft for the Republicans
e.ii. Woodrow Wilson was running for the Democrats and Eugene V. Debs for the Socialists.
e.iii. Wilson wins f. Woodrow Wilson 1912 – 1916
f.i. Wilson’s economic agenda was called the New Freedom
f.i.1. Big business needed to be tamed
f.i.2. Trusts should be broken up
f.i.3. Banking system needed fixed
f.i.4. Tariffs only benefitted the rich
f.ii. New Freedom Legislation:
f.ii.1. Underwood Tariff –
f.ii.1.a. A tariff is a tax on imports.
f.ii.1.b. Wilson felt tariffs benefitted the rich and he lowered the tariffs.
f.iii. To make up for lost revenue ($) he introduced America’s first income tax. f.iii.1. Graduated Income Tax –
f.iii.1.a. Means that rich taxpayers are taxed at a higher rate
f.iii.1.b. 16 th Amendment gave Congress power to tax a persons income.
f.iv. Federal Reserve Act –
f.iv.1. Reformed the banking industry.
f.iv.2. Federal Reserve Bank serves as a bankers bank, where the banks borrow their money.
f.iv.3. Fed’s control interest rates and the amount of money a bank can loan.
f.v. Antitrust Legislation –
f.v.1. Clayton Antitrust Act gave government more power to regulate unfair business practices.
f.vi. Federal Trade Commission protects consumers against unfair business practices by corporations.
Wrap-Up: 22. Progressive Problem/Solutions: Improve living conditions in the city Tenement Act, Build Parks, Clean Up Trash Children out of Factories and IN school No one under 14, minimum hours for those over 14 Improving Conditions in the Workplace Women get less hours, worker’s compensation Reforming Local Government/Power away Elect progressive officials as oppose to from political machines corrupt officials Reforming State Government/Power away Secret Ballots, Direct Primary, Recall, from Big Business Initiative, Referendum Women’s Right Create NAWSA, suffrage movement, right to vote African American’s Rights NAACP, Tuskegee Institute , end lynching