Government engineering college sector-28 Gandhinagar, Gujarat-India WIRELESS ENERGY METER READING SYSTEM USING ZIGBEE

Mr Sunil Sojitra, Mr.Hardik Chovatiya, Mr Paneliya Nikhil. Student of Government engineering college I&C department,sec-28,Gandhinagar,Gujarat(INDIA).

existing automatic meter reading technology, Abstract : wireless energy meter reading system using zigbee is proposed for automatic meter data the meter reading process is done by the help collection, give intimation through messages of manpower. But this method is subjected to displayed on LCD and energy auditing. This system several disadvantages like errors during operates with multiple channels and frequency hopping and coexists with potential interferers. This calculation, absence of consumer during billing is the project to meet demand and to satisfy time and extra expenses for the billing process. consumers. Power consumed by the consumer is The project „Automatic Energy Calculation monitored by EB through wireless. It aims to reduce the man power for billing. For achieving good Through Wireless Smart Meter Using Zigbee‟ communication link among consumer and EB, it is aims to minimize these difficulties by very necessary to find suitable protocol. In this project, we discuss different hardware techniques for providing automatic energy calculation through tripping, indicating, intimating the consumers and wireless medium. power monitoring, the Microcontroller based system continuously records the readings and the live meter reading can be sent to the LCD display. The This method can eliminate the microcontroller automatically takes the problems such as manpower requirement for responsibility of calculating the bill with the data billing and errors during calculation etc., and received from the energy meter, and the tariff provided by the operator and displays the same and can provide necessary information such as also discusses the suitability of Zigbee for required tariff variation and due date for payment etc. to communication link. Zigbee has major role in the consumer through the wireless medium. monitoring and for efficient power utilization. It covers enough area needed for communication and it The wireless technology can be implemented works on low data rate of 20Kbps to 250Kbps with by having a Zigbee enabled transceiver minimum power consumption. interfaced with the EB section server as well as in the consumer side. I. INTRODUCTION COMMUNICATION The struggle between global warming TECHNOLOGY and human beings is well recognized by the international society. Scientists devoted their The broadest list of communication effort into the development of renewable technology such as PLC, GSM, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, energies while governors/administrators audit and others, the once that more are used in and control energy consumption based on AMR are the GSM and Zigbee. GSM (Global regulation. In view of the compulsory energy system for mobile communication) is a consumption control in near future, researchers development from cellular telephony. GSM have developed energy aware technology such adopts digital modulation and the key as ZigBee. ZigBee is a wireless sensor network technology is time division multiple access for home and building automation. Recently, (TDMA). Zigbee is a two way wireless ZigBee has been widely adopted for both communication technology featuring short metering as well as energy management. In the distance, low complexity, low power consumption, low data speed, and low

1 cost. It is used mainly in data exchange infrastructure (ZAMI) is a existing one for between low power electronic devices within automatic meter data collection and energy short range. There can be as many as 65,000 auditing and management. In the ZAMI, the wireless communication modules in a Zigbee system operates with multiple channels and network, which is very similar to frequency hopping and coexists with potential telecommunication networks like CDMA or interferers. By incorporating dual channels, the GSM. delay is improved by 30% to 50%. In this method if any tariff variation Each Zigbee module is like a occurs, the new tariff rate will be changed only telecommunication station, and the modules through reprogramming the controller can communicate with each other within the otherwise the previous tariff rate will be whole network. The communication distance displayed on the LCD display. This may cause between the nodes can range from the standard major problems in billing. 75 meters to hundreds of meters and even Here, there are no intimations given by several kilometers. The Zigbee network can the electricity board to the consumers about the also be connected to other networks. status of energy consumption. There are no details about the previous month‟s As a result, the energy profiles are consumption and the amount of bill paid. We captured. In addition, the aging report and are focusing about these draw backs and analysis of electrical appliances can be overcome in our project „Automatic Energy conducted by the Zigbee in-home display. Key Calculation Through Wireless Smart Meter applications include alerting the owners of Using Zigbee‟. high surges which may thus cause fire. Other potential applications include a shutdown of PROPOSED SYSTEM some appliances in case of shortage of electricity experienced by the utility, and in In order to overcome the above such a circumstance, consumers can enjoy a mentioned drawbacks, we are proposing a new lower energy rate. method „Automatic Energy Calculation Through The proposed system of automatic energy meter for electrical supply is fully Wireless Smart Meter Using Zigbee‟ which is automated for billing/analyzing individual having the advantages such as no need of Zigbee module to each and every meter. manpower, errorless tariff calculation, tripping can be done from the EB side in case of not The data is transmitted from home paying the bill and intimation about tariff module to the Zigbee module in the electricity variation, amount to be paid and due date for board. Then the account data is displayed in a payment. hyper terminal window. The various other details are described in the following sections. This system is designed with two modules which are as follows: II. SYSTEM OVERVIEW  Consumer module in the system  EB module in the system EXISTING SYSTEM A ZigBee Advance Metering Consumer Module Figure 2.2: Block Diagram of EB Side Module

Figure 2.1: Block Diagram of Consumer Module The block diagram of the EB side module used in the system is represented in the The consumer side is equipped with an above figure. The detailed explanation of each energy meter, micro controller, LCD display, of the block along with the components used is indication unit (can be an indication lamp). explained in the following chapters. The The microcontroller continuously monitors the P89V51RD2 is the basic component in both the energy meter reading and calculates the modules designed for the system of the amount till last usage. These details can be automatic energy meter reading using Zigbee viewed in the LCD display and also it will be wireless communication for the electricity sent to the EB server during each month board. through the Zigbee transmitter. The indication unit is provided for the attention of the consumer in case of exceeding normal usage, The Zigbee is attached with both the delaying the payment and in case of any tariff modules. The data from the Zigbee transceiver variation by the EB. in home module passes to the EB Office module through Zigbee network. In the office side a similar module receives the data. EB Side Module The prototype design consist of the elements: Electronic meter attached to the consumer module, EB side module. The PIC controller uses PIC IT programmer in embedded C as per needs. III.FABRICATION AND TESTING PIC microcontroller. This is received by the controller as an external interrupt. The HOME MODULE controller is so programmed that it calculates the amount based on the number of units consumed. These details will be displayed on the LCD panel attached to the home module too.

A key button is provided in the LCD display with EEPROM memory which can provide the details of previous month‟s payment and energy consumption to the consumer. The indicator lamp attached nearer to the LCD display will indicate the overset limit usage. A relay is attached to each and every home module which plays the major role of tripping the connection, if the bill is not paid in time. Thus the relay acts as a switching device.

The Zigbee transceiver, which is a wireless communication module, transmits the details calculated by the microcontroller regarding the usage of energy to the electricity board office once in a month. Thus this methodology reduces the manual effort to a great extend. EB can give Figure 3.1: Circuit Diagram of the Home Module information about the tariff variation to the consumer, as notification on LCD display with lamp indication.

EB SIDE MODULE The figure which depicts the circuit The above figure depicts the circuit diagram diagram based on which the EB side module is based on which the home module is designed. designed is shown in the figure below.

Working of the Home System

The home module is designed to work as follows. The „cal‟ LED, which indicates the consumption of energy, is replaced by an opto coupler which produces pulses as energy is being used and transfers to the microcontroller. The counter which counts the number of times the „cal‟ LED blinks and sends the data to the used. These applications are display of numeric and alphanumeric characters in dot matrix and segmental displays.

LCDs are of two types: I. Dynamic scattering type AI. Field effect type

In our project we are using 16 x 2 dynamic scattering type LCD displays. These display units are connected with P89V51RD2 microcontroller. These LCD displays are used for displaying the information to the consumer, i.e., the messages send by the EB regarding due date, tariff variation, previous month‟s consumption and the amount to be paid etc. Figure 3.2: Circuit Diagram for the EB Side Module. will be shown in the LCD display.

Working of the EB Side Module LCD INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER used in similar applications where LEDs are The EB side module is designed to work as follows. The receiver module is interfaced with a system which is monitored by the officials in the electricity board. The Zigbee transceiver on the EB module receives the data and displays it in the terminal C window of the system interfaced with it.

The home module will be reset by the EB officials as the bill is paid. The thing to be noted here is that only when the command is given, board will supply power to the particular P89V51RD2 customer. Else the supply will be disconnected until the payment of the bill. Thereby we MICROCONTROLLER contribute a small part to prevent the power In this project P89V51RD2 crises as well. microcontroller has an important role as it is used to calculate tariff, display messages, due IV. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION date, number of units consumed and amount to LCD DISPLAY be paid in the LCD display connected with Liquid Crystal cell Displays (LCDs) are it.This P89V51RD2 microcontroller having an inbuilt EEPROM memory. So there is no need of an external memory to store the information PORT0 pin an output. Inputs are connected to PORT0. previous month‟s amount. We are using PORTB and the TRISB register Zigbee transceiver to send and receive data between the EB side and the consumer side. PORT1 is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional P89V51RD2 port. The corresponding data direction register is TRIS1. Setting a TRIS1 bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORT1 pin an input. Clearing a TRIS1 bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORT1pin an output. We are using the port 1 pins as output pins to stepper motor buffer. PORT2 and TRISC register PORT2 is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORT2 pin an input. Clearing a TRISC bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORT2 pin an output. Port c is used in transmission, reception and as output port to buzzer. PORT3 and TRISD register PORT3 and TRISD are not implemented on the P89V51RD2 or P89V51RD3. PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually configurable as an input or output. This port is used to connect with the output Figure 4.4: P89V51RD2 Controller device voice chip.

I/O Ports TRISE register Some of pins for these I/O ports are TRISE are not implemented on the multiplexed with an alternate function for the P89V51RD2 or P89V51RD3 has three pins peripheral features on the device. In general, (RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6, and when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not RE2/CS/AN7) which are individually be used as a general purpose I/O pin. configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins PORTA and TRISA register have Schmitt Trigger input buffers.

PORT0 is a 8-bit wide, bi-directional RELAY port. The corresponding data direction register A relay is an electro-magnetic switch is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make which can be used in case of using a low the corresponding PORT0 pin an input. voltage circuit to switch on and off a light bulb Clearing a TRISA bit (= 0) will make the (or anything else) connected to the 220v mains corresponding supply, i.e., it is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover).

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which is completely separated from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical Fi connection inside the relay between the two figure 4.8: Serial Interface of MAX 232 circuits the link is magnetic and mechanical. Description The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, The MAX232 is an integrated circuit but it can be as much as 100mA for relays that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL designed to operate from lower voltages. Most compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 ICs (chips) cannot operate with this small is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts current. Thus a transistor is usually used to the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum The drivers provide RS-232 voltage output current for the popular 555 timer IC is level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and directly without amplification. external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise COMMUNICATION INTERFACE MAX 232 do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need This unit is used to send and receive the to be made more complicated just for driving signals given by the microcontroller /Zigbee. It the RS-232 in this case. is used for the serial communication between external Zigbee and microcontroller. It also The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs converts the data into serial manner and send to (which may be as high as ± 25 V), to standard the microcontroller as well as Zigbee 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical transceiver. threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but mayoperate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors – 0.1 μF in place of the 1.0 μF capacitors used with the original device. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL consumers. It is level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to very useful in reducing expenses for meter between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL Logic reading and errors during manual meter 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice versa for reading. Any tariff variations by the EB can converting from RS232 to TTL. The RS232 also informed to the consumers through this Data Transmission voltages at a certain logic method. state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the same logic state. V. CONCLUSION

 Serial transmission is used where one An automatic energy calculation bit is sent at a time. through wireless smart meter using Zigbee communication has been designed, fabricated Microcontrollers are proven to be quite and tested successfully. This reduces the work popular recently. Many of these have inbuilt of the office person to a great extend. It also SCI (Serial Communication Interface). Serial reduces the difficulty faced by the people when communication reduces the pin count of these readings are taken manually. It simplifies the MPU‟S. work of the electricity board in tripping the supply to a particular customer in case bill is ZIGBEE not paid. It helps the customer in knowing about the due date for the payment of bill. The Zigbee is a specification for a suite of project may be further extended by adding an high level communication protocols using additional feature of payment of the electricity small, low-power digital radios based on the bill from home itself using some pre paid IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for Low-Rate banking cards or such techniques. Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR- WPANs), such as wireless light switches with VI APPENDIX lamps, electrical meters with in-home-displays, Consumer Module Experimental Setup consumer electronics equipment via short- range radio. The technology defined by the Zigbee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. Zigbee is targeted at radio- frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.

Roll of Zigbee in this Project

Using this Zigbee communication network we can send information such as data, messages, tariff amount and intimation etc. without using human effort. EB will calculate Figure 7.5: Experimental Setup of the Consumer the amount to be paid and sends this information through Zigbee to each of the Module EB Side Module Experimental Setup [3 Wireless Communications & Networking (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking) by Vijay Garg [4] IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering by J. C. Das

Figure 7.6: Experimental Setup of the EB Side Module

Lab view Work Page

REFERENCES [1] ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transceivers By Shahin Farahani PhD [2] Smart Metering Design and Applications (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology) by K. S. K Weranga, Sisil Kumarawadu and D. P. Chandima