Island Report Template

DCNA Islands Management Success report

2004-2005 Preface The Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) aims to support the land and marine parks on each of the islands of the Dutch Caribbean, to promote the parks and nature conservation and to fundraise including attracting grantors, major donors and corporate sponsors with a view to creating a Trust Fund for nature conservation. The islands have already attracted considerable funding from, amongst others, WWF NL and Stichting DOEN. A critical component of effective fundraising is the ability to demonstrate success. For this reason DCNA has developed a detailed data collection and analysis system, based on the IUCN ‘management effectiveness framework’. This system not only captures baseline data but also acts as a tool for analysing the conservation success, institutional progress and management effectiveness at each of the protected area sites. This report presents the information collected during the initial phase of the management success project.

As the project continues, valuable time series data will be obtained every year as the capture sheets used to gain the information are updated by the protected area staff. This time series information will reflect changes in the priorities of the PA’s as the time distribution between core management tasks changes as well as the emphasis on different projects and research being carried out. This report is part of the wider ongoing DCNA Management Success project.

Purpose of this document This report presents all of the information gathered in the Management Success Project that can be compared between protected areas. Other individual Island reports are available that contain island specific information. The information contained within this report should be used by interested parties to raise awareness about the management activities taking place within the DCNA and the local, regional and international significance of the protected areas. If more information is required by the reader on any aspect of this report, the Initial Capture sheets for the Island of interest and the associated help sheets should be referred to prior to contacting the organisation responsible.

Glossary

ARU TPA Parke Nacional Arikok BON MPA Bonaire National Marine Park BON TPA Washington Slagbaai National Park CUR MPA Curaçao Marine Park CUR TPA Christoffel Park – Curaçao Terrestrial PA SAB MPA Saba Marine Park SAB TPA Saba ‘Terrestrial Park’ STA MPA St. Eustatius Marine Parks STA TPA St. Eustatius Terrestrial Parks (The Quill and Boven) SXM MPA Sint Maarten Marine Park

DCNA Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources MPA Marine Protected Area Red List IUCN list of threatened and endangered species TPA Terrestrial Protected Area

DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05

Executive summary

The Dutch Caribbean Islands of Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Maarten, Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao accommodate countless different habitats and species that are protected by 5 marine and 5 terrestrial protected areas (listed in the table below). These are home to a total 169 of internationally endangered plants and animals currently living in and around coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, dry forest and lush rainforest. There are 6 internationally recognised Ramsar sites on the islands – 5 on Bonaire and 1 on Aruba.

PROTECTED AREAS Saba Marine Park SABA Saba Land Park Statia Marine Park, ST EUSTATIUS The Quill and Boven ST MAARTEN St. Maarten Marine Park ARUBA Parke Nacional Arikok Bonaire National Marine Park BONAIRE Washington Slagbaai Park Curacao Underwater Park CURAÇAO Christoffel /Shete Boca park

The protected areas of the DCNA islands

The environments on the DCNA islands play an essential part in the lives of the species they support as well as providing livelihoods and income for the diverse background of humans that inhabit the islands. Life on islands is inherently linked to the sea through fisheries and tourism, and the wellbeing of marine resources is dependant on the activities on land. The management bodies of the protected areas on these islands face pressures from development, pollution, invasive species, over fishing and tourism which all have the potential to irreversibly damage the islands’ natural heritage and economy.

The ability of the Nature organisations to deal with the pressures they face comes down to their management capacity. The definition of management capacity is still under debate within the international conservation community, but it is generally understood to include knowledge, skills, competencies, tools and technologies, institutional development, governance and stakeholder relationships. This report outlines the level of the following elements of the management capacities of the organisations of the DCNA islands; information availability, governance and institutional affairs, stakeholders, human and physical resources and finances.

Generally, the organisations do have a considerable amount of information available to them to help manage the PA’s, however there are some gaps in the species information and the conservation value of each of the resources. Some pieces of information are outdated and should be targeted for development to increase management capacity.

Some of the islands have essential policies and ordinances missing. These should be a priority for development to enable effective management. Where possible it would be beneficial for the islands to pursue an integrated approach where ordinances, policies, permits and plans take into account both terrestrial and marine protected areas.

Effective stakeholder relationships are essential for the management of PA’s. The graphic presented in this section has highlighted some stakeholder relationships which are exceptionally well developed and others which need to be improved, where information is exchanged and presentations and/or meetings are attended. Good stakeholder relationships ensure good information exchange between stakeholders and the PA organisation; this is essential for effective decision making, establishing trust and long term sustainability.

The staff (human resources) of each PA vary from 15 to 4 in number. Some of these staff positions are shared between the terrestrial and marine protected areas, others are focussed on one PA. The staff have a range of experience, academic qualifications and skills that can be applied to work in the PA’s. This section of the report has highlighted some skills gaps which should be developed to increase management capacity. 3 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05

The physical resources section of this report has highlighted the lack of resources available to some of the DCNA organisations. Other islands have access to a full range of resources for both terrestrial and marine protected areas. Some of the physical resources missing are often considered essential for the operation of a protected area and should be targeted for fundraising efforts. The DCNA has the ability to share information and advice on sourcing, obtaining, running and maintaining physical resources.

The financial situations of the PA’s are considerably different. Not only do the amounts that the organisations have to work with differ, so to do the dependencies on different income sources. Some of the organisations of the DCNA depend almost wholly on government subsidies or fees for service, while others have varied sources of income which reduces their dependency on single sources; in the long term ensuring more financial independence and sustainability.

Defining management success

A desired outcome of the Management Success project is to be able to repeat the data collection process and develop an effective set of time series data on the success of management. In this way the success and effectiveness of any change in management practice or policy should be detectable and accountable. The definition of ‘effective management’ of protected areas is currently under debate within the international conservation community, although the following definition is often used by those involved with PA management;

“ The efficient and orderly use of human and material resources on a planned basis directed to achieve management objectives” (Deshler, W.O. 1982. A systematic approach to effective management of protected areas in ‘World National Parks Congress, Bali, IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas’)

Having assessed the level of information availability, governance and institutional affairs, stakeholder relationships, human and physical resources and finances, these need to be considered along side the information presented within the individual islands reports to start to understand the success of the management of the PA’s. Time series data and further theoretical developments within conservation will enable more definite evaluations of success and management effectiveness. In the interim, the results presented in this report and the individual island reports will be critically evaluated to develop the management success project and also used to identify successes and shortfalls of PA management within the DCNA islands.

4 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05

Contents

PART A...... 6

INTRODUCTION...... 6 The Natural environments...... 6 Conservation...... 6 Park Management Organisations...... 7 Summary of the Protected Areas of the DCNA...... 8 PA SIZE...... 12 NATURAL RESOURCES...... 13 Internationally recognised sites...... 13 Special habitats...... 14 Red List and CITES Appendix I and II species...... 15 INFORMATION AVAILABILITY...... 24 GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTION...... 25 STAKEHOLDERS AND PARTNERS...... 28 PART B...... 29

PRESSURES...... 29 PART C...... 31

PHYSICAL RESOURCES...... 31 HUMAN RESOURCES...... 33 FINANCES...... 35

PART A PART A OF THIS REPORT PRESENTS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ISLANDS, THE PROTECTED AREAS AND THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES, BEFORE ILLUSTRATING THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO THE PA ORGANISATIONS AND THE GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL TOOLS AVAILABLE TO THE MANAGEMENT BODY. THE FINAL SECION OF PART A OUTLINES THE STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS EACH OF THE PROTECTED AREAS HAS DEVELOPED.

Introduction

The Natural environments. With their population of less than 300.000 and land area of 800 km2, the Dutch Caribbean islands are remote, tiny and as a consequence easily overlooked. But their natural heritage is rich and diverse making them the ‘hot spot’ for biodiversity.

The Dutch Caribbean boasts a range of unique, threatened and endangered habitats and species ranging from primary rain forest to magnificent coral reefs. The islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao alone are home to over two hundred endemic species and subspecies which live there and nowhere else in the world.

The islands form two distinct groups which are not only separated by more than 900 km of open water, but are also linguistically, culturally and geologically and ecologically divided.

The Windward islands of St Maarten, Saba and St Eustatius are volcanic in origin with lush vegetation ranging from seagrapes and aloe in the coastal areas to ferns and mountain mahogany trees at altitude. There are coral reefs pinnacles, patch reef and fringing reef and St Maarten also has numerous salt ponds and mangrove stands.

By contrast the Leeward islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao have semi arid vegetation consisting largely of cactus, acacia and other dry loving trees and plants. Bonaire and Curaçao are unique in being true oceanic islands as they are separated from mainland south America by a deep water trench. Aruba on the other hand was formerly part of the south American mainland. Bonaire’s reefs are considered some of the very best and healthiest in the Caribbean. All three islands have fringing coral reefs, seagrass and mangrove stands as well as extensive bays and salinas (salt ponds).

Conservation Nature conservation is nothing new to the Dutch Caribbean. The first land park was established on Bonaire over thirty five years ago in 9th May 1969. Called the Washington Slagbaai Park after the names of the former plantations which it encompasses, it protects over 17% of the total land area

6 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05 of the island and includes two RAMSAR sites, Gotomeer and the hypersaline lake, Salina Slagbaai. Both are important stop over sites for migratory birds as well as providing nesting and foraging areas for the Southern Flamingo. The sandy beaches within the park offer superb nesting areas for globally endangered sea turtles, including Bonaire’s only known nesting area for endangered leatherbacks. Within the Park boundaries are found last remnant of Bonaire’s native vegetation and safe havens for both the island’s endemic parrot, the lora, as well as the common iguana which is considered a local delicacy.

The park proved successful and was followed in 1978 with the Christoffel Park on Curaçao and in 1979 by the creation of the very first marine protected area in the Dutch Caribbean, the now famous Bonaire Marine Park. Not only did the establishment of this Marine Park begin to break down some ingrained concepts about the responsibility for protecting marine resources it was also decades ahead of its time in adopting a holistic approach to conservation and including all the waters round the island within the Marine Park boundaries. In total the Bonaire National Marine Park protects 2,700 hectares of magnificent coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves ecosystems and is considered a model of marine protected area management.

Other islands quickly followed suit and have tried to create at least one land and one marine park on each island with the goal of protecting and preserving the island’s natural heritage whilst allowing wise and sustainable use of these valuable resources, particularly by tourism. It is Tom van’t Hof (Golden ark laureate of the WWF) who deserves credit for the timely establishment of marine protected areas throughout the Dutch Antilles. Tom began by setting up the very first Marine Park on Bonaire, he continued on to Curaçao, prepared the first management plan for the St. Eustatius Marine Park, and finally set up the park in which he takes the most pride: the Saba National Marine Park on his adopted island home.

Common threats to the parks include limited and at times unreliable government support, escalating pressure to develop, particularly tourism related construction within the coastal zone. There are entrenched local issues over land tenure, persistent over harvesting of marine resources such as grouper, snapper, grunt, lobster and conch as well as overgrazing by free roaming goats, sheep, cattle and donkeys.

Park Management Organisations Each of the Protected Areas of the Dutch Caribbean is managed by a not for profit non governmental organization or foundation which has a co-management arrangement with stakeholders. Details of these and further details of the Protected Areas of the DCNA can be seen in the table on the next page.

Summary of the Protected Areas of the DCNA CONTACT PARKS DETAIL Nature Foundation Sint Maarten Great Bay Marina, Unit #3 Established in 1997, covering 5128ha, The Sint Maarten Marine Park surrounds the entire Dutch side of the Island from N E

T P.O. Box 863, Philipsburg Oyster Pond to Cupecoy Bay, to the 200 foot depth range. It is a voluntary protected area, with no legal protection. This R

A Sint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles St. Maarten should soon be changed with the Marine Park Ordinance approval. Nature Ordinance approved in 2003. Parks activities are A Phone: +599 542-0267 Marine Park concentrated on the eastern side of the island, where the dive sites Molly B'day, Pelican Rock, Hen and Chicks, and Cow and M

T Fax: +599 542-0268 Calf as well as the Proselyte area are located. These areas embody some of the last pristine marine locations on the island, S Email: [email protected] with excellent diving, breeding grounds for marine birds, tropical fish, sea turtles, queen conch and other marine life. www.naturefoundationsxm.org Saba Conservation Foundation The Saba National Marine Park was established in 1987 with the objective to preserve and manage Saba's marine resources. P.O. Box 18, The Bottom, Saba Saba Marine The SMP circles the entire island from the high-water mark to a depth of 60 m (200 feet), including the seabed and overlying Park waters. A zoning plan divides the park for various recreational and commercial uses. A system of permanent mooring buoys A Netherlands Antilles B

A Telephone: ++ 599 416 3295 facilitates diving and prevents damage to corals. S Fax: ++ 599 416 3435 Established in 1999, The Mt Scenery Nature Reserve covers 53ha and is about 877 meters above sea level and is the highest Saba Land E-mail: [email protected] point in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Elfin forest at the peak is a 6 ha plot of montagne cloud forest and consists of Park www.sabapark.org primary forest and climax vegetation. Established in 1996, The St. Eustatius Marine Park (SEMP) is defined as the waters surrounding St. Eustatius from the high St. Eustatius National Parks Statia water mark to the 30m (100ft) depth contour. The park became actively managed in 1998. Within the Marine Park are two Foundation Marine Park, well defined and actively managed reserves in which no fishing and anchoring are allowed to protect pristine coral reef. The Gallows Bay A

I reserves were established to conserve marine biodiversity, restore fish stocks and promote sustainable tourism

T St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles

A The Quill / Boven National Park gives full protection to the fauna and flora of two very different volcanic regions at either end

T Tel: +599-318-2884

S of the island of St Eustatius. In the South, the Quill is a strato volcano with a thrown top. This beautifully shaped dormant Fax: +599-318-2913 The Quill Quill volcano is characterised by its intact circular rim (750m in diameter) which peaks at Mazinga (600m). In the North, the e-mail: [email protected] and Boven Boven (289m), Venus, Gilboa, Signal and Bergje hills are much older and consist of remains of a strato volcano. The trails to, www.statiapark.org/ in and around the Quill have been open since 2000. The Curaçao Underwater Park was established in 1983. It stretches from the Princess Beach hotel to the eastern tip of the Curacao CARMABI Foundation island and includes some of Curaçao's finest reefs. The seaward boundary is the 60 meter depth contour and on the shore Underwater Piscaderabaai z/n side the boundary is the high-water mark. the Park covers a total surface area of 600 hectares (1482 1/2 acres) of reef and

O P.O. Box 2090 Willemstad Park

A 436 hectares 91077.4 acres) of inner bays.

C Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles A Established in 1994, the Christoffel/Sheteboca Park covers 2293ha. The Park is located in the Western part of Curacao. The R Tel: +5999 462-4242 U Christoffel / cultural/historical elements include an intact plantation infrastructure, and associated former land use systems as well as C Fax: +5999 462-7680 Shete Boca prehistoric Indian rock art and artefacts. The inland hilly landscape and the flat calcareous terraces towards the coast, e-mail: [email protected] park provide habitats for a diverse and unique combination of flora and fauna . Mt. Christoffel in the centre of the park, at 1237 ft. www.carmabi.org/ the island’s highest point. Bonaire Established in 1979, covering 2700ha, The Marine Park extends from the high water mark to the 60m depth contour all the STINAPA Bonaire National way around Bonaire and Klein Bonaire. The whole area is protected and legislation exists to ensure wise use of the island's

E PO BOX 368, Barcadera z/n R Marine Park coral reefs, sea grass and mangroves. 5 Ramsar sites have been established on Bonaire I Phone + (599 717) 8444 / 4163 A Established in 1969, Washington Park covers almost 25% of the Islands area (13500ha). Located in the Northwest part of N Fax + (599 717) 7318 Washington O Bonaire, Washington Slagbaai National Park is the first and the largest natural sanctuary of the Netherlands Antilles. Many B E-mail: [email protected] Slagbaai endemic and endangered species of parrots, flamingos, parakeets, and reptiles can be found in the reserve. Also, many www.stinapa.org Park species of migratory birds from North America find shelter in the park. Parke Nacional Arikok Established in 2003, the PA covers 3400haMost of the flora and fauna present on the island is found in the PA. Most of the

A Piedra Plat 42 Aruba Parke plants and animals are well adapted to the harsh conditions caused by the drought and the strong Easterly trade wind which B

U tel: (+297)5828001 fax: Nacional contains salt spray. Besides various types of cacti the park is home to some 50 different species of tree, some of which are R

A (+297)5828961 Arikok threatened with extinction. Jamanota, Aruba’s tallest hill (187m) is part of the park and at the eastern side are various e-mail: [email protected] grottos and caves, such as at Fontein, Quadirikiri, Baranca Sun u and Huliba.

St Eustatius (Above), St Maarten (Below) and their respective protected areas

St. Eustatius (Above) and Bonaire (Below) and their respective protected areas

Curacao and it’s protected areas (Above) Map of Aruba currently missing.

11 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05 PA Size The information shown below gives a comparison of the sizes of the protected areas of the DCNA. As the marine protected areas are all defined by a depth contour, the actual area covered by the PA is difficult to define because of the variation in slope of the sea bed. For example, in some areas the fringing reefs drop off to depths in excess of the PA within metres of the shore line (more than 60m or 200ft), in other areas, the MPA defining depth contour can be 2-3km from the shoreline.

Terrestrial PA size in hectares

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

ARU TPA 3400

BON TPA 13500

CUR TPA 2293

SAB TPA 53

STA TPA 540

Marine PA size in Hectares 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

BON MPA 2700

CUR MPA 1036

SAB MPA 1300

STA MPA ?

SXM MPA 5130

Bonaire’s Terrestrial Park is by far the largest of the protected areas, followed by St Maarten Marine Park which covers a vast area because the coastline is so varied and complex. The smallest protected area is The Mt Scenery Nature Reserve on Saba, even though it contains the highest peak in the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Natural resources The main habitats found around the DCNA islands are coral reefs, mangroves, seagrasses, and a range of intertidal/terrestrial habitats including rocky shores, salty and freshwater ponds as well as sand dunes. In very general terms, the main terrestrial habitats are desert, dry scrub, dry forest, other woodlands and rainforest. All of these environments are biologically diverse and provide a range of resources and ‘services’ for wild animals and plants as well as humans. A number of the habitats are locally, regionally and internationally threatened by development and other pressures. This section outlines the special habitats of the DCNA islands before listing the species across the DCNA islands with particular conservation value.

Internationally recognised sites The Convention on Wetlands (known as the Ramsar Convention) is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. It was adopted in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971 and came into force in 1975, and it is the only global environmental treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem. The Convention's member countries cover all geographic regions of the planet. The DCNA islands have 6 Ramsar sites, one on Aruba and five on Bonaire

Ramsar Site Description

A Het Spaans Lagoen (Spanish Lagoon), covering 70 ha is located about 10 km B

U southeast of the town of Oranjestad, on the southwest coast of Aruba. The site R

A Het Spaans is an important feeding and breeding area for waterbirds, and an important Lagoen nursery area for a variety of fish species and crustaceans. The area is a narrow coastal inlet about 2 km long and 200 - 500 m wide, fringed by tidal mudflats and mangrove swamps. E

R Lac is located at about 7 km southeast of Kralendijk. The site is an important I

A feeding area for waterbirds, including Fregata sp., and members of the N

O Lac Pelecanidae, Ardeidae, Laridae and waders. Mangroves also support breeding

B waterbirds, including Egretta tricolor, E. caerulea, E. thula and Butorides striatus. Klein Bonaire is located about 2 km west of the mainland town of Kralendijk. The coral reefs support an extremely rich marine fauna and the beaches have nesting turtles. The vegetation on Klein Bonaire (all of which is within the Klein Bonaire marine park) is of particular interest because it is no longer grazed by animals. There are a few building foundations on the island which have some historical value Slagbaai is located about 20 km northwest of the town of Kralendijk. The lagoon is a resting area for Phalacrocorax olivaceus (max. 50), and a staging area for a variety of shorebird species that breed in the Nearctic. Brine Slagbaai shrimps (Artemia salina) and brine flies (Ephydridae) are abundant in the hypersaline areas, and provide a valuable food source for birds, including Ardeidae, Phoenicopterus ruber ruber (300) and Recurvirostridae. Goto is located about 17 km northwest of Kralendijk. The area supports many breeding and staging bird species. Breeding birds include Anas bahamensis, Haematopus palliatus, Himantopus himantopus, Charadrius wilsonia, C. alexandrinus, Larus atricilla and Sterna albifrons. The site is also important for staging shorebirds which nest in North America, including Pluvialis squatarola, Goto lake Charadrius semipalmatus, Numenius phaeopus, Arenaria interpres, Limnodromus griseus, Calidris canutus, C. alba, C. pusilla, C. mauri, C. minutilla, C. melanotus and Micropalama himantopus. The brine shrimp Artemia salina and brine fly (Ephydridae) are abundant in the hypersaline areas, and provide a valuable food source for birds, including Phoenicopterus ruber ruber (100-500). Pekelmeer is located about 10 km south of Kralendijk. The site supports one of the most important nesting colonies of Phoenicopterus ruber ruber in the Caribbean (averaging 1,000 pairs). Other breeding birds include Himantopus Pekelmeer himantopus, Charadrius alexandrinus and Sterna sp. The lagoon is also an important feeding area for Pelecanidae, Ardeidae and migratory shorebirds which breed in North America.

Special habitats A number of ‘special’ habitats exist within the DCNA islands. These may not necessarily have any formal recognition though they increase the conservation value of the area through supporting populations of significant species and providing ecological services to the surrounding environment.

Island Environment Description / interest / value All the islands in the DCNA with the exception of Saba have beaches All Beaches these are nesting sites for turtles and a habitat for other endangered species. Salinas are an important permanent wetland feature on Bonaire. They are found along the leeward shore and are very numerous: Salina Bartol, Salina Funchi, Salina Wayaka, Salina Slagbaai, Salina Tam, Gotomeer and Salina Vlijt on the outskirts of the main town of Bonaire Salina's Kralendijk. Whilst they are hypersaline they are a habitat for many species, a breeding ground for Flamingos, a migratory stop over for bird species and they act as a sediment trap and filtration system for terrestrial run off. Terrestrial bacterial mats on islands in the mangroves of Lac bay. Bacterial Bonaire These may have sediment stabilisation services a concentration of mats organisms and possibly some further ecological roles. Fresh water and marine Karst (limestone) complexes - Bonaire and Curacao, with their extensive caves systems often containing water are unique ecosystems in that they contain species that proof the Bonaire Karstic connection of the islands with the West-Indian faunal province (e.g. Curacao Systems fresh water shrimp also found on Puerto Rico), probably some endemic fish or crustaceans. Special interests: geological structure, hydrological features, flora and fauna. Upper Montagne cloud forest, on the top of Mt. Scenery. It consists of Saba Elfin forest two areas of primary forest representing the climatic climax vegetation community. Special interest: floral community. The Pinnacles rise from the ocean floor up to depths of 30m and were Marine Saba formed by past volcanic activity. They are nourished by deep ocean Pinnacles currents and attract many pelagic fish species. Little Bay Pond, Fresh Pond, Red Pond and Simpson Bay Lagoon. Large Ponds and water ponds (brackish), with approx 10-15 fish species, 20-30 water St. Maarten Lagoon bird species, mangrove communities, fresh water turtles and green iguanas. Upper Montagne cloud forest, on The Quill. It consists of an area of Statia Elfin forest primary forest representing the climatic climax vegetation community. Special interest: floral community. A distinctive spur and groove zone, a series of alternating rocky fingers Spur and Statia and sandy channels, has formed along the drop off zone in the groove reef southern reserve. Lava flow Coral reefs – on a variety of volcanic substrates including bombs, lava Statia reef blocks and solidified lava flows shaped like ‘fingers’.

Red List and CITES Appendix I and II species International conservation organisations have recognised some species as being in imminent danger of destruction through the trade in animals and plants (or parts of them) or other pressures such as habitat loss. CITES recognises those species in danger from trade and the IUCN Red List identifies those species that are globally threatened by a range of pressures. The following tables show which species can be found on the DCNA islands. The data has been taken from the relevant websites AND information supplied by the protected area staff.

CITES Appendices I and II

Appendix I (AI) includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances.

Appendix II (AII) includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid use incompatible with their survival

The IUCN Red List (RL)

The IUCN maintains a complete list of all the species it considers critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable. The ‘Red List’ of Species and can be found at http://www.iucnredlist.org/. The IUCN Red List does not cover many species, especially marine organisms.

Totals

The graphic below shows the total number of CITES and Red List species found on each of the DCNA islands. The following tables show all of the species from the CITES and Red Lists of endangered species that are found on the DCNA islands. Red list Red List and CITES Species CITES AI

Number of species CITES AII 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Curacao has the most Red List and Appendix II species, while Bonaire has the most AI species - including the RL AI AII Yellow Shouldered Amazon (Amazona barbadensis), ARU 0 9 94 which only occurs on Bonaire. This data is likely to BON 6 11 94 change significantly with the next revision of the CUR 27 10 99 Management Success Capture Sheets, once the SAB 12 10 91 organisations involved had had the opportunity to review STA 4 10 98 their species lists. SXM 2 10 89

ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM Scientific Name Common Name(s) RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII FISH Balistes vetula QUEEN TRIGGERFISH Dermatolepis inermis MARBLED GROUPER Epinephelus itajara GOLIATH GROUPER Epinephelus morio RED GROUPER Epinephelus niveatus SNOWY GROUPER Epinephelus striatus NASSAU GROUPER Lachnolaimus maximus HOGFISH Lutjanus analis MUTTON SNAPPER Lutjanus cyanopterus CUBERA SNAPPER Mycteroperca rubra MOTTLED GROUPER Mycteroperca venenosa YELLOWFIN GROUPER Pagrus pagrus RED PORGY Scarus guacamaia RAINBOW PARROTFISH Thunnus obesus BIGEYE TUNA Xiphias gladius SWORDFISH SHARKS AND RAYS Aetobatus narinari SPOTTED EAGLE RAY Carcharhinus leucas BULL SHARK Carcharhinus longimanus OCEANIC WHITE TIP SHARK Galeocerdo cuvier TIGER SHARK Manta birostris MANTA RAY Negaprion brevirostris LEMON SHARK Prionace glauca BLUE SHARK Pristis pectinata SMALLTOOTH SAWFISH Rhincodon typus WHALE SHARK Sphyrna lewini SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD Sphyrna mokarran GREAT HAMMERHEAD Squalus mitsukurii GREEN-EYE SPURDOG Pristis pectinata SMALLTOOTH SAWFISH

ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM Scientific Name Common Name(s) RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII MAMMALS 16 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05 Grampus griseus GREY DOLPHIN Lagenodelphis hosei FRASER'S DOLPHIN Megaptera novaeangliae HUMPBACK WHALE Stenella clymene ATLANTIC SPINNER DOLPHIN Trichechus manatus AMERICAN MANATEE Ziphius cavirostris CUVIER'S BEAKED WHALE Delphinus delphis COMMON DOLPHIN Tursiops truncatus BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN Stenella attenuata PANTROPICAL SPOTTED DOLPHIN Stenella longirostris SPINNER DOLPHIN Stenella coeruleoalba STRIPED DOLPHIN Stenella clymene CLYMENE DOLPHIN Grampus griseus RISSO’S DOLPHIN Mesoplodon europaeus GERVAIS’S BEAKED WHALE Pseudorca crassidens FALSE KILLER WHALE Orcinus orca ORCA - KILLER WHALE Kogia breviceps PYGMY SPERM WHALE Kogia simus DWARF SPERM WHALE Peponocephala electra MELON-HEADED WHALE Globicephala macrorhynchus SHORTFIN PILOT WHALE Physeter catodon GREAT SPERM WHALE Balaenoptera acutorostrata MINKE WHALE Balaenoptera edeni BRYDE’S WHALE Balaenoptera physalis FIN WHALE Megaptera novaeangliae HUMPBACK WHALE Ardops nichollsi TREE BAT Leptonycteris curasoae SOUTHERN LONG-NOSED BAT Myotis nesopolus CURACAO MYOTIS Tadarida brasiliensis BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BAT

ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM Scientific Name Common Name(s) RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII REPTILES Chelonia mydas GREEN TURTLE Dermochelys coriacea LEATHERBACK Eretmochelys imbricata HAWKSBILL TURTLE Caretta caretta LOGGERHEAD TURTLE Lepidochelys olivacea OLIVE RIDLEY Alsophis rijersmai LEEWARD ISLAND RACER Alsophis rufiventris RED-BELLIED RACER Iguana iguana GREEN IGUANA Iguana delicatissima LESSER ANTILLEAN IGUANA GASTROPODS Strombus gigas Queen Conch

ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM Scientific Name Common Name(s) RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII BIRDS Amazona barbadensis YELLOW-SHOULDERED AMAZON Contopus cooperi OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER Dendroica cerulea CERULEAN WARBLER Pterodroma hasitata BLACK-CAPPED PETREL Vermivora chrysoptera GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER Falco peregrinus PEREGRINE FALCON Contopus cooperi OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER Dendrocygna arborea BLACK-BILLED WOOD-DUCK Fulica caribaea CARIBBEAN COOT Vermivora chrysoptera GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER Phoenicopterus ruber CARIBBEAN FLAMINGO Sarkidiornis melanotos COMB DUCK Buteo albicaudatus WHITE-TAILED HAWK Buteo jamaicensis RED-TAILED HAWK Pandion haliaetus OSPREY Poliborus plancus CRESTED CARACARA Falco sparverius AMERICAN KESTREL Falco columbarius MERLIN Aratinga pertinax BROWN-THROATED CONURE Tyto alba BARN OWL Chrysolampis mosquitus RUBY-TOPAZ HUMMINGBIRD Chorostilbon mellisugus BLUE-TAILED EMERALD Eulampis jugularis PURPLE-THROATED CARIB Sericotes holocericeus GREEN-THROATED CARIB Orthorhyncus cristatus ANTILLEAN CRESTED HUMMINGBIRD

ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM Scientific Name Common Name(s) RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII CORALS Acropora cervicornis STAGHORN CORAL Acropora palmata ELKHORN CORAL Acropora prolifera FUSED STAGHORN CORAL Agaricia agaricites LEAF CORAL Agaricia humilis Agaricia tenuifolia RIBBON CORAL Agaricia fragilis FRAGILE SAUCER CORAL Agaicia lamarcki LEAF CORAL Agaricia grahamae LEAF CORAL Agaricia undulata SCROLL CORAL Montastrea annularis (s.l.) MOUNTAINOUS STAR CORAL Montastrea cavernosa CAVERNOUS STAR CORAL Dichocoenia stokesii ELLIPTICAL STAR CORAL Colpophyllia natans FLOATING BRAIN CORAL Diploria labyrinthiformis BRAIN CORAL Diploria strigosa BRAIN CORAL Diploria clivosa BRAIN CORAL Porites asteroides MUSTARD HILL CORAL Porites porites CLUB FINGER CORAL Porites branneri Porites furcata Madracis mirabilis YELLOW PENCIL CORAL Madracis decactis GREEN CACTUS CORAL Madracis carmabi Madracis senaria Siderastrea sidereal Siderastrea radians

ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM Scientific Name Common Name(s) RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII Scolymia cubensis SOLITARY DISK CORAL Scolymia lacera Mycetophyllia aliciae Mycetophyllia daniana Mycetophyllia ferox Mycetophyllia lamarckiana Mycetophyllia reesi Mussa angulosa LARGE FLOWER CORAL Stephanocoenia michelinii BLUSHING STAR CORAL Leptoseris cucculata Eusmilia fastigiata FLOWER CORAL Favia fragum GOLFBALL CORAL Meandrina meandrites Dendrogyra cylindrus PILLAR CORAL Millepora alcicornis FIRE CORAL Millepora complanata Millepora squarrosa Stylaster roseus LACE CORAL Antipathes americana BLACK CORAL Antipathes atlantica BLACK CORAL Antipathes dichotoma BLACK CORAL Antipathes pennacea BLACK CORAL Antipathes tanacetum BLACK CORAL Antipathes hirta BLACK CORAL Antipathes furcata BLACK CORAL Antipathes caribbeana BLACK CORAL Stichopathes lutkeni BLACK CORAL Stichopathes gracilis BLACK CORAL

ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM Scientific Name Common Name(s) RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII CACTI Acanthocereus tetragonus Mammillaria mammillaris Melocactus macrocanthus Melocactus citrispinus Melocactus spp Melocactus intortus Opuntia wentiana COMMON PRICKLY PEAR Opuntia curassavica CYLINDRICAL PRICKLY PEAR Opuntia triacantha SPANISH LADY Opuntia dillenii SOUR PRICKLE Opuntia rubescens SOUR PRICKLE Opuntia elatior BROAD PRICKLY PEAR Ritterocereus griseus TALL CANDELABRA CACTUS Subpilocereus repandus CANDELABRA CACTUS Hylocereus trigonus STRAWBERRY PRICKLE Pilocereus royeni DILDO Pilosocereus lanuginosus CANDELABRA CACTUS

ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM Scientific Name Common Name(s) RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII RL AI AII ORCHIDS Brassavola nodosa LADY OF THE NIGHT Brassavola cucullata Schomburgkia humboldtii HUMBOLDT’S ORCHID Polystachia concreta ORCHID Polystachya cerea Liparis nervosa Tetramicra canaliculata Ertyhrodes plantaginea Erythrodes hirtella Jacquiniella globosa Epidendrum atropurpureum Epidendrum ciliare Epidendrum difforme Epidendrum kraenzlinii Epidendrum secundum Epidendrum strobiliferum Maxillaria coccinea Oncidium leiboldii Oncidium urophyllum Spiranthes elata Spiranthes lanceolata Prescottia stachyodes ORCHID OTHER PLANTS Cyathea spp. TREE FERN Guaiacum officinale LIGNUM-VITAE Guaiacum sanctum ROUGHBARK LIGNUM-VITAE Nectandra krugii BOIS DOUX AVOCAT

Information availability Each of the factors listed below have been identified by Kenchington, R. A. (1990). (Managing Marine Environments, Taylor and Francis, New York.) as important background information for the running of any PA. Within the management success capture sheets, PA staff checked yes or no if the PA has each of the information sources and had an option to provide further details e.g. how much detail the maps include, how old the information is, if there are any plans to improve the information. A good source of information is considered to be recent, comprehensive and easily accessible. Those pieces of information identified as missing should be developed to increase the management capacity of the Protected Area.

Information is not available to the PA Information source is insufficient e.g. too old, unfinished, too specific etc A good source of information A A A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P T T T T M T M M M M

Access to information N U R B A N R B A M T R A U O T A U O X S S C A S B S C S B

Geological maps Maps of currents Bathymetric charts Tide tables Baseline habitat maps Community descriptions Species lists Status of commercially important species Status of endangered, threatened and endemic species Aerial photographs Hydrological survey Land use plans Topographical maps Economic valuation Cultural valuation Traditional usage Current use and usage levels Socio-economic survey Other A A A A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P P T M T M T T M T M T M

N N U R R B B M M A A R O O U U A T X A T X A B C S S S B C S S S Accurate Species lists / database †

Accurate species lists are essential tools to consult when establishing the conservation value of a protected area. They add to the management capacity of organisation by providing staff, researchers and other interested parties with essential information.

† Although a terrestrial protected area on St. Maarten does not exist, the Nature Foundation has access to species lists for terrestrial flora and fauna. 24 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05

Governance and institution The following tables indicate the level of governance and institutional organisation for each of the PA’s. For policies, planning documents, laws, permits, guidelines and institutional arrangements to be effective, they need to be adopted effectively through publication and use. The success of a PA will be determined by the value and efficiency of the governance and institutional arrangements.

Key Data not relevant Factor not in existence Factor in development or not adopted/gazetted/publicised Factor exists and is adopted/gazetted/publicised A A A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P T T T T M T M M M M

N U R B A N R B A M T R A U O T A U O X S S C A S B S C S B

Y Nature policy plan C I

L Environmental policy plan O P S

P Zoning plan

MANAGEMENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS Marine environment ordinance S

M Hinderverordening / nuisance ordinance A

H Afval /waste ordinance B Waterveiligheid / Water safety E

D Fisheries N

A Building and housing

S Harbour ordinance E

C Development ordinance N

A Afval water / waste water N

I Nature management ordinance D

R Protection of Fauna and Flora O Other Research Collection Tourism watersports Tourism tour operators Tourism guides Farming S

T Hiking I

M Camping R

E Building P Land clearance Piers Moorings Fishing Natural resource extraction Other

The more established protected areas, such as Bonaire MPA have more tools at hand to help run the protected area. Without the policy plans, relevant ordinances and permitting procedures in place, the management of the protected area becomes very difficult since rules and legal requirements cannot be enforced. Those factors that are not in existence should be developed for each of the PA’s to help increase the management capacity of the protected areas.

25 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05 Governance and institutions continued; Key Data not relevant Factor not in existence Factor in development or not adopted/publicised Factor exists and is adopted/publicised A A A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P T T T T M T M M M M

Animal / plant spotting

Boating

Camping

Cycling

Driving

Fishing

Helicopter tours

Hiking

Horse riding S

E Kayaking N I

L Off road driving - motor cross E Parachute sports D I

U Picnicking / BBQ's G

Tours D

N Beach lounging A

Diving S

E Fishing L

U Jet skiing R Kite surfing

Mooring

Snorkelling Submarine / submersible / glass bottom boating Waterskiing

Windsurfing

Yachting

Spearfishing Other:

Rules and guidelines that are fully adopted and well publicised significantly increase the effectiveness of a protected area. Not only effectively communicated rules and guidelines lighten the workload for PA staff through passively informing stakeholders about the PA, but they also clearly define what is and isn’t allowed within the PA. This means the PA’s requirements reach far larger audiences than through formal presentations and personal meetings also the documents and signage clearly state the position of the conservation organisation as well as local and international legal requirements.

The table above shows the areas (blank squares) where each PA should develop and publicise its rules and guidelines. This will increase the management capacity of the PA, through improved outreach and awareness.

Key Data not relevant Factor not in existence Factor in development Factor exists and is adopted/used A A A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P T T T T M T M M M M

Statutes

Byelaws

Board book / operational manual

N Daily board O I Staff work book T A Job descriptions for staff S I

N Uniforms for staff A Staff id badges G

R Staff evaluations O Committees Annual report Annual audit

Organisations responsible for running protected areas benefit from being well developed in terms of staff requirements (including uniforms, and objective setting such as on daily boards), statutes, bylaws, committees and reporting requirements. Those factors that are not in existence would increase the management capacity of the PA’s if developed

Meetings less frequently than every month and/or no minutes Monthly or more with minutes Monthly or more with minutes circulated A A A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P T T T T M T M M M M

MEETINGS N U R B A N R B A M T R A U O T A U O X S S C A S B S C S B

NUMBER OF BOARD MEMBERS 5 9 6 5 8 9 6 5 8 6 FREQUENCY OF MANAGEMENT BODY MEETINGS MANAGEMENT BODY MEETINGS WITH MANAGER/DIRECTOR MANAGER/DIRECTOR MEETS WITH STAFF

Effective communication within the PA’s organisation is essential for the effective running of the PA. Communication lines usually run through meetings that are followed up with minutes to the relevant parties. Ideally, meetings between the management body, director/manager and staff should each occur on at least a monthly basis, where minutes are taken and circulated to relevant parties. This increases transparency with decision making and encourages communication between staff, management and the management body.

Stakeholders and partners Key Effective stakeholder relationships are essential the functioning of any protected area. The table below shows how the PA’s within the Limited Relationship DCNA interact with their stakeholders and other partners. The level of relationship is established through the level of interaction between the PA staff and the stakeholder/partners. This includes the number of times PA staff meet with the stakeholder, whether or not Some relationship information is given by the PA institution to the stakeholder, and whether or not the stakeholder/partner provides information for the PA Well developed relationship staff. No relationship x Irrelevant / group don't exist

Local stakeholders International Partners l ) ) ) t t ) ) t ) r r s e e s s e e s k y s s d n n T n t t S P t V A N a l M ' s r r r F n n e e r C N k c c c c p o p i v v v o o o t S S i i i i i N n C o r e e i e i M i o h A h a l O f f i f u u L N A o r o o t t s t W t t t v S A f l o f o r C U u P o O i r l T m m a a o a o a a I u G D G G G e o i i O t O o ( t t e C r r r W ( w e D a ( ( ( P G t s

C d M r r B (

c c a i I r r h g e g E

s s t y t t t o a n a a k c o n o r n r s o I u p i l R e r r D c s n n n i r s p l p H C I r s s a e o a o e C a o n e e e A O F e t u e e n b t s s u g h

t e b a o W t t r u o o C d d w u n a a t r m m m e i i n

t v a t t t I l c C o t e l n a O P v r

r g r r i e i e a i N g c m r u e H l a n a a a m l N s D g n s t u e r s e o i p p p i n r o t e o i e e o r n t e e e r t n r t R o f V L

u R s o r e d d d a o n P i l

d o n z v C u v e n r A l n T o m r

n d e o e o u s i C s u r E i n s t v t r F

a n a e t

d u u e c o v a g i a c o d u i i C N n o T r D

i d r g e W d E b

l h i A a d

l T u r g B o n i W k r o W

ARU TPA x x x x x x x BON TPA x x x x x x x x CUR TPA x x x x x x x SAB TPA x x x x x x x STA TPA x x x x x x x x BON MPA CUR MPA SAB MPA STA MPA x x SXM MPA x

PART B PART B OF THIS REPORT OUTLINES THE METHODOLOGY USED TO EVALUATE THE MAIN PRESSURES FACING EACH OF THE PA’S BEFORE PRESENTING GRAPHICS SHOWING THE TOP 15 PRESSURES AS RANKED BY THE STAFF MEMBERS INVOLVED WITH THE PROJECT.

Pressures The pressures considered in this section are considered to be external pressures originating from outside of the PA organisation. ‘Pressures’ such as finance, governance, laws, staff, administration etc are not included. Pressures are forces, activities or events that are taking part in an area and may have a detrimental effect on the natural resources of the Protected Area. Pressures include both illegal and legal activities, and may result from direct and indirect impacts of an activity. Depending on the nature of the pressure it can be seen as an issue (use) or a threat.

The score for the pressures is established using a WWF method where each pressure is given a score out of 4 for its Extent, Impact and Permanence. These are then multiplied and the resulting score gives the degree of pressure. Further explanation is given below.

EXTENT is the range across which the impact of the activity occurs. The extent of an activity should be assessed in relation to its possible occurrence. For example, the extent of fishing would be measured relative to the total fishable area. The extent of poaching would be measured relative to the possible occurrence of the species population. The extent of nutrient enrichment would likely be measured throughout an entire protected area.

. 4 = “Throughout” means that an activity occurs in 50% or greater of its potential range . 3 = “Widespread” means occurrence in between 15 and 50% of its potential range . 2 = “Scattered” occurs in between 5 and 15% of its potential range . 1 = “Localised” occurs in less than 5% of its potential range IMPACT is the degree, either directly or indirectly, to which the pressure affects overall protected area resources. Possible effects from motorized vehicle recreation, for example, could include soil erosion and compaction, stream siltation, noise disturbance, plant damage, disruption of breeding and denning sites of key species, fragmentation of critical habitat, introduction of exotic species and increased access for additional threats, such as poaching.

. 4 = “Severe” impact is serious damage or loss to protected area resources, including soil, water, flora and/or fauna, as a direct or indirect result of an activity. . 3 = “High” impact is significant damage to protected area resources. . 2 = “Moderate” impact is damage to protected area resources that is obviously detectable, but not considered significant . 1 = “Low” impact is damage that may or may not be easily detectable, and is considered slight or insignificant. PERMANENCE is the length of time needed for the effected PA resource to recover with or without human intervention. Recovery is defined as the restoration of ecological structures, functions and processes to levels that existed prior to the activities occurrence at an impact moderate or above. Recovery time assumes that the activity ceases, and that either management interventions take place, or natural processes are allowed to occur. The degree of permanence will depend on factors such as the type of damage, the ability for human intervention to restore the resources, and/or the regenerative capacity of the resource itself.

. 4 = “Permanent” is damage to a resource that cannot recover naturally, or with human intervention, within 100 years . 3 = “Long term” damage can recover in 20 to 100 years. . 2 = “Medium term” damage can recover in 5 to 20 years. . 1 = “Short term” damage can recover in less than 5 years

The following graphs show the top 15 pressures in the DCNA islands for both the TPA’s and the MPA’s.

The most serious pressures facing the MPA’s of the DCNA have been identified by the organisations as Sedimentation, Change of Land use, Diving, Nutrient Enrichment and Pollution. The threat of Diving is not clear from this analysis although it could be assumed that the threat comes from high diver numbers and the damage caused by contact with the coral reefs. The other factors are intrinsically linked.

29 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05 Changes of land use, especially the construction of buildings and roads, directly removes some habitats an increases the amount of pollutants entering the marine environment through increased run off, poor building practices, drainage and wastewater treatment. Nutrient enrichment occurs through poorly treated sewage and storm water entering the marine environment the reefs. Sediments from land sources also get into the marine environment in similar ways. Each of these damage the natural environments the PA’s are there to protect.

The organisations that make the DCNA often struggle with the lack of integration between terrestrial and marine conservation activities. The marine environment is directly linked to the land through runoff and drainage, even development and drainage activities in the very centre of the islands will have some impact on the marine environment. To enable the MPA’s to effectively deal with the main pressures identified, they need to have a significant consultee role for land based developments.

MPA top 15 pressures

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Sedimentation Development / conversion of land use Diving / snorkelling Nutrient enrichment Pollution Artisinal Fishing Boating Sport Fishing Yachting Poaching Invasive species Cruise boats Pollution : Terrestrial run off Pollution: Waste water (Sewage) Jet skiing

The main pressures facing the Terrestrial Protected Areas are Invasive species and Pastoral Farming. Goats are an invasive species that are farmed pastorally, and illegally roam into PA land when they break through inadequate fencing. Goats strip bare the native vegetation on the ground and also feed in trees, removing ground cover and causing erosion and loss of valuable plant species. Other invasive species on the DCNA islands include Corallita (Antigonon leptopusa – a smothering plant, thriving on lower terraces) on Statia, Cats and Dogs on Saba (breeding domesticated animals) and Boa constrictors (introduced and directly competing with rare native Rattle Snakes) on Aruba.

TPA top 15 pressures

Degree of pressure 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Invasive species Agriculture: Pastoral Farming Vehicles Mining Development / conversion of land use Poaching Collection Hiking Animal/plant spotting Pollution : Terrestrial run off Pollution: Litter Tours Horseback riding Cycling Kayaking

PART C PART C OF THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE PHYSICAL RESOURCES AT THE DISPOSAL OF THE PROTECTED AREAS, THE HUMAN RESOURCES, OR STAFF INVOLVED WITH THE PROTECTED AREAS AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROTECTED AREAS.

Physical Resources The number of physical resources available for use by a protected area greatly influences the work that can be done. The following list includes those resources that are useful to the running of the PA’s within the DCNA. Comparisons can be made between the resources available to the different PA’s and gaps where resources are lacking can be identified.

Access to resource Shared resource No resource x Not Applicable A A A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P T T T T M T M M M M

Physical Resources N U R B A N R B A M T A R U O T A U O X S S C A S B S C S B Office(s) Meeting room Workshop Boat shed s

g Ticket office / entrance n i

d Research room l i

u Lab room B Visitor centre Museum Public toilets Accommodation 4*4 Truck Van / 2WD Pick up t

r Car o

p Motorbike s

n Bicycle a r

T Hard Hull, in board engine x x x x x Hard Hull, out board engine x x x x x Rigid Inflatable, in board engine x x x x x Rigid Inflatable, out board engine x x x x x n o i Fax machine t a

c Telephone (Land line) i

n Cell phones

m Radios m

o VHF radio C Base station Piers/docks x x x x x

Moorings x x x x x BBQ pits Trails e

r Board walks u t

c Car parks u

r Hides t s

a Walls r f

n Fences

d Roads n

a Litter Bins

L Picnic tables Benches

Key Access to resource Shared resource No resource x Not Applicable A A A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P T T T T M T M M M M

Physical Resources (continued) N U R B A N R B A M T R A U O T A U O X S S C A S B S C S B

Information booths e

g Signboards a n g

i Marker stones S Trail markers Desk top Computer Lap top Computer Pocket Computer (Palm pilot) Camera Video camera Projector Internet BC x x x x x Regulator(s) x x x x x Tank x x x x x Weights (sets) x x x x x Wetsuits x x x x x UW Scooter x x x x x t

n Mask x x x x x e

m Fins x x x x x

u x x x x x q Snorkel E

r Drying oven e h

t Microscopes O Fridge Balance Field glasses CTD probe pH meter Water quality test kit GPS Maintenance equipment Drill mooring equipment x x x x x Personal protective equipment First Aid kit Oxygen kit Hyperbaric facility x x x x x

Human Resources The number of staff and their qualifications/experience directly influence the ability of the institution to carry out work. The graphic below shows the number of staff members each protected area has and their position†. Director Human Resource Score Manager 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Assistant manager Chief ranger ARU TPA Ranger 1 Ranger 2 BON TPA Ranger 3 Ranger 4 Ranger 5 CUR TPE Ranger 6 Ranger 7 SAB TPA Ranger 8 Ranger 9 STA TPA Ranger 10 Assistant ranger BON MPA Assistant ranger Administrator CURMPA Receptionist Outreach / education officer SAB MPA Science officer Development officer STA MPA Sales staff Messenger SXM MPA Maintenance person Cleaner

The graphic on the following page shows the staff attributes for each PA. Staff with more years of service, a higher academic qualification, positive evaluations, a professional dive qualification and as many other qualifications as possible are likely to increase the management capacity of the PA and directly influence the success of the PA. This graph is also dependant on the number of staff each PA has – so for Bon MPA, it immediately scores highly since it has the most staff members‡

† Feedback on this report from the DCNA meeting June 2006 identified that some of the positions are shared e.g. the director form Bon MPA is shared with Bon TPA. This factor will be taken into account for the next set of Management Success Reports. ‡ Feedback identified that the number of staff and the relevance of the qualifications to the staff members position should be taken into account in the next report 34 DCNA Islands Management Success Report 04-05

SCORING FOR STAFF ATTRIBUTES FIELD COMPLETED NOTES ON SCORING

The attributes of the staff members have been <1 = 1 scored using the simple system outlined to the 1-3 = 2 right. This gives each of the staff members score Years of service 3-6 = 5 where a staff member with more qualifications 6-10 = 6 and experience will have a higher score. >10 = 5 None *0.1, PhD*4, The first graphic below compares the relative Academic MSc*4, qualification BSc*3, contribution of staff members’ attributes to each (Multiplier) Diploma *2, of the PA’s in the DCNA. The following graphic(s) BVO/HAVO*1.5, show how the various staff attributes are MAVO*1.1 balanced within the individual PA, this highlights None *0, staff strengths and areas where further staff Instructor*4, Divemaster*3, development may be beneficial. Diving qualification Rescue*2, Advanced*1, Open Water*1 Additional training 1 Point for each.

Staff attributes Score 0 50 100 150

ARU TPA

BON TPA

CUR TPE Years of service Academic qualification SAB TPA Evaluation STA TPA Dive qualification Special police powers BON MPA VHF radio operator Vehicle / boat maintenance CUR MPA First aid Conflict resolution SAB MPA Captains licence STA MPA IT Training Media and communication SXM MPA Species specific training Monitoring

Finances The following graphic present a comparison between the PA’s within the DCNA in terms of the total amount of the yearly budget.

Total Annual Budget

400 s d n a s

u 350 o h T

D 300 S U

0 ARU BON CUR SAB STA SXM ARU BON CUR SXM TPA TPA TPA MPA / MPA/ TPA MPA MPA MPA MPA TPA TPA

Income for the protected areas comes from a variety of sources such as government subsidies, donations, fees etc. The source of income for each PA is presented in the graphic below (this data is also presented per island in the island reports). This graphic illustrates the dependency on income sources by some of the PA’s – Bon TPA depending mainly on Fees and Cur TPA and MPA depending on Government Subsidies. Conversely it shows how Saba and Statia PA’s have a range of income sources, although fees and government subsidies play a major role in their income generation.

PA income sources Government subsidies

Donations and bequests 180000 Fees and franchises 160000 Souvenir sales 140000 Sale of resources e.g.goats 120000

100000 Foreign currenct exchange

80000 Fee for service 60000

A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P P T T T A M A M M

M M P P U N R N R M T A T B R U O X U O T A A B C S B C S S