Grammar Ch. 5-11 Exam Study Guide

Chapter 5 – Parts of Speech – Pg 89-106 – Focus on Pg 103, 105, 106, 159

 Common/Proper/Concrete/Abstract Nouns

 Pronouns/Possessive Pronouns

 Linking/Action Verbs

 Adjectives/Articles, Adverbs

 Prepositions/Prepositional Phrases/Object of the Preposition

 Conjunctions and Interjections

Chapter 6 – Parts of a Sentence – Pg 109-126 – Focus on Pg 109, 117, 125, 126

Subjects and Predicates

 Simple Subject: Noun only. Never in a prepositional phrase! If a command, it is you understood. Usually comes before the verb. May be in an unusual place if sentence starts with a preposition, the words here or there, or is a question.

 Complete Subject: Noun and all associated words. In general, everything before the verb

 Simple Predicate: Verb only, but includes helping verbs. The verb is usually split from its helping verb in a question.

 Complete Predicate: Verb and all associated words. In general, the verb through the end of the sentence.

 Compound Subject = 2 nouns; Compound Predicate = 2 verbs

Types of Sentences: Declarative/Interrogative/Imperative/Exclamatory – see Pg 109

Subject Complements – follow a linking verb (is, am, was, were, are, seems, etc)

 Predicate Nominative – noun, renaming the subject

 Predicate Adjective – adjective, describing the subject

Objects of Verbs – follow an action verb; always a noun!

 Direct Object – answers What? Or Who? for the verb

 Indirect Object – answers To Whom? Or For Whom? for the verb; if present, must come BETWEEN verb and direct object; not always present; NEVER present WITHOUT a direct object

Fragments (Missing a subject/verb pair, but words working together; Missing an independent clause) Run-Ons (Too many clauses without proper punctuation) – 2 Independent clauses must be joined by semicolon, comma with conjunction, semicolon with conjunctive adverb and comma, or start new sentence Chapter 7 – Phrases – Pg 129-142 - Focus on Pg 141, 159, 160

Phrases – missing a subject or verb, but function together as a part of speech; know how they are acting (part of speech: noun, adjective, adverb) and what they are modifying (if acting as adjective or adverb)

 Prepositional phrases – study your prepositions!!! (Pg 99 has most)

o Act as Adjective or Adverb by modifying Noun (if adjective) or Verb/Adverb/Adjective (if adverb) in sentence

o Object of Preposition = noun following preposition

 Appositive – noun/pronoun identifies/renames noun immediately before it; usually a name and/or surrounded by commas

 Participle – verb acting as adjective

 Gerund – “ing” verb acting as noun (subject/direct object/indirect object/predicate nominate/object of preposition)

 Infinitive – “to verb acting as noun, adjective, or adverb

Chapter 8 – Clauses – Pg 145-158 - Focus on Pg 157, 158, 160

Clauses include both a subject and a verb

 Independent Clause – expresses a complete thought

 Dependent Clause – has a subject and a verb, but doesn’t express a complete thought; must be paired with an independent clause in order to form a complete sentence; start with “red flag” words (see Pgs 147, 149, 151)

o Adjective Clause – follows and modifies a noun; usually set off by commas

o Adverb Clause – usually at beginning of sentence followed by a comma; modifies a verb/adj/adv (where/when/why/how/how much/to what extent)

o Noun Clause – words act as one entity, representing one person, place, thing, idea, etc; acts as subject/direct object/indirect object/object of preposition/predicate nominative

 Sentence Structure

o Simple Sentence: 1 IC; No DCs

o Compound Sentence: 2 or more ICs; No DCs

o Complex Sentence: 1 IC; 1 or more DCs

o Compound-Complex Sentence: 2 or more ICs; 1 or more DCs Chapter 9 – Verbs – Pg 163-176 – Focus on Pg 172, 173, 175

Irregular verbs (do not form their past or past participle in a predictable pattern; they do not add –ed) and Verb tenses – you will not have to identify type of tense (present participle, past participle, etc), but you WILL have to use the structure of the sentence to determine the correct form of the verb which should be used.

Parallel Structure (See pg 171!)

 use the same grammatical form for two or more similar ideas (all –ing verbs, all ‘to’ verbs, etc), including when using correlative conjunctions (both/and, either/or, not only/but also);

 When using articles, prepositions, or conjunctions before equal ideas in a list, be sure to be consistent. Either repeat the preceding word/phrase before every idea, or use it only before the first idea in the series

Passive vs Active Voice

 Active voice – the performer of the action comes before the verb in the sentence

 Passive voice – the performer of the action comes after the verb in the sentence or is not in the sentence

Chapter 10 – Subject/Verb Agreement – Pg 179-190 – Focus on Pg 189, 219

Verbs must match the subject in person and number; make sure to match the subject (not a prepositional phrase between the subject and verb)!

 Singular subject must take a singular verb / Plural subject must take a plural verb

 Indefinite pronouns :

o always take singular verb: anybody, anyone, each, either, everybody, everyone, neither, nobody, no one, one, somebody, someone

o always take a plural verb: both, few, many, several

o may take a singular or plural verb – use the word to which it is referring to determine whether singular or plural: all, any, most, some

 Compound Subjects:

o 2 or more singular subjects joined by ‘and’ take a plural verb

o 2 or more singular subjects joined by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ take a singular verb

o Singular subject and plural subject joined by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ take verb based on subject closer to the verb

 Special nouns (See pg 185 examples!!!) o Collective nouns take singular verb if acting as single unit or plural verb if acting as multiple members

o Some singular nouns end with –s (Measles, eyeglasses, pants)

o Title of a work of art is always singular

o Single amount or time is singular

o ‘Many a’, ‘every’, ‘each’ before a compound subject make it singular

Chapter 11 – Pronoun Usage – Pg 193-204 – Focus on Pg 203, 220

Subject Pronouns = I, we, they, he, she, you, it, who – use when pronoun is the subject for a verb or predicate nominative

Object Pronouns = Me, us, them, him, her, you, it, whom – use when pronoun is the direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition