16.4: a Clash of World Views Breakthrough Chart, Sci. Method Chart

Bracha Brauser 16.4: A Clash of World Views ***Breakthrough Chart, Sci. Method Chart*** 1. What philosophers did the Church depend upon prior to the Scientific Revolution?  Ptolemy and Aristotle 2. Describe the Ptolemaic view.  Put the earth at the center of the cosmos, and above it were the earth, stars and the planets in concentric crystalline spheres beyond this was God and the angels  Planets revolved around earth at the command of God  Heavens were perfect and earth was corrupted  Planets revolved in circular orbits (circles= perfection)  In order to account for the actual elliptical paths that could be observed and calculate, Ptolemy posited orbits within orbits, or epicycles. 3. Identify Copernicus and the Copernican Revolution.  Began when he published his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres  Attacked Ptolemaic view, insisting that earths and planets revolved around the sun (heliocentrism)  By placing sun in the middle instead of earth he could eliminate many epicycles- his view simplified the math  Died soon after publishing his theories  This view became widely popular in the early 17th century 4. What was so dangerous about Copernicus’ beliefs? Did his own findings sit well with himself?  When it was taught by Italian monk, Giordana Bruno with the idea of a new religion, the Catholic inquisition arrested and burned him at stake 5. What role did Tycho Brahe play in the Revolution? Kepler?  Tycho Brahe- Danish astrologer who built new instruments in which to observe the universe and trained new generation of astronomers, observed a new star and comet, rejected heliocentrism  Johannes Kepler- was converted to the heliocentric views, developed 3 laws of planetary motion from Brahe’s observations, the laws provided mathematical backing for heliocentrism 6. Why was Galileo forced to appear before the Inquisition? What was the result?  Because he provided more evidence to support heliocentrism  His position implied that the bible was wrong about the motion of the universe, and that the error came from the bible’s use of common language to appeal to the lower orders  When forced to appear before the inquisition, he agreed to publicly recant his assertion about the movement of the earth in order so he wouldn’t be tortured and die  As a result, he lived under house arrest and could publish his work only in the Dutch Republic 7. Define the Scientific Method.  Based on systematic experiments and rational deduction  Two men spread it: English politician Sir Francis Bacon and the French mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes

1  Represented two halves: inductive reasoning through observation and experimental research and deductive reasoning from self-evident principles 8. Describe the difference between natural magic and black magic. Was there really a difference between them, according to the critics of the new science?  Natural was close to experimental science  Black magic was considered demonic  Great minds still closely linked magic and science  The astronomer Tycho Brahe defended his studies of alchemy and astrology as part of natural magic. 9. When did witch hunts and trials peak? Reason?  In Europe between 1560 and 1640- the time of the celebrated breakthroughs of new science  In a time of economic crisis, plague, warfare, and the clash of religious differences, witchcraft provided an outlet for social stress and anxiety 10. What was new regarding witches at this time? Why?  The official persecution was new, the belief in witches had long existed  It was justified by the reason that witches were agents of the Satan whom the righteous should stand up against 11. Why were females primarily the target? Who were their accusers? Why?  Historians argue that the trials expressed a fundamental hatred of women that came to a head during the conflicts over the Reformation  Witchcraft consisted of a lot of sexually sinning in which women were said to play the devil’s sexual slaves  This gave clergy the opportunity to attack the undisciplined sexuality of women  Also since the accuser is always more powerful then the accused, people would target weak old women or young midwives after the death of a baby of mother in childbirth 12. Why did the persecution of witches decline?  When Scientific thought began to raise questions about the evidence brought in court  Everyone began to suspect that the accusations were based on nothing more than superstition  Popular attitudes had not changed rather the attitudes of the elites changed  When physicians and judges went along with the trails it was fine, but when they distanced themselves from these beliefs –the trails and executions stopped Important Terms:  Ptolemy/Ptolemaic View: question 12  Scientific Method: question 17  Nicolaus Copernicus: a polish clergyman who published his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, Attacked Ptolemaic view, insisting that earths and planets revolved around the sun (heliocentrism). By placing sun in the middle instead of earth he could eliminate many epicycles- his view simplified the math, Died soon after publishing his theories, This view became widely popular in the early 17th century

2  Heliocentrism: the idea that the earth and planets revolved around the sun. He discovered that by placing the sun instead of the earth in the middle of the system of spheres, he could eliminate many epicycles from the calculations.  Catholic Inquisition: set up to seek out heretics, arrested and burned Italian Monk Giordano at stake because of his support of the idea of heliocentrism  Tycho Brahe: A Danish astronomer, who collected evidence to undermine the Ptolemaic view. He lost part of his nose at university in a duel. He designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens and trained many astronomers. He observed a new start in 1572 and a new comet in 1577, which called into question the Aristotelian view that the universe was changing. He rejected heliocentricism, but his assistant, Johannes Kepler was converted into the Copernicus view.  Johannes Kepler: Brahe’s assistant in Prague, who was converted to the Copernican view. He continued Brahe’s collection of planetary observations and used the evidence to develop his three laws of planetary motion. His laws provided mathematical backing for heliocentricism and directly challenged the claim that planetary motion was circular. His first law stated that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun always at one focus of the ellipse  Galileo Galilei: provided more evidence to support the heliocentric view, challenged the doctrine that the heavens were perfect and unchanging, invented a better telescope when he found out two Dutch astronomers were building one, he portrayed the earth as a moving part of a larger system  Galen: second century Greek physician was a contemporary of Ptolemy. Derived knowledge of human body from partial dissections  Andres Vesalius: a Flemish scientist who challenged the traditional account of anatomy, refuted Galne’s work, in his anatomical text, On the Construction of the Human Body  Parcaceslus: burned Galne’s text at the university of Basel, where he was a professor of medicine, he experimented with new drugs, performed  William Harvey: An Englishman, who used dissection to examine to the circulation of blood within the body, demonstrating how the heart worked as a pump. The heart and its valves were machinery. They obeyed mechanical laws just like the planets and earth revolved around the sun in a methodical universe.  Francis Bacon: An English politician who helped spread the prestige of the scientific method  Rene Descrates: a French mathematician and philosopher, helped spread scientific method.