Fall Semester 2014-- Final Exam Review with Sample Questions

Nature of Science What are the goals of science? What are NOT the goals of science?

What are the six criteria used to describe science? Explain each. C O N P T T

To be useful in science, a hypothesis must be a. measurable c. testable b. observable d. correct

Matching: Write the letter of the correct answer on the line _____ Qualitative a. The variable that is deliberately changed by the data Experimenter _____ controlled b. The variable that changes in response to the experiment manipulated variable _____ Manipulated variable c. A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad or the Independent range of observations variable _____ Responding variable d. Used to test a hypothesis by changing only one or the Dependent variable at a time variable _____ Law e. descriptive data _____ Quantitative data f. measurable data _____ Theory g. Statement of a natural phenomena

Scientific Method - Controls and Variables Squidward’s Symphony Squidward loves playing his clarinet and believes it attracts more jellyfish than any other instrument he has played. In order to test his hypothesis, Squidward played a song on his clarinet for a total of 5 minutes and counted the number of jellyfish he saw in his front yard. He played the song a total of 3 times on his clarinet and repeated the experiment using a flute and a guitar. He also recorded the number of jellyfish he observed when he was not playing an instrument. The results are shown in the chart

1. What is the control group?

2. What is the manipulated variable?

3. What is the responding variable?

4. What should Squidward’s conclusion be?

1 Label the following statements using the key below. H – hypothesis D – data C - conclusion P - procedure

_____ If the flask is shaken, then the liquid will change color because oxygen is present. _____ 1000 ml were poured in the black box, but 2000 ml came out. _____ The water turned green due to the chlorine that was present. _____ If the yellow popcorn is popped, then it will weigh less because the water trapped inside will evaporate. _____ The blue M&M’s cracked in 56 seconds. _____ The sugar in Coke caused it to sink. _____ Place 1 mL of water into test tube A. _____ The yeast in warm water produced 60 bubbles in one minute. _____ The lakes in N. America are lifeless due to acid rain.

Name and describe AT LEAST 5 characteristics of living things Characteristic Description

Chemistry of Life Match the correct letter in the space provided. _____atom a. building blocks of proteins _____nucleus b. building blocks of DNA or RNA _____proton c. basic unit of matter _____electron d. center of the atom _____neutron e. group of elements joined in a specific proportion _____element d. positively charged particles _____enzyme e. neutrally charged particles _____compound f. negatively charged particles _____amino acid g. group of macromolecules used for energy _____nucleic acid h. group of macromolecules used for movement _____protein i. group of macromolecules used for heredity _____carbohydrate j. group of macromolecules used for cell membrane structure _____lipid k. large biological molecules _____nucleotide l. proteins that speed up chemical reactions that end in “ase” _____macromolecule m. substance made of only one kind of atom

Draw and label a carbon atom and include its protons, neutrons and electrons

2 Describe the difference between covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds. Give an example of each.

pH is a measurement of ______

pH value Example Strong acid Strong base Neutral Weak acid Weak base

What do the letters CHONPS stand for?

Fill in the gaps in the following table. Substance Symbol Atomic # Mass # # of # of # of Protons Neutrons Electrons Aluminum Al 13 14 Uranium U 146 92 Sodium Na 11 12 Krypton Kr 48 36 Calcium Ca 40 20 Silver Ag 47 61

Draw a polar water molecule and label the +/- regions. Explain water’s polarity. List all the properties of water and explain their importance for living things.

Macromolecules-list each type of macromolecule, what the subunits are, examples of each type, functions in the body of each type.

Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis-explain in terms of bonds and water.

Enzymes-functions, what they are made of, lock and key, active site and substrate, denaturing, structure levels of proteins, graph of activity.

Cells Be able to recognize cell organelles on the diagrams in your text! Matching: On the lines provided, match the term with its definition. ____ cell a. an organism whose cells contain a nucleus ____cell membrane b. material inside the cell membrane, not including the nucleus ____cell wall c. uses energy from sunlight to make sugars (food) ____nucleus d. specialized structures within a cell that perform important cell functions ____cytoplasm e. the place where proteins are assembled/made ____prokaryote f. attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

3 using enzymes ____eukaryote g. the basic unit of all forms of life ____organelle h. large structure that contains the cell’s genetic information ____Golgi apparatus i. uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds ____chloroplast j. assembles components of the cell membrane and modifies some proteins ____mitochondrion k. saclike structure that stores water, salts, proteins, and carbs ____vacuole l. a thin, flexible barrier around the cell; controls movement of materials into and out of cell ____endoplasmic reticulum m. an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus ____ribosome n. strong layer around the cell membrane that ____nucleolus provides structure in plants ____ bacteria o. example of a prokaryote ____chromatin p. Granular material in nucleus composed of DNA ____phospholipid q. Structural component of the cell membrane r. organelle that makes ribosomes

Label the organelles found in common between plants/animals on the following diagrams.

List the organelles that are unique to plant cells. ______

List the organelles that are unique to animal cells. ______

What is the cell theory? List its components.

Phospholipid bilayer-draw and list its components. List the functions of proteins embedded in the membrane. What can move through and what can’t.

Completion: On the lines provided, complete the following sentences. Molecules tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in a process known as ______.

4 When some substances can pass across a biological membrane, but others cannot, the membrane is said to be ______.

The process that requires an input of energy to help material move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is called ______.

______is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

A substance that can cross the membrane will tend to move toward an area where it is less concentrated until ______is reached.

Osmosis Example: Imagine there are a concentrated sugar solution on one side of the membrane (inside the cell) and a dilute sugar solution on the other side (outside the cell).

Which has a higher concentration of water? Inside Outside

Which has a lower concentration of water? Inside Outside

Which solution is hypertonic? Inside Outside

Which solution is hypotonic? Inside Outside

In the above example, water can move through the membrane, but sugar cannot move through the membrane. Describe what is going to happen.

When will the two solutions be isotonic?

Describe what would happen to the animal cell if placed in the following solutions. Solution Description Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Label the diagrams below with the type of active transport.

This is the same as the Review Sheet------5 1. What is produced during the Krebs Cycle? 2. What molecules pass high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain? 3. What are the cellular organelles associated with photosynthesis and cellular respiration? 4. What is broken down during cellular respiration? 5. What are the products of cellular respiration? 6. Which part(s) of cellular respiration take place in the cytoplasm of the cell? 7. What is glycolysis followed by? 8. Why is cellular respiration an aerobic process? 9. What is the starting molecule for the Krebs Cycle? 10. The energy of electrons in the ETC is used to make what? 11. In what kinds of organisms does cellular respiration occur? 12. What are the products of photosynthesis? 13. What are photosystems?

14. What are the two main types of fermentation? 15. What happens during lactic acid fermentation? 16. What is ATP made of? 17. How is energy released from ATP? 18. Why are most plants green? 19. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? 20. What is the product of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? 21. What is the first step in photosynthesis? 22. What is the starting molecule for glycolysis? 23. What are the reactants in cellular respiration? 24. What is the Calvin cycle? 25. Where are photosystems found? 26. What is the stroma? 27. How do plants take in the sun’s energy? 28. What are pigments? 29. Where does the Calvin cycle take place? 30. What happens if a plant has no carbon dioxide? 31. Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? 32. What is a product of the Calvin cycle? 33. What are the products of photosynthesis?

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