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Docstec 1756.Pdf Size INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY CAMPUS MONTERREY PROGRAMA DE GRADUADOS EN ELECTRÓNICA, COMPUTACIÓN, INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIONES TECNOLÓGICO DE MONTERREY. EL IMPACTO DE GSM EN MÉXICO Y EL RJTURO HACIA 3G TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE MAESTRO EN ADMINISTRACIÓN DE TELECOMUNICACIONES POR: LUIS ARTURO MÉNDEZ AGUILAR MONTERREY, NUEVO LEÓN JUNIO DE 2004 INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY CAMPUS MONTERREY PROGRAMA DE GRADUADOS EN ELECTRÓNICA, COMPUTACIÓN, INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIONES TECNOLÓGICO DE MONTERREY El impacto de GSM en México y el futuro hacia 3G TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE: MAESTRO EN ADMINISTRACIÓN DE TELECOMUNICACIONES POR: Luis Arturo Méndez Aguilar MONTERREY, N. L. JUNIO DE 2004 INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY CAMPUS MONTERREY PROGRAMA DE GRADUADOS EN ELECTRÓNICA, COMPUTACIÓN, INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIONES Los miembros del comité de tesis recomendamos que la presente tesis del Ing. Luis Arturo Méndez Aguilar sea aceptada como requisito parcial para obtener el grado académico de Maestro en Administración de telecomunicaciones. Comité de Tesis: Dr. Alejandro Ibarra Asesor ' Dr. Ricardo Pineda Sinodal scalante Sinodal rza Salazar, PHP Director del programa de Graduados en Electrónica, Computación, Información y Comunicaciones Junio, 2004 EL IMPACTO DE GSM Y EL FUTURO HACIA 3G POR LUIS ARTURO MÉNDEZ AGUILAR TESIS Presentada al Programa de Graduados en Electrónica, Computación, Información y Comunicaciones Este trabajo es requisito parcial para obtener el grado de Maestro en Administración de las Telecomunicaciones INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY JUNIO 2004 Dedicatorias A mis padres: Gracias papas por apoyarme una vez más como siempre lo han hecho desde que yo nací. Siempre han estado ahí para impulsarme en todo lo que me propongo, y siempre han vivido para el cuidado mío y de mi hermana, así que este triunfo que obtengo con la culminación de la maestría, es de ustedes y siéntanse orgullosos por los padres que han sido. Les agradezco de corazón haber hecho todo para ser lo que soy ahora y los quiero con todo mi corazón. A mi hermana: Gracias luchi por todos los momentos que me diste, y por todos los consejos que he recibido de tu parte, eres parte de la familia que siempre estaré agradecido de haber tenido y de tener a mi lado. Te quiero mucho y también te agradezco el apoyo que he recibido al estar lejos de casa. A mi novia Mayra: Mi amor muchas gracias por estar en mi vida, así como la ayuda que me diste, por todos lo momentos que me acompañaste cuando realizaba la tesis y tus aportaciones que me hiciste para poder terminarla. Te agradezco la paciencia, comprensión y fuerza para poder sacar adelante este proyecto y seguir con nuestros planes a futuro. Gracias por todo tu amor y por hacer todo para que te ame tanto. Agradecimientos Al Dr. Ibarra Yunes: Le agradezco doctor por toda la ayuda que me brindó para la realización de este proyecto. Gracias a todos sus consejos, aportaciones, revisiones y opiniones que me hizo para realizar una mejor tesis, la cual no hubiera podido lograr sin su ayuda. También quisiera agradecerle por la disposición que me brindó en cualquier momento que lo necesitaba. Por todo esto, gracias y estoy orgulloso de haberlo escogido como asesor de mi tesis. Al Dr. Ricardo Pineda Serna Le doy las gracias doctor por la disposición que mostró para ser miembro de mi comité de tesis así como por sus aportaciones y consejos. Al Dr. Carlos Escalante Le agradezco por tomarse el tiempo para ser mi sinodal de tesis así como por sus comentarios y sugerencias que me indicó en la defensa de la tesis. ÍNDICE Capitulo 1 Introducción 1.1 Introducción 1 1.2 Justificación 2 1.3 Alcances y limitaciones 4 1.4 Objetivos 4 1.5 Hipótesis 5 1.6 Metodología 5 Capitulo 2 Marco Teórico 6 2.1 Tecnología GSM 6 2.1.1 Breve historia de GSM 7 2.2 Mercado de GSM 9 2.2.1 Asía 9 2.2.2 Europa 9 2.2.3 América 12 2.2.4 México 15 2.3 Estándar IMT - 2000 20 2.3.1 Tecnología de IMT - 2000 20 2.3.2 Historia de IMT - 2000 21 2.3.3 De GSM a IMT - 2000 24 2.3.3.1 GPRS 26 2.3.3.2 EDGE 26 2.4 Impacto de GSM en México 27 Capitulo 3 Determinantes Tecnológicos 34 3.1 Tecnología de 3G 34 3.2 El mercado para 3G y regulación del espectro 36 3.2.1 Europa 36 3.2.1.1 Regulación de 3G en Europa Occidental 39 3.2.2 Asia y Pacifico 42 3.2.2.1 Licencias de 3G otorgadas en Asia-Pacifico 45 3.2.3 América Latina 46 3.2.3.1 Frecuencias para la introducción de IMT-2000 en México 53 Capitulo 4 Determinantes Regulatorios 55 4.1 Licencias para la introducción de 3G en México 55 4.2 Método de otorgamiento de licencias 56 4.3 Posición de Cofetel ante los jugadores 60 4.4 Europa como referencia 60 4.5 Posición de regulación con la entrada de 3G 61 4.6 3GVsWIFI 63 Capitulo 5 Conclusiones y trabajos futuros 66 Anexos 67 Anexo 1: Operadores de EDGE en el mundo. (Fuente: GSM Association, 2003) 67 Anexo 2: Operadores GPRS en el mundo (Fuente: GSM Association, 2003) 68 Anexo 3: Datos para el estudio de GSM en México, proporcionados por Cofetel, Banco de 69 México e INEGI. Bibliografía 72 m ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1: IMT-2000 Interfases de radio terrestres 23 Figura 2: De GSM a IMT-2000. 25 Figura 3: Diagrama del espectro IMT-2000 34 Figura 4. Arreglo en pares de 1920-1980/2110-2170 MHz. 50 Figura 5: Arreglo de frecuencias basadas en el plan de frecuencias de GSM1800, 1710- 51 1785/1805-1880 MHz. Figura 6: Arreglo de frecuencia para planes de PCS1900, 1850-1910/1930-1990 MHz. 52 Figura 7: Expectativas de adopción de 3G en Europa 61 IV ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICAS Gráfica 1: Pronostico de la adopción de GSM en el Oeste de Europa y el mundo 11 Gráfica 2: Comparación de los clientes de 2G/2.5G/3G en Europa 11 Gráfica 3: Estimación de clientes para los sistemas GSM, GPRS, UMTS y HSCSD en 12 Europa Gráfica 4: Ingresos en la industria de telecomunicaciones 15 Gráfica 5: Sector de las Telecomunicaciones en América Latina 16 Gráfica 6: Usuarios de telefonía móvil 17 Gráfica 7: Penetración de usuarios por cada 100 habitantes 17 Gráfica 8: Primer modelo 28 Gráfica 9: Segundo modelo 30 Gráfica 10: Tercer modelo 31 Gráfica 11: Cuarto modelo 32 Gráfica 12: Comparación de usuarios móviles por compañía en México 32 Gráfica 13: Mercado de telefonía Móvil en México 33 Gráfica 14: Pronostico de Ingresos de trafico de Voz y Datos 37 Gráfica 15: Usuarios de Telefonía celular en Europa Occidental entre 1997-2006 38 Gráfica 16: Número de usuarios móviles: Penetración 2000-2005 en millones 38 Gráfica 17: Usuarios de telefonía celular en Asia- Pacífico 42 Gráfica 18: Los ocho operadores móviles mejor posicionados (mas usuarios) en el mundo 42 en el año 2000, '000s ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1: Cronología de hechos de GSM 8 Tabla 2: Servicios y aplicaciones de los diferentes sistemas móviles 25 Tabla 3. Regulación de 3G en Europa Occidental 41 Tabla 4. Licencias de 3G otorgadas en Asia - Pacífico 45 Tabla 5: Licencias de 3G en Asia-Pacifico 46 Tabla 6: Bandas de frecuencias utilizadas en América Latina 49 Tabla 7: Entrevista realizada a Cofetel, 7 mayo 2004 55 Tabla 8: Operadores de EDGE en el mundo 67 Tabla 9: Operadores de GPRS en el mundo 68 Tabla 10: Datos para el estudio de GSM en México 71 VI CAPITULO I 1.1 Introducción Durante el periodo posterior a la segunda guerra mundial y antes de la mitad de la década de los ochenta, las telecomunicaciones eran consideradas bajo un enfoque de monopolio natural, sujeto de fuertes regulaciones y en poder de los gobiernos como infraestructura básica. Hoy en día las telecomunicaciones deben ser consideradas como un factor de producción estratégico en el desarrollo económico y tecnológico de los países (Ibarra, 1994). Desde hace más de una década el sector de las telecomunicaciones atraviesa por un profundo proceso de transformación caracterizado por un acelerado desarrollo tecnológico que desdibuja fronteras y genera un nuevo entorno audiovisual que, interactivo o no, demanda nuevas competencias laborales, sociales y culturales (Orozco,2002). Durante la década pasada, la industria de las telecomunicaciones ha desempeñado un rol importante en el crecimiento de la productividad y la difusión tecnológica. Como la infraestructura de soporte para el comercio electrónico y el crecimiento y la difusión del Internet, la industria ha sido un factor dominante en la nueva economía y en los cambios de las estructuras económicas. Al mismo tiempo ha sido un factor importante en el bajo desempeño del mercado, pérdidas de trabajo y pérdidas financieras, al ser afectado por la captura regulatoria o discordancia internacional en apreciación de estándares y normas (Communications Outlook, 2003). El futuro de las comunicaciones inalámbricas esta cambiando rápidamente de acuerdo a la implementación de los sistemas de comunicación inalámbricas existentes hoy en día (por ejemplo, GSM, GPRS, entre otras). Con tales tecnologías, el mercado está interesado en nuevas formas de propagación, protocolos y redes inalámbricas que permitan incrementar el rendimiento, mejorar el retraso y ancho de banda en las aplicaciones inalámbricas móviles. Así mismo, los usuarios están demandando mayores anchos de banda para poder soportar video, imagen, transferencia de archivos y alta calidad en voz (Anagnostopoulos et al, 2000).
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