The Role of the Quiet-Eye Period and the Bereitschaftspotential in Arousal Regulation and Motor Preparation for Performance of a Self-Paced Motor Skill
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THE ROLE OF THE QUIET-EYE PERIOD AND THE BEREITSCHAFTSPOTENTIAL IN AROUSAL REGULATION AND MOTOR PREPARATION FOR PERFORMANCE OF A SELF-PACED MOTOR SKILL By DEREK T.Y. MANN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Derek T.Y. Mann 2 To the memory of my mom (August 10, 1947 to October 4, 1997). Without her love, support, and sacrifice this journey would not have been possible! 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this dissertation is not a reflection of one man’s passion for developing human potential, but rather a reflection of one man’s potential realized. If not for the love, support, and guidance, this realization would not have been possible. I would first like to thank my mom and dad, Diane and Dan for their eternal support and unconditional love. My sister, Darlene, for always believing in me, and my nephews, Joshua and Michael for their gentle reminders of what life is really about! A special thanks to Dr. Harold Minden, Dr. Jonathan Eto, and Dr. Peter Papadogiannis for their friendship and inspiration. I would like to express my gratitude to my mentor, Dr. Christopher Janelle. Your patience, wisdom, and willingness to challenge me in all facets of my academic and professional development are greatly appreciated. I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. James Cauraugh, Dr. Mark Tillman, and Dr. Tracy Linderholm, for their continued support, insight, and flexibility, permitting a project that I can be proud of. The completion of this project would not have been possible without the technical and methodological support of Dr. Steve Coombes, Melanie Mousseau, and Rob Barnes. I am indebted to you all for the countless hours spent in the developmental stages of this project. Lastly, I would like to thank Melanie Mousseau. You are a day-to-day reminder of what life has to offer. Your infectious smile, thoughtful insight, and your willingness to challenge my emotional, intellectual, and spiritual self, has been a tremendous inspiration! 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................13 Expertise Related Differences in Cortical Activity ................................................................16 Expertise, Visual Search and Emotion Regulation.................................................................21 Limitations..............................................................................................................................24 Statement of the Problem........................................................................................................26 The Current Study...................................................................................................................26 Hypotheses..............................................................................................................................27 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................30 Assumptions ...........................................................................................................................31 Significance of the Study........................................................................................................32 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................................................................................34 Capturing Expertise ................................................................................................................34 Definition of Expertise ...........................................................................................................34 Expert Performance ................................................................................................................36 Experts Are Faster and More Accurate at Recognizing Patterns ....................................36 Experts Have Superior Procedural, Declarative, and Strategic Knowledge ...................38 Experts Are Superior at Anticipating Opponent’s Actions .............................................40 Experts Maintain Superior Perception of Relevant Kinematic Information ...................43 Experts Maintain More Efficient and Effective Visual Search Patterns .........................46 Experts Demonstrate Physiological Patterns Indicative of Sensorimotor Efficiency .....46 Visual Perception in Sport......................................................................................................48 Occlusion Paradigms.......................................................................................................49 Occlusion Research .........................................................................................................50 Summary..........................................................................................................................69 Visual Search..........................................................................................................................71 Eye Movement Registration............................................................................................72 Eye Movement Research.................................................................................................73 The seminal years: 1976-1989 .................................................................................73 Empirical and methodological advancements: 1990-1998 ......................................78 Contemporary investigations: 1999-2002 ................................................................92 Visual search summary and review........................................................................100 5 Quiet Eye.......................................................................................................................102 Quiet Eye Summary and Review ..................................................................................106 Expertise, Visual Search and Emotion Regulation...............................................................106 Expertise, Visual Search and Emotion Regulation: Summary and Review .........................112 Cortical Activity and the Preparatory Period........................................................................112 Spectral Activity............................................................................................................113 Expertise Differences in Cortical Activity ....................................................................119 Coherence......................................................................................................................122 Bereitschaftspotential ....................................................................................................123 Cortical Activity and the Preparatory Period Summary and Review...................................132 3 METHODS...........................................................................................................................139 Participants ...........................................................................................................................139 Instrumentation.....................................................................................................................139 Putting Surface ..............................................................................................................139 Putting Performance ......................................................................................................140 Gaze Behavior ...............................................................................................................140 Cortical Activity (Bereitshaftspotential) .......................................................................141 Electromyogram ............................................................................................................141 Anxiety ..........................................................................................................................142 Heart Rate......................................................................................................................142 Procedure ..............................................................................................................................142 Data Reduction .....................................................................................................................145 Putting Performance ......................................................................................................145 Electromyogram ............................................................................................................145 Heart Rate (BPM)..........................................................................................................145