The Harvest Gypsies by John Steinbeck Article IV 1. The federal Government, realizing that the miserable condition of the California migrant agricultural worker constitutes an immediate and vital problem, has set up two camps for the moving workers and contemplates eight more in the immediate future. The development of the camps at Arvin and at Marysville makes a social and economic study of vast interest. 2. The present camps are set up on leased ground. Future camps are to be constructed on land purchased by the Government. The Government provides places for tents. Permanent structures are simple, including washrooms, toilets and showers, an administration building and a place where the people can entertain themselves. The equipment at the Arvin camp, exclusive of rent of the land, costs approximately $18,000. 3. At this camp, water, toilet paper and some medical supplies are provided. A resident manager is on the ground. Campers are received on the following simple conditions: (1) That the men are bona fide farm people and intend to work, (2) that they will help to maintain the cleanliness of the camp and (3) that in lieu of rent they will devote two hours a week towards the maintenance and improvement of the camp. 4. The result has been more than could be expected. From the first, the intent of the management has been to restore the dignity and decency that had been kicked out of the migrants by their intolerable mode of life. 5. In this series the word "dignity" has been used several times. It has been used not as some attitude of self-importance, but simply as a register of a man's responsibility to the community. 6. A man herded about, surrounded by armed guards, starved and forced to live in filth loses his dignity; that is, he loses his valid position in regard to society, and consequently his whole ethics toward society. Nothing is a better example of this than the prison, where the men are reduced to no dignity and where crimes and infractions of the rule are constant. 7. We regard this destruction of dignity, then, as one of the most regrettable results of the migrant's life, since it does reduce his responsibility and does make him a sullen outcast who will strike at our Government in any way that occurs to him. 8. The example at Arvin adds weight to such a conviction. The people in the camp are encouraged to govern themselves, and they have responded with simple and workable democracy. 9. The camp is divided into four units. Each unit, by direct election, is represented in a central governing committee, an entertainment committee, a maintenance committee and a Good Neighbors committee. Each of these members is elected by the vote of his unit, and is recallable by the same vote. 10. The manager, of course, has the right of veto, but he practically never finds it necessary to act contrary to the recommendations of the committee. 11. The result of this responsible self-government has been remarkable. The inhabitants of the camp came there beaten, sullen and destitute. But as their social sense was revived they have settled down. The camp takes care of its own destitute, feeding and sheltering those who have nothing with their own poor stores. The central committee makes the law's that govern the conduct of the inhabitants. 12. In the year that the Arvin camp has been in operation there has not been any need for outside police. Punishments are the restrictions of certain privileges such as admission to the community dances, or for continued anti-social conduct, a recommendation to the manager that the culprit be ejected from the camp. 13. A works committee assigns the labor to be done in the camp, improvements, garbage disposal, maintenance and repairs. The entertainment committee arranges for the weekly dances, the music for which is furnished by an orchestra made up of the inhabitants. 14. So well do they play that one orchestra has been lost to the radio already. This committee also takes care of the many self-made games and courts that have been built. 15. The Good Neighbors, a woman's organization, takes part in quilting and sewing projects, sees that destitution does not exist, governs and watches the nursery; where children can be left while the mothers are working in the fields and in the packing sheds. And all of this is done with the outside aid of one manager and one part-time nurse. As experiments in natural and democratic self- government, these camps are unique in the United States. 16. In visiting these camps one is impressed with several things in particular. The sullen and frightened expression that is the rule among the migrants has disappeared from the faces of the Federal camp inhabitants. Instead there is a steadiness of gaze and a self-confidence that can only come of restored dignity. 17. The difference seems to lie in the new position of the migrant in the community. Before he came to the camp he had been policed, hated and moved about. It had been made clear that he was not wanted. 18. In the Federal camps every effort of the management is expended to give him his place in society. There are no persons on relief in these camps. 19. In the Arvin camp the central committee recommended the expulsion of a family which applied for relief. Employment is more common than in any similar group for, having something of their own, these men are better workers. The farmers in the vicinity seem to prefer the camp men to others. 20. The inhabitants of the Federal camps are no picked group. They are typical of the new migrants. They come from Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas and the other drought states. Eighty-five per cent of them are former farm owners, farm renters or farm laborers. The remaining 15 per cent includes painters, mechanics, electricians and even professional men. 21. When a new family enters one of these camps it is usually dirty, tired and broken. A group from the Good Neighbors meets it, tells it the rules, helps it to get settled, instructs it in the use of the sanitary facilities; and if there are insufficient blankets or shelters, furnishes them from its own stores. 22. The children are bathed and cleanly dressed and the needs of the future canvassed. If the children have not enough clothes the community sewing circle will get busy immediately. In case any of the family are sick the camp manager or the part-time nurse is called and treatment is carried out. 23. These Good Neighbors are not trained social workers, but they have what is perhaps more important, an understanding which grows from a likeness of experience. Nothing has happened to the newcomer that has not happened to the committee. 24. A typical manager's report is as follows: 25. "New arrivals. Low in foodstuffs. Most of the personal belongings were tied up in sacks and were in a filthy condition. The Good Neighbors at once took the family in hand, and by 10 o'clock they were fed, washed, camped, settled and asleep." 26. These two camps each accommodate about 200 families. They were started as experiments, and the experiments have proven successful. Between the rows of tents the families have started little gardens for the raising of vegetables, and the plots, which must be cared for after a 10 or 12-hours' day of work, produce beets, cabbages, corn, carrots, onions and turnips. The passion to produce is very great. One man, who has not yet been assigned his little garden plot, is hopefully watering a jimson weed simply to have something of his own growing. 27. The Federal Government, through the Resettlement Administration, plans to extend these camps and to include with them small maintenance farms. These are intended to solve several problems. 28. They will allow the women and children to stay in one place, permitting the children to go to school and the women to maintain the farms during the work times of the men. They will reduce the degenerating effect of the migrants' life, they will reinstil the sense of government and possession that have been lost by the migrants. 29. Located near to the areas which demand seasonal labor, these communities will permit these subsistence farmers to work in the harvests, while at the same time they stop the wanderings over the whole state. The success of these Federal camps in making potential criminals into citizens makes the usual practice of expending money on tear gas seem a little silly. 30. The greater part of the new migrants from the dust bowl will become permanent California citizens. They have shown in these camps an ability to produce and to cooperate. They are passionately determined to make their living on the land. One of them said, "If it's work you got to do, mister, we'll do it. Our folks never did take charity and this family ain't takin' it now." 31. The plan of the Resettlement Administration to extend these Federal camps is being fought by certain interests in California. The arguments against the camps are as follows: 32. That they will increase the need for locally paid police. But the two camps already carried on for over a year have proved to need no locally paid police whatever, while the squatters' camps are a constant charge on the sheriff's offices. 33. The second argument is that the cost of schools to the district will be increased. School allotments are from the state and governed by the number of pupils. And even if it did cost more, the communities need the work of these families and must assume some responsibility for them. The alternative is a generation of illiterates. 34. The third is that they will lower the land values because of the type of people inhabiting the camps. Those camps already established have in no way affected the value of the land and the people are of good American stock who have proved that they can maintain an American standard of living. The cleanliness and lack of disease in the two experimental camps are proof of this. 35. The fourth argument, as made by the editor of The Yuba City Herald, a self-admitted sadist who wrote a series of incendiary and subversive editorials concerning the Marysville camp, is that these are the breeding places for strikes. Under pressure of evidence the Yuba City patriot withdrew his contention that the camp was full of radicals. This will be the argument used by the speculative growers' associations. These associations have said in so many words that they require a peon class to succeed. Any action to better the condition of the migrants will be considered radical to them. Understanding the Meaning

This article focuses on the camps provided by the Federal government's Resettlement Administration. Steinbeck notes that "from the first, the intent of the management has been to restore the dignity and decency that had been kicked out of the migrants by their intolerable mode of life."

1. Why is this "intent" important? 2. What means are used to achieve this restoration? 3. What are the results of such efforts? 4. Why do "certain interests" oppose these camps? 5. What reply does Steinbeck make to these arguments?

RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION For farmers in the United States the Great Depression did not start with the stock market crash of 1929. Rather, it began with the ever-falling farm prices that followed the end of World War I. The booming farm economy that had characterized the war years soon gave way to years of overproduction, falling prices, and unfavorable weather. Increased mechanization put many farm laborers out of work, and many small farming operations were forced into debt in order to keep up. Debt-ridden farms were foreclosed by the thousands, and sharecroppers and tenant farmers were turned from the land. The global economic crash in 1929 only served to further the American farmers' plight. By the time Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt entered office in 1932, almost two million farm families lived in poverty, and millions of acres of farm land had been ruined due to soil erosion and poor farming practices. Several of Roosevelt's "alphabet soup" agencies created in 1933 helped the rural poor. The Civil Works Administration (CWA) gave small grants and subsidies to farmers, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) provided relief to land owners and set up the system of paying farmers to curtail planting crops. The National Industrial Recovery Act created the Subsistence Homesteads Division (SHD) of the Department of the Interior. The SHD created model communities, moving urban poor to small plots of land where they would live in safe, clean houses and learn to produce enough food to become self- sustaining. In 1934 the CWA was merged into another program, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). FERA's focus shifted from relief to rehabilitation as the answer to the problems of the rural poor. The FERA organized a Rural Rehabilitation Division that provided loans for supplies, feed, and stock. The FERA also created plans to retire submarginal land from production and resettle the occupants onto more productive land, teaching them the most modern farming techniques. In 1935 President Roosevelt consolidated the similar works of the SHD, the FERA's Rural Rehabilitation Division, and sundry other programs into a new, independent agency called the Resettlement Administration (RA). Under the guidance of Rexford G. Tugwell, the RA absorbed the programs of its predecessors and embarked on an ambitious plan to solve the rural economic crisis. The RA consisted of three divisions: the Land Utilization Division, the Resettlement Division, and the Rehabilitation Division. The Rehabilitation Division provided training for farm families and administered the farm credit and debt adjustment activities of the RA. The Land Utilization Division was authorized to purchase ten million acres of submarginal land to convert to pasture, forest, game preserves, or parks. Utilizing FERA and later Works Progress Administration (WPA) funds, people taken off of the land were put to work planting trees, building roads, and making other land improvements. These individuals also became clients of the Resettlement Division. The Resettlement Division absorbed the SHD and a number of FERA projects. The division was authorized to purchase land for resettlement as well as to undertake rehabilitation of submarginal land. The larger projects totaled 151, with numerous small-scale projects scattered across the country. The Resettlement Division embarked on a building program, constructing new houses and sanitary facilities for its clients in either rural communities developed by the RA, or on scattered farms, or even in some suburban/industrial communities inherited from the SHD. A thoroughly modern recession

The current recession fits the pattern of recent ones—but is likely to last longer

Dec 4th 2008 | WASHINGTON, DC | from the print edition   Tweet BUSINESS expansions, it used to be said, did not die of old age; they were murdered by the Federal Reserve. Yet with the official announcement on December 1st that America had entered recession last December, the traditional explanation for recessions is wearing awfully thin.

Though it may end up as one of the longest recessions, if not the longest, of the post-war era, the current episode still seems to have more in common with the mild downturns of 1990-91 and 2001 than the more wrenching affairs that came before. As Robert Hall, an economist at Stanford University, notes, earlier recessions, like that of the early 1980s, were caused by the Fed raising interest rates sharply to squelch emerging inflation and holding them high even once the recession began. In the current and past two recessions, interest rates never got very high and the Fed actually began to lower them before the contraction began. In a paper written a year ago*, Mr Hall described such apparently “causeless” recessions as perplexing.

Mr Hall is chairman of the committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research, an academic group that “officially” declares when recessions begin and end. He now says that the current episode fits the “modern recession” template not just in the lack of a significant monetary spark, but also in the divergence between employment and output. It used to be that full-time employment fell more slowly than output around recessions; since 1990 it has fallen as, or more, quickly. While employment has declined steadily since December, real GDP as of the third quarter was still above its level at the end of 2007.

By October employment was down 0.9%, or 1.2m, from the previous December. If consensus estimates are correct, the drop will have grown to 1.1% by November. That is close to the 0.9% average at the equivalent stage of the six previous downturns. But the drop in output has been milder, because firms nowadays are much quicker to cut employees when sales fall.

Although the recession has not yet been much deeper than its predecessors, it almost certainly will be by the time it is over. With banks still deleveraging and home prices still declining, consumer spending will remain under pressure for many months yet. Business investment is pulling back sharply: orders for capital goods sank 4% in October and commercial construction is about to feel the effects of the collapse in the market for commercial mortgage-backed securities. Exports will be pummelled by the global recession and the stronger dollar. Many economists expect the recession to continue until mid-2009, which would be longer than those of 1973-75 and 1981-82. Moreover, employment is likely to keep falling after the official end of the recession.