Unit 2: Endocrine/Circulatory/Respiratory System

28.1 Levels of Organization

 The human body has five levels of organization.  ______→ ______→ ______→ ______→ ______

28.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis

 ______is the regulation and maintenance of the ______.

 Conditions within the body must remain within a ______.  ______involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges that support life; ex: ______ ______help maintain homeostasis.  ______gather data  ______receives data, sends messages  ______delivers messages to target organs, tissues  ______respond to change

 Homeostasis is maintained by ______.  Feedback compares ______to ______.  Two types of feedback loops: 1) ______feedback= ______change; ______common ex: temperature & O2/CO2 regulation (↓)

2) ______feedback = ______change; ______common ex - During childbirth, ______enhances (↑) labor contraction - Torn vessel stimulates (↑) release of ______- ______stimulate (↑) cell division  Feedback loop = Blood temperature regulation

29.6 Endocrine System and Hormones

 The endocrine system produces ______that affect growth, development and homeostasis.

 How does endocrine system work?  Works closely with ______ Nervous system ______↓ sends signal to ______↓ secretes ______↓ travels through bloodstream to ______↓ ______

• ______are organs of the endocrine system

• Hormones are ______that influence cell’s activities.  produced by ______ travel through the ______ affects ______with matching receptors  Endocrine glands secrete ______that act throughout the body.  There are many glands located throughout the body.  Types of Endocrine glands

 Negative Feedback of Blood Glucose  ______(BGL) is regulated by 1) ______= ↓ BGL 2) ______= ↑ BGL  Both hormones are secreted by the ______ After Meal After Exercise ______↓ ↓ Pancreas releases ______Pancreas releases ______↓ ↓ Insulin pushes ______Glucagon binds to ______into ______↓ ↓ Liver releases ______↓ ↓ ______Restores homeostasis ↓

Restores homeostasis 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange

 The respiratory system exchanges ______and ______.

 Functions of the respiratory system  picks up ______from inhaled air  expels ______and ______ where ______takes place

 Structures of the Respiratory System

 Pathway of Air 1) ______(nose) - ______warms and moistens air to prevent damage to lungs - ______filter air and trap particles 2) ______- directs ______into respiratory tract and ______into digestive tract 3) ______(voicebox) - sound is produced when air is forced through ______4) ______(windpipe) - located in the center of ______- tube made of rings of ______5) ______- trachea branches into left and right ______- each bronchus branches off into smaller ______6) ______- tiny ______at the end of bronchioles - ______surround alveoli for ______(CO2/O2)

7) ______- right lung has _____ lobes; left lung has _____ lobes - located inside ______(chest) cavity - entire cavity is enclosed by the ______= double membranes that secrete ______to reduced ______during breathing

 Gas exchange occurs in the ______of the lungs.

 ______and ______are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli.  oxygen diffuses from ______into ______ oxygen binds to ______in red blood cells  carbon dioxide diffuses from ______into ______

 Breathing is regulated by the ______.

 Mechanisms of breathing  Breathing involves the ______and ______of the rib cage.  diaphragm = a layer muscle tissues beneath the lungs that ______or ______to help in breathing

 Respiratory diseases ______with gas exchange.  ______is the leading cause of lung diseases.  Lung diseases reduce ______and ______absorption.  ______destroys alveoli.  ______constricts airways.  ______produces sticky mucus.

30.3 The Heart and Circulation

 The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.

 Functions of the Circulatory System  transporting ______, ______, ______ collecting ______materials  maintaining body ______

 Circulatory system includes - ______- ______- ______

 The heart is a ______that moves the blood through ______pathways.  The heart is made up of ______.  The heart has ______chambers:  2 ______: right & left atrium (______chambers)  2 ______: right & left ventricles (______chambers)

 The heart is divided into two sides by the ______ Right side = pumps ______blood to ______ Left side = pumps ______blood to ______ One-way ______separate chambers and prevent ______of blood.

 ______circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs.  ______circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body.

 Blood flow through the heart

(biggest veins)   ______     ______ (biggest artery)  30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport

 The circulatory system ______materials throughout the body.

 ______, ______, and ______transport blood to all parts of the body. 1) ______ carry blood ______from the heart.  blood under ______pressure  ______, more muscular walls  Circulatory diseases affect mainly the ______and the ______.  artery walls become ______and ______ ______blocks blood flow in arteries

2) ______ carry blood ______to the heart  blood under ______pressure  ______walls, larger diameter  ______prevent backflow  ______are enlarged veins that are raised above the skin.  ______in the veins do not function properly causing blood to remain in the veins. 3) ______ move blood between ______, ______, and ______.  ______blood vessels  ______take place  ______is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls.  ______pressure: left ventricle ______ ______pressure: left ventricle ______

 High blood pressure can precede a ______or ______.

30.5 Blood

 Blood is a complex tissue that ______materials.

 Blood is composed mainly of ______, ______, and ______. 1) ______– approx. ______of blood volume – Carries ______(amino acids, glucose) and ______– ______water – Remainder consists of ______, ______, and other compounds – Proteins assist in ______, maintaining ______and fighting disease

 ______define blood types and Rh factors.  ______blood group the most common  ______can be negative or positive  blood types must be compatible for ______

2) ______ make up ______of all blood cells  produced in ______ transport ______to cells and carry away ______

 have ______and contain ______(binds with O2)

3) ______ approx ______along with platelets of blood volume  body’s ______against disease  some “______” pathogens by ______ some are ______(B-cells and T-cells) involved in ______response

4) ______ cell fragments that aid in ______ Platelets help form ______that control bleeding.