<p> Unit 2: Endocrine/Circulatory/Respiratory System</p><p>28.1 Levels of Organization</p><p> The human body has five levels of organization.  ______→ ______→ ______→ ______→ ______</p><p>28.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis</p><p> ______is the regulation and maintenance of the ______. </p><p> Conditions within the body must remain within a ______.  ______involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges that support life; ex: ______ ______help maintain homeostasis.  ______gather data  ______receives data, sends messages  ______delivers messages to target organs, tissues  ______respond to change</p><p> Homeostasis is maintained by ______.  Feedback compares ______to ______.  Two types of feedback loops: 1) ______feedback= ______change; ______common ex: temperature & O2/CO2 regulation (↓)</p><p>2) ______feedback = ______change; ______common ex - During childbirth, ______enhances (↑) labor contraction - Torn vessel stimulates (↑) release of ______- ______stimulate (↑) cell division  Feedback loop = Blood temperature regulation</p><p>29.6 Endocrine System and Hormones</p><p> The endocrine system produces ______that affect growth, development and homeostasis.</p><p> How does endocrine system work?  Works closely with ______ Nervous system ______↓ sends signal to ______↓ secretes ______↓ travels through bloodstream to ______↓ ______</p><p>• ______are organs of the endocrine system</p><p>• Hormones are ______that influence cell’s activities.  produced by ______ travel through the ______ affects ______with matching receptors  Endocrine glands secrete ______that act throughout the body.  There are many glands located throughout the body.  Types of Endocrine glands</p><p> Negative Feedback of Blood Glucose  ______(BGL) is regulated by 1) ______= ↓ BGL 2) ______= ↑ BGL  Both hormones are secreted by the ______ After Meal After Exercise ______↓ ↓ Pancreas releases ______Pancreas releases ______↓ ↓ Insulin pushes ______Glucagon binds to ______into ______↓ ↓ Liver releases ______↓ ↓ ______Restores homeostasis ↓</p><p>Restores homeostasis 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange</p><p> The respiratory system exchanges ______and ______. </p><p> Functions of the respiratory system  picks up ______from inhaled air  expels ______and ______ where ______takes place </p><p> Structures of the Respiratory System</p><p> Pathway of Air 1) ______(nose) - ______warms and moistens air to prevent damage to lungs - ______filter air and trap particles 2) ______- directs ______into respiratory tract and ______into digestive tract 3) ______(voicebox) - sound is produced when air is forced through ______4) ______(windpipe) - located in the center of ______- tube made of rings of ______5) ______- trachea branches into left and right ______- each bronchus branches off into smaller ______6) ______- tiny ______at the end of bronchioles - ______surround alveoli for ______(CO2/O2)</p><p>7) ______- right lung has _____ lobes; left lung has _____ lobes - located inside ______(chest) cavity - entire cavity is enclosed by the ______= double membranes that secrete ______to reduced ______during breathing</p><p> Gas exchange occurs in the ______of the lungs. </p><p> ______and ______are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli.  oxygen diffuses from ______into ______ oxygen binds to ______in red blood cells  carbon dioxide diffuses from ______into ______</p><p> Breathing is regulated by the ______. </p><p> Mechanisms of breathing  Breathing involves the ______and ______of the rib cage.  diaphragm = a layer muscle tissues beneath the lungs that ______or ______to help in breathing </p><p> Respiratory diseases ______with gas exchange.  ______is the leading cause of lung diseases.  Lung diseases reduce ______and ______absorption.  ______destroys alveoli.  ______constricts airways.  ______produces sticky mucus. </p><p>30.3 The Heart and Circulation</p><p> The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body. </p><p> Functions of the Circulatory System  transporting ______, ______, ______ collecting ______materials  maintaining body ______</p><p> Circulatory system includes - ______- ______- ______</p><p> The heart is a ______that moves the blood through ______pathways.  The heart is made up of ______.  The heart has ______chambers:  2 ______: right & left atrium (______chambers)  2 ______: right & left ventricles (______chambers)</p><p> The heart is divided into two sides by the ______ Right side = pumps ______blood to ______ Left side = pumps ______blood to ______ One-way ______separate chambers and prevent ______of blood.</p><p> ______circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs.  ______circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body. </p><p> Blood flow through the heart </p><p>(biggest veins)   ______     ______ (biggest artery)  30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport</p><p> The circulatory system ______materials throughout the body.</p><p> ______, ______, and ______transport blood to all parts of the body. 1) ______ carry blood ______from the heart.  blood under ______pressure  ______, more muscular walls  Circulatory diseases affect mainly the ______and the ______.  artery walls become ______and ______ ______blocks blood flow in arteries</p><p>2) ______ carry blood ______to the heart  blood under ______pressure  ______walls, larger diameter  ______prevent backflow  ______are enlarged veins that are raised above the skin.  ______in the veins do not function properly causing blood to remain in the veins. 3) ______ move blood between ______, ______, and ______.  ______blood vessels  ______take place  ______is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls.  ______pressure: left ventricle ______ ______pressure: left ventricle ______</p><p> High blood pressure can precede a ______or ______.</p><p>30.5 Blood </p><p> Blood is a complex tissue that ______materials. </p><p> Blood is composed mainly of ______, ______, and ______. 1) ______– approx. ______of blood volume – Carries ______(amino acids, glucose) and ______– ______water – Remainder consists of ______, ______, and other compounds – Proteins assist in ______, maintaining ______and fighting disease</p><p> ______define blood types and Rh factors.  ______blood group the most common  ______can be negative or positive  blood types must be compatible for ______</p><p>2) ______ make up ______of all blood cells  produced in ______ transport ______to cells and carry away ______</p><p> have ______and contain ______(binds with O2) </p><p>3) ______ approx ______along with platelets of blood volume  body’s ______against disease  some “______” pathogens by ______ some are ______(B-cells and T-cells) involved in ______response</p><p>4) ______ cell fragments that aid in ______ Platelets help form ______that control bleeding.</p>