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Aqaba Pledge: a Reconsideration of the 'Anṣār’S Subscription To
THE 'AQABA PLEDGE: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE 'ANṢĀR’S SUBSCRIPTION TO THE PLEDGE by MATTHEW LEE VANAUKER (Under the Direction of Kenneth Honerkamp) ABSTRACT The ‘Aqaba pledge was a pivotal moment for early Islamic history. Often, however, it is read and understood in the context of Muhammad’s life. Consequently, much remains unanswered concerning the other party to the pledge, viz. the ‘Anṣār. Traditionally, it has been understood that the ‘Anṣār subscribed to the pledge in the context of their ongoing intertribal wars and that out of a desire to bring an end to those wars, seeing Muhammad as the means for that, they accepted the terms of the pledge. This paper expands on this traditional understanding. It begins by expanding on the traditionally understood sociopolitical context that surrounded the ‘Anṣār on the eve of the pledge, looking closely at the Perso-Byzantine war in the early seventh century. It then points to a hitherto unidentified cause that forced the ‘Anṣār to desire reconciliation and to accept the terms of the pledge. INDEX WORDS: ‘Aqaba pledge, Jewish Messianism, The Sasanian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614, Byzantine, Late Antiquity, Early Islam, ‘Anṣār THE 'AQABA PLEDGE: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE 'ANṢĀR’S SUBSCRIPTION TO THE PLEDGE by MATTHEW LEE VANAUKER B.A., Syracuse University, 2014 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2016 © 2016 Matthew Lee VanAuker All Rights Reserved THE 'AQABA PLEDGE: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE 'ANṢĀR’S SUBSCRIPTION TO THE PLEDGE by MATTHEW LEE VANAUKER Major Professor: Kenneth Honerkamp Committee: Alan Godlas Carolyn Jones Medine Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2016 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my wife, my daughter, and my parents. -
Mediterranean Basin Ecosystem Profile Overview About CEPF
Mediterranean Basin ecosystem profile overview about CEPF Established in 2000, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a global leader in enabling civil society to participate in and influence the conservation of some of the world’s most critical ecosystems. CEPF is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD), Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Government of Japan, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the World Bank. CEPF is unique among funding mechanisms in that it focuses on high-priority biological areas rather than political boundaries and examines conservation threats on a landscape scale. From this perspective, CEPF seeks to identify and support a regional, rather than a national, approach to achieving conservation outcomes and engages a wide range of public and private institutions to address conservation needs through coordinated regional efforts. Cover photo: Coastal landscape, north coast of Menorca, Spain © Francis Abbott/npl/Minden Pictures introduction The Mediterranean Basin—which stretches across 2 million square kilometers and 34 countries, east from Portugal to Jordan, and south from northern Italy to Cape Verde—is one of 34 biodiversity hotspots identified around the globe, Earth’s most biologically rich yet threatened areas. Its status as a hotspot, as well as the unique biological, economic and cultural importance of the Mediterranean Basin, led CEPF to create a conservation strategy for the entire region. The strategy, known as the Mediterranean Basin Ecosystem Profile, will guide CEPF’s highly targeted investment in the region—$10 million, to be disbursed via grants to civil society. But the profile, which was developed through the input of more than 90 organizations based or working in the region, is much more than CEPF’s strategy. -
Remarks at the Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan June 4, 2003
June 3 / Administration of George W. Bush, 2003 the expression of different views and broad- Thank you very much, Mr. President. er political participation will unleash the talents of each nation. All Middle East countries that travel this challenging path NOTE: President Mubarak spoke at 3:50 p.m. will have the support and the friendship at the Four Seasons Resort. In his remarks, of the United States. President Bush referred to Crown Prince In this meeting we’ve made progress on Abdullah of Saudi Arabia; King Hamad bin a broad agenda, and we’re determined to Isa Al Khalifa of Bahrain; King Abdullah II keep moving forward. I thank all the lead- of Jordan; Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas ers here today, and may God bless our (Abu Mazen) of the Palestinian Authority; important work. and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon of Israel. Remarks at the Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan June 4, 2003 King Abdullah II of Jordan. President end to the conflict. To the Palestinians, it Bush, Prime Minister Sharon, Prime Min- offers an end to the occupation, a viable ister Abbas, distinguished guests: We gather state, and the promise to live as a free today in Aqaba, this small city that symbol- and prosperous people. izes the immeasurable potential of bringing To be sure, the road to realizing this different peoples together. Not far from vision will not be straightforward or without here, Jordan and Israel signed a peace trea- obstacles. I’m aware that many in our re- ty in 1994. Nine years later, what brings gion and around the world view our gath- us here is the same dream, the dream of ering today through a lens marred with peace, prosperity, coexistence, and rec- skepticism and suspicion. -
The Egypt-Palestine/Israel Boundary: 1841-1992
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 1992 The Egypt-Palestine/Israel boundary: 1841-1992 Thabit Abu-Rass University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1992 Thabit Abu-Rass Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Human Geography Commons Recommended Citation Abu-Rass, Thabit, "The Egypt-Palestine/Israel boundary: 1841-1992" (1992). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 695. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/695 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EGYPT-PALESTINE/ISRAEL BOUNDARY: 1841-1992 An Abstract of a Thesis .Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the ~egree Master of Arts Thabit Abu-Rass University of Northern Iowa July 1992 ABSTRACT In 1841, with the involvement of European powers, the Ottoman Empire distinguished by Firman territory subject to a Khedive of Egypt from that subject more directly to Istanbul. With British pressure in 1906, a more formal boundary was established between Egypt and Ottoman Palestine. This study focuses on these events and on the history from 1841 to the present. The study area includes the Sinai peninsula and extends from the Suez Canal in the west to what is today southern Israel from Ashqelon on the Mediterranean to the southern shore of the Dead Sea in the east. -
Travel Brochure
distinguished travel for more than 35 years Antiquities of the AND Red Sea Aegean Sea INCLUDING A TRANSIT OF THE Suez Canal CE E AegeanAthens Sea E R G Mediterranean Sea Sea of Galilee Santorini Jerusalem Jerash Alexandria Amman EGYPT MasadaMasada Dead Sea Alexandria JORDAN ISRAEL Petra Suez Cairo Canal Wadi Rum Giza Aqaba EGYPT Ain Gulf of r Sea of Aqaba e Sokhna Suez v i R UNESCO World e l Heritage Site i Cruise Itinerary N Air Routing Hurghada Land Routing Valley of the Kings Red Sea Valley of the Queens Luxor October 29 to November 11, 2021 Amman u Petra u Luxor u The Pyramids Join us on this custom-designed, 14-day journey to the Suez Canal u Alexandria u Santorini u Athens cradle of civilization. Visit three continents, navigate the 1 Depart the U.S. or Canada legendary Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Sea, 2 Arrive in Athens, Greece/Embark Le Bellot 3 Santorini transit the Suez Canal and experience eight magnificent 4 Cruising the Mediterranean Sea UNESCO World Heritage sites. Cruise for eight nights 5 Alexandria, Egypt aboard the exclusively chartered, Five-Star Le Bellot, 6 Suez Canal transit which features 92 Suites and Staterooms, each with 7 Ain Sokhna for Cairo and Giza (Great Pyramids) a private balcony. Spend one night outside Petra and 8 Hurghada/Disembark ship/Luxor 9 Luxor/Valleys of Kings and Queens/Hurghada/ three nights in Amman. Mid-cruise, overnight in a Reembark ship Nile-view room in Luxor and visit Queen Nefertari’s 10 Aqaba, Jordan/Disembark ship/Wadi Rum/Petra tomb in the Valley of the Queens. -
Red Sea Andaegean Sea INCLUDING a TRANSIT of the Suez Canal
distinguished travel for more than 35 years Antiquities of the AND Red Sea Aegean Sea INCLUDING A TRANSIT OF THE Suez Canal CE E AegeanAthens Sea E R G Mediterranean Sea Sea of Galilee Santorini Jerusalem Jerash Alexandria Amman EGYPT MasadaMasada Dead Sea Alexandria JORDAN ISRAEL Petra Suez Cairo Canal Wadi Rum Giza Aqaba EGYPT Ain Gulf of r Sea of Aqaba e Sokhna Suez v i R UNESCO World e l Heritage Site i Cruise Itinerary N Air Routing Hurghada Land Routing Valley of the Kings Red Sea Valley of the Queens Luxor November 2 to 15, 2021 Amman u Petra u Luxor u The Pyramids Join us on this custom-designed, 14-day journey to Suez Canal u Alexandria u Santorini u Athens the very cradle of civilization. Visit three continents, 1 Depart the U.S. or Canada navigate the legendary Red, Mediterranean and 2-3 Amman, Jordan 4 Amman/Jerash/Amman Aegean Seas, transit the Suez Canal and experience 5 Amman/Petra eight UNESCO World Heritage sites. Spend three nights 6 Petra/Wadi Rum/Aqaba/Embark Le Lapérouse in Amman to visit Greco-Roman Jerash and dramatic 7 Hurghada, Egypt/Disembark ship/Luxor Wadi Rum, and one night adjacent to the “rose-red city” 8 Luxor/Valleys of Kings and Queens/Hurghada/ Reembark ship of Petra. Cruise for eight nights aboard the exclusively 9 Ain Sokhna for the Great Pyramids of Giza chartered, Five-Star Le Lapérouse, featuring 92 Suites 10 Suez Canal transit and Staterooms, each with a private balcony. Mid-cruise, 11 Alexandria or Cairo overnight in a Nile-view room in Luxor and visit 12 Cruising the Mediterranean Sea Queen Nefertari’s tomb. -
The Seven Ancient Wonders of the World By: Samyak Gupta
The Seven Ancient Wonders of the World By: Samyak Gupta Table of Contents Table of Contents Page 2 Introduction Page 3 Chapter I: Wonders in Africa Page 4 Chapter II: Wonders in Europe Page 8 Chapter III: Wonders in Asia Page 11 Conclusion Page 16 Bibliography Page 17 Image Credits Page 18 2 Introduction For my expert project, I chose the seven ancient wonders of the world. I chose them because I am extremely intrigued by ancient civilizations and the massive structures they built. My biggest questions about my topic were, “Why did people go to such great lengths to make such big monuments?”, “What makes wonders, wonders?'' and “What was the purpose of each wonder?” I got interested in this topic when my family took a trip to France over spring break in 2019. Specifically, I went to the ancient city, Glanum. Glanum was ruled by three different empires at three different periods of time. The Greeks to the Celtic-Ligurian period and the Romans. The city intrigued me, and I wanted to learn how all of this was made and why. When I first started researching I thought that my topic would be loaded with information about everything. As soon as I went deeper I started to realize that there was not a lot of information at all. I then became aware of the fact that most of the Ancient wonders were destroyed thousands of years ago, so it would be difficult for people to find information to work with. I scraped together all the information I could find and made my expert paper. -
The Seven Wonders of the World
Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Education The National Center for the Distinguished The Seven Wonders of The World Preparation of : Rand Tamim Salman Under The Supervision of : Hiba Abboud 2015/2016 1 The Index : Page number The Index 2 The Index of The Pictures 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: The Wonders of The Ancient World. The Colossus of Rhodes 5 The Statue of Zeus at Olympia 6 The Temple of Artemis 8 The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 12 The Great Pyramid of Giza 13 The Famed Lighthouse of Alexandria 16 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 17 Chapter 2: The wonders of the modern world The wonders of the modern world 19 Conclusion 20 References 21 2 The Index of The Pictures: picture picture name Page number number 1 The Colossus of Rhodes 6 2 The Statue of Zeus 7 3 The Remains of Zeus Temple 8 4 Artemis 9 5 One of the column bases with carved 10 figures preserved at the British Museum. 6 The Temple of Artemis 11 7 The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 13 8 The Great Pyramid of Giza 14 9 The Lighthouse of Alexandria 16 10 The hanging garden of Babylon 18 11 The wonders of the modern world 19 3 Introduction: When you hear the phrase "Seven Wonders of the World", people have different thoughts about what it means. In fact, if you survey people what are the seven wonders, you would probably get different answers. Depending on the era that you are talking about, you can get different results. From ancient time until this time, people have different points of view on what are those seven wonders. -
From the Gulf of Aqaba to the Persian Gulf: Securing Western Interests On
From the Gulf of Aqaba to the Persian Gulf: Securing Western Interests on the Arabian Peninsula Hulda Kjeang Mørk, University of Oslo Panel 97: From the Gulf of Aqaba to the Persian Gulf. Securing Western Interests on the Arabian Peninsula Email: [email protected] I am happy to connect with others who have similar research interests. Abstract: During large parts of the Cold War, Iran and Israel were in covert alliance. Over land, Israel and Iran had no direct link, and hostile regimes separated them. But outside the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, waters running from Israel met waters from Iran, creating a fluid connection. This paper argues that this fluid connection enabled Iranian-Israeli oil trade and motivated security collaboration between them. The young state of Israel collaborated with Iran in several areas. Iran facilitated the escape of persecuted Iraqi Jews, and Israel provided Iran with modern technology, particularly within the field of irrigation. Israel set up a line of credit for Iran, and Iran agreed to sell oil covertly to Israel. The oil was shipped from the Persian Gulf, around the Arabian Peninsula, to the Israeli post city of Eilat. In 1957, Israel became the largest consumer of Iranian oil. From the early 1960s, the collaboration between Israel and Iran included activities in the Middle East aimed at counteracting the influence of radical Arab nationalism. They both perceived the so- called radical Arabs, under the leadership of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, as a great threat to their security and sovereignty. In 1965, an Israeli official termed the Iranian- Israeli collaboration “The war on Nasser and his schemes.”1 Iran and Israel fought their war on Nasser by covertly engaging in civil conflicts in neighboring Arab nationalist regimes. -
Seven Wonders of the World Reading Comprehension
Seven Wonders of the World Reading Comprehension There are different categories of the ‘Wonders of the World’ including Ancient, Natural and Modern, and the New Seven Wonders of the World. On the 7th July 2007 in Lisbon, Portugal, the list of the new Seven Wonders of the World was published. Twenty-five finalists were chosen and the public from all around the world chose their favourites with the seven most popular becoming the new wonders of the world. The Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is a series of walls and fortifications that was built over 500 years ago in northern China. It is the longest wall in the world and is truly a great sight. It’s winding ancient walls cover thousands of miles surrounded by rugged beauty and steep hills. It was built to prevent China from invasion and protect trade routes. Due to natural erosion and human interference, 30% of the Great Wall has disappeared or been destroyed. Christ the Redeemer In 1931, work was completed on the Christ the Redeemer statue, which stands perched on Mount Corcovado in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The statue stands at 30 meters tall and its arms span a massive 28 meters wide. It is carved out of soapstone and reinforced with concrete and is one of Brazil’s most recognisable symbols and perhaps more importantly, it is a symbol for Christianity that attracts millions of visitors every year. The Colosseum The Colosseum in Rome, Italy, sometimes known as the Flavian Ampitheatre, was built between 72AD and 96AD during the reigns of Emperor Vespaspian and Titus. -
The New 7 Wonders of the World – the Clues
Name The New 7 Wonders of the World – the clues Chichén Itzà It was a political place for an ancient civilisation. This Wonder symbolises worship and knowledge. Sculptures of serpents run down the side of one of this Wonder's structures. The name of this Wonder means 'At the mouth of the well of the Itza (people).' Machu Picchu An American archaeologist, Hiram Bingham, rediscovered this place in 1911. This Wonder lies deep in the Amazon Rainforest. The name of this Wonder means ‘Old mountain’. This Wonder was surrounded by agricultural land. WORDS © SCHOLASTIC LTD 2008 PHOTOCOPIABLE 1 www.scholastic.co.uk/junioredplus MAY 2008 Name The New 7 Wonders of the World – the clues The Taj Mahal This Wonder was built to symbolise love. It is said that this Wonder sometimes looks as if it is fl oating in the air. When translated, the name of this Wonder means ‘Crown palace’. This Wonder took 22 years to build and 20,000 workers. The Great Wall of China Construction for this Wonder began in the early 7th century. It was built by more than a million peasants, soldiers and prisoners. This Wonder was built to protect the land from invaders. Every May, there is a famous marathon that takes place at this Wonder. WORDS © SCHOLASTIC LTD 2008 PHOTOCOPIABLE 2 www.scholastic.co.uk/junioredplus MAY 2008 Name The New 7 Wonders of the World – the clues The Colosseum This Wonder was built almost 2000 years ago. This Wonder’s architecture and design has inspired many modern- day buildings. This Wonder was used as a venue for entertainment. -
Evaluation of the Gulf of Aqaba Coastal Water, Jordan
water Article Evaluation of the Gulf of Aqaba Coastal Water, Jordan Ahmed A. Al-Taani 1,2,* , Maen Rashdan 2 , Yousef Nazzal 1, Fares Howari 1, Jibran Iqbal 1 , Abdulla Al-Rawabdeh 2 , Abeer Al Bsoul 3 and Safaa Khashashneh 2 1 College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, UAE; [email protected] (Y.N.); [email protected] (F.H.); [email protected] (J.I.) 2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (A.A.-R.); [email protected] (S.K.) 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University, As-Salt 19117, Jordan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 July 2020; Accepted: 21 July 2020; Published: 27 July 2020 Abstract: (1) Background: The Gulf of Aqaba (GoA) supports unique and diverse marine ecosystems. It is one of the highest anthropogenically impacted coasts in the Middle East region, where rapid human activities are likely to degrade these naturally diverse but stressed ecosystems. (2) Methods: Various water quality parameters were measured to assess the current status and conditions of 2 GoA seawater including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), Cl−, NO3−, SO4 −, 3 + 2+ 2+ + + PO4 −, NH4 , Ca , Mg , Na ,K , Sr, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn. (3) Results: The pH values indicated basic coastal waters. The elevated levels of TDS with an average of about 42 g/L indicated highly saline conditions.