Essential Question How Much Does Geography Affect People S Lives ?

US History Fort Burrows Early Europe, Africa, & Asia Chapter 2.2 ♥♥ Read PDF pages 18 – 25 Essential Question – How much does geography affect people’s lives ? Give me some examples of – the earths features where you live ? ______How does the way people live in an area relate to Earth’s features there ? ______Vocabulary: Renaissance – ‘cultural rebirth’ that occurred in Europe from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries, based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome feudalism – system of rule by Lords who ruled their lands but owed loyalty/military service to a monarch manor – the lands controlled by the Lord of that land self-sufficient – making/creating most everything an individual or community needs Christianity – religion based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, 0AD (Protestants & Catholics) Judaism – religion based on the Old Testament, c.2000BC (Jews) Islam – religion based on the teaching of Prophet Muhammad, 600AD (Muslims) Crusades – series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims over a region known as Holy Land (Palestine) which is today called Israel innovation – new methods and practical ideas crankshaft – levers for imparting oscillatory motion to a rotating shaft, one end of the crank being fixed to the shaft and the other end receiving reciprocating motion from a hand astrolabe – instrument used to help sailors determine their latitude position at sea latitude – the angular distance North or South from the equator of a point on the earth's surface Silk Road – overland route that linked China and the Middle East caravan – group of people that travel together for safety savanna – grassland of Western Africa extended family – several generations of a family that live together kinship – people that share a common ancestor clergy – people who have the authority to perform religious service technological – knowledge related to ways of done things, sometimes involving complex scientific knowledge pilgrimage – specific journey for specific reason textile – cloth produced by weaving or knitting fibers together monastery – place of residence by a community of persons under religious vows Europe in the Middle Ages Feudalism  Kings and Queens divided the land among Nobles in return for future Armies  Nobles ruled over the Peasants  Peasants farmed the land and could never leave without the Nobles permission  manor lands; the lord’s castle, the land around it, may include villages  900AD changes – technology grew more food  less fighting  more Trading began

1 of 2.2 PRINTER Notes Sept 2016 US History Fort Burrows CHRISTIAN One who professes belief in the teachings of Jesus Christ ø ÷ ROMAN CATHOLIC PROTESTANT

Being A Christian church A member of any of several church denominations having Hierarchy of Priests and Bishops denying the universal authority of the Pope and under the Pope affirming the Reformation Principles of justification by FAITH alone ø ÷ SPAIN UNITED STATES ______

ø ÷ MEXICO TEXAS ø ÷ Hail Mary Amen Brother Hail - Honor or give Respect to Amen – Let it be so

Adults in America -- Summer 2013 2015 7 Religions of Protestant Churches 44.4 40.1 the world Catholic Churches 23.9 20.8 Unaffiliated/Atheist 16.1 23.5 Christianity Historically Black Church 6.9 6.5 Buddhism Jewish 1.7 1.9 Hinduism Mormon 1.7 1.6 Islamic Buddhist 0.7 0.7 Judaism Muslim 0.6 0.9 Confucianism Hindu 0.4 0.7 Atheism Other Religion 2.8 1.5 Don’t Know 0.8 0.6 7/14/2015 http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/

Religion – Crusades - Growing Trade  Judaism (Jews) - Christianity (Catholics & Protestants) - Islam (Muslims)  Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful, controlled land, controlled education  Crusades – war between Catholics and Muslims over control of land, ?? What Lands ?? ______ out of War comes Technology and Trade  Italians were 1st to discover $$$ in trading with the Muslim world

Technological Innovations  demand for ‘new’ goods – foods, spices, silk, rugs, etc. – Sharing of knowledge  Muslim sailing skills, using lateen (large triangular) sails created by Egyptians  Chinese magnetic compass and astrolabe  by 1500, Portugal had taken over the ‘Seas of Discovery’

2 of 2.2 PRINTER Notes Sept 2016 US History Fort Burrows  10th century Muslim math-man invent pin-hole camera  Muslim engineer invented the crankshaft, still used to today in modern machinery  600 AD, Persians invented the windmill to grind corn ?? What did Texans use to grind their corn and wheat ?? ______

¿¿ How did the crusades affect trade in the Middle East ? 1. ______2. ______

The Middle East [M-E]– Crossroad to Europe, Asia, Africa Muslim Conquest  as trading spreads so did new religions and ideas  c.600AD, Islam religion began in Arabia {Arabs} in Southern Middle East, [M-E]  as the Arabs expanded, they conquered lands in North Africa, Spain, from Persia to India, South Asia to Portugal, by trading and by fighting, they spread the new Islamic religion  Muslim duty to pilgrimage to Mecca annually, encourage trade among Muslim lands Navigating the Seas  from China – perfumes, fabrics, jade and tea  Spice Islands of Indonesia – nutmeg, clove, mace  East Africa – cloth, indigo, sugar, spices, salt, and slaves *** sadly, these skills to produce such items as indigo and sugar will make the East Africans most desirable in America come 1600’s Silk Road  overland route through grasslands, mountains and deserts linking China w/ M-E  Chinese prize, Silk, 1000s of years  traders created caravans to travel the dangerous route ?? What were some of the ‘dangers’ on the Silk Road ?? ______

¿¿ How would you define the Silk Road ? ______

African Cultures and Technologies City-States of East Africa  natural harbors create trade port {***important Boston, New York, Charlestown}  traded gold, hardwoods, ivory created powerful and wealthy City-States  these rulers traded humans SLAVES with groups around Indian Ocean  Swahili language – blend of Arabic words and African languages Trading Kingdoms of West Africa  grasslands called Savanna  gained their power and wealth thru warfare and conquering neighboring lands Ways of Life in Africa  small villages, survived by herding animals, fishing, farming  lived in extended family  kinship encourage a strong sense of community and protection  religion was believe in powerful Spirits that could help or harm the living

3 of 2.2 PRINTER Notes Sept 2016 US History Fort Burrows TRADE IN AFRICA and EURASIA {landmass of Europe and Asia} AFRICA EURASIA Domesticated camels enabled North African Improvements in land and sea travel merchants to cross the Sahara. enabled goods and ideas to travel between Caravans could include merchants, missionaries, East Asia, South Asia, the Middle east, pilgrims, and scholars and Europe RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY and GOODS and EDUCATION and GOODS and EDUCATION ♥ ______♥ advanced metal forging ♥ ______♥ technique for pottery, ______technique for toolmaking ______ceramics, glazes, glass weaving technique for study – math, ______♥ ______♥ ♥ patterned textile ♥ medicine, engineering, ______♥ Universities – math, art agriculture, irrigation ♥ ______medicine, law, ♥ ______♥ architectural – domes ______geography, history ______& arches for mosques, training – carpentry, temples, churches ♥ ______♥ fishing, tailoring ♥surgical instruments ______*** LIST the Resources and Goods

Chinese Trade and Technology Increase of Trade  one ruler called an Emperor  most isolated civilization of ancient times, thought & taught, center of the world  invented the rudder, used to steer large ships  created watertight method for ship hulls, reduced sinking  created the magnetic compass, used in navigation, always points North  Zheng He (JUNG HUH) had over 300 ships, largest was 400 feet long  traded w/ Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, East Africa  invented paper in 105AD  used a printing press  birthed ‘Gun Powder’, which Europeans will develop to use in guns & cannons

¿¿ How did new technologies improve Chinese ships ? 1. ______2. ______

Europe’s Renaissance  trade with new countries increased the desires for ‘knowledge’  this burst of learning and innovation was called the ‘Renaissance’ (REN uh sahns)  1430s, German Johannes Gutenberg (GOOT un berg) developed printing press with moveable type, this was much easier in Europe due to only 26 letters in the alphabet  prior, all books were hand-written, now more books, cheaper cost, expanded learning capabilities

¿¿ What effect did movable type and the printing press have on learning ? 4 of 2.2 PRINTER Notes Sept 2016 US History Fort Burrows 1. ______2. ______

New Trade Routes  English & French monarchy reeled in powerful feudal lords & regained control of their lands  Spanish and Portuguese Catholics ended fighting with Muslim Africans, RECONQUISTA !  Middle Eastern & Italian Merchants controlled the Mediterranean Sea  tales of Mansa Musa’s extreme wealth of GOLD turned Europe to look at Africa  NOW eager to increase wealth and stature began looking for new trade routes Can You Say – Christopher Columbus ???

Portuguese 1st with Big Voyages and Further Exploration  1400s Prince Henry or Henry the Navigator, searched for routes to the African GOLD  encouraged the sailors to explore the coast of Africa  he created schools to teach sailors and captains techniques of navigation and ship building  a ‘new’ ship was created thru the school named the “Caravel” {KAR uh vel} outfitted with lateen sails and rudder to allow trips to use full directional wind-power  Portuguese sailor traded cloth/textiles, silver, & grain for African GOLD & ivory  the Portuguese merchants traded for slaves and traded them in Europe  1497, Vasco de Gama sailed around the tip of Africa, Cape Hope, across the Indian Ocean to India and the islands of Southeast Asia – SPICES was his game

Test Taking Tips: Tip for Answering Questions with MAPS 1. Read the Question completely. 4. Read the Question again. What information do 2. Read the Map title and look at the map to you need from the map to answer the Question? determine what is shown in the map. Use the information in the Map title, the key, or 3. Look at the KEY or Legend. What symbols, the legend, and on the Map itself to find the shades, or patterns are used to show information answer. on the Map? Find examples of each symbol;, 5. Answer the question in your own words. shade, or pattern on Map. 6. Read the answer choices and select the Best answer. . 1. What advantages did Middle Eastern merchants possess that allowed them to take such a central role in the expansion of overseas trade ? A. ______B. ______

2. What were the benefits of the feudal system in Europe in the Middle Ages ? ______

3. What were some of the main causes that led to the great burst of learning known as Renaissance ? A. ______B. ______

4.How did trade between China and other civilizations have long term effects worldwide ?

5 of 2.2 PRINTER Notes Sept 2016 US History Fort Burrows ______

5. How did the crusades set the stage for the Age of Exploration that followed ? ______

EXTRA Thoughts from Todays Lesson ______

6 of 2.2 PRINTER Notes Sept 2016