1 Discuss the Following Questions

UNIT 1 ART OR ENTERTAINMENT?

LEAD-IN 1 Discuss the following questions.  How important do you think for young people to be aware of the past?  Which areas of the past are you most interested in? Why?  In what way is art present in our everyday lives and what effect does it have?  What is the historic role of the museums?  What is the way we use our great national institutions?

2 Complete the text using the words and phrases given.

A CHARGE ON THE NATIONAL CULTURE

pledges medieval contemporary trustees endorse charges houses connoisseur to establish acquisition to secure access curators militate

THE British Museum may have to make the experience more commercial, introduce admission (1) ……………………. (7)……………………. against the brief for its six million visitors a year visit, discourage repeat visits. As because of reductions in its the National Art Collections Fund government grant. The 237-year-old sees it, "a full day in a museum to museum - which (2) ……………………… the 'get your money's worth' is enough Elgin marbles, a magnificent to kill off any desire to return — collection of Greco-Roman especially for children". antiquities, Egyptian sculpture and Sir Denis Mahon, leading (3)…………………………. art - is one of the British art (8)………………………….. earlier few great British institutions to this year withdrew a bequest from have so far escaped financial the Walker Gallery, Liverpool, when purges. it announced charges: "As a collec- But a report, commissioned by tor with something to offer, I am Graham Green, chairman of the much in favour of a genuine museum's (4)………………….., suggests partnership between the private that entry charges should be sector and the state, but find it introduced to make up for the deeply distasteful that the public shortfall created by a million pound should be held to ransom for (9) cut in grant. This would fly in the ……………………….. to its own property." face of (5)……………….. made by Dr The directors of the leading Robert Anderson, the museum's British Museums share the claim that director that he would never ask “free admission is the cornerstone visitors to pay. Dr Robert Anderson of democratic access to our cultural does not (6)…………………….. the inheritance”. They are convinced introduction of admission charges. that there are useful tools both to He compares museums to great ref- keep museums free from admission erence libraries, "surpassing by far charges and to provide (10) subordinate roles such as that of ……………………….. with sufficient means to tourist attraction, heritage run their art institution. experience or entertainment centre. Membership subscriptions and Charging changes the relationship donations made through the British between the museum and its public, Museum Friends support the (11) encouraging these latter roles over …………………………… of important objects to the former». complement the Museum’s complex and Most of those in the museum unique collection, as well as world share the distaste. Charges, growing holdings of (12)…………………… they say, change the ethos: they objects held for the benefit of

1 future generations. Members also Charles M. Weisenberg, former contribute to the Museum’s active public relation director of the Los research programme, designed to Angeles Public Library claims that deepen knowledge and promote museum admission fees are clearly understanding of the collection. most hurtful to those least able to Since its earliest days the Museum afford them. “Think of how the has relied on the generosity of public and the politicians would donors and supporters – a public explode if just the downtown public lottery was held (13) …………………… the library were (14)…………………….. an £20,000 needed to purchase Hans admission fee. It is about time we Sloane’s initial collection for the made visiting an art museum as easy nation. as visiting a library.”

3 VOCABULARY WORK For the words 1-10 find the appropriate definitions A-J.

A the representation of images or expression of ideas, especially through painting, drawing, or shaping things out of wood, stone B art, music, theatre, film, literature etc, all considered together C art, music, theatre, film, literature etc especially that which is 1 state-of-the-art produced by a particular society or a particular group in society 2 the arts D equipment or technology uses the newest and 3 connoisseur most advanced ideas and features 4 culture E an object that was made a long time ago and is historically 5 art important, for example a tool or weapon 6 cultured I someone whose job is to look after the objects in a museum 7 artifact F an adjective which describes someone who knows a lot about 8 heritage the arts and is very interested in them 9 trustee G someone who knows a lot about a particular thing and enjoys it 10 curator a lot H the art, buildings, traditions and beliefs that a society considers important to its history and culture J someone who is responsible looking after money or property that belongs to someone else, e.g a museum

4 Sum up the problem British museums face and the attitude of the involved people to the problem (up to 150 words).

LISTENING 5 Listen to a historian talking about some important dates in the twentieth century. Read the questions and choose the best answer. Мультимедийный каталог: 2222 Аудиокурс к учебнику Upstream → 3385 Аудиокурс Upstream Proficiency → Unit 8, counter 00:17-05:50)

1. World War I was? a. continuous b. horrible c. nuclear d. inevitable

2 2. The distinguishing feature of World War I was that a. all great Western powers participated in it. b. it lasted five years. c. the most advanced technology was used. d. the death toll was 10 million. 3. World War I a. filled people with disgust at the thought of any further war. b. inevitably led to World War II. c. is known as Great Patriotic War. 4. In 1928 The British women gained a. equal rights and opportunities as men. b. the right to participate in the general elections. c. the possibility to participate in a militant movement. 5. The women’ suffrage was obtained a. in 1928. b. the latter part of the 19th century. c. at the beginning of the 20th century. 6. Suffragettes used a lot of high profile methods EXCEPT such as a. interrupting public orators with the avalanche of questions. b. arranging public gathering. c. placing barricade out of railings. d. refusing food. 7. In 1929 the United States faced a. the Great Depression. b. stock market crash. c. mild economic crisis in industry. 8. This important financial event a. had far-reaching social consequences. b. followed the crisis in commerce and finance. c. resulted in reduction of the number of jobless people. 9. The economic disaster is characterized by the following features EXCEPT a. its extraordinary duration. b. a large number of people who went broke. c. disturbances and social unrest. d. restrained poverty. 10. Dropping atomic bomb was a a. disputable action. b. irresponsible decision. c. tough measure. 11. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki a. proved the need for the use of such weapons. b. hastened the end of World War II. c. was the demonstration of unparalleled destructive power. 12. Yuri Gagarin was the first man to a. orbit the Earth successfully. b. make two circuits around Earth. c. paved the way for Moon exploration. 13. Dr Martin Luther King a. granted African Americans full constitutional freedom. b. called for aggressive resistance to discrimination. c. distinguished himself as a leader of the civil rights movement. 14. Civil Rights Act, signed in 1964

3 a. paved way for the struggle for equal rights of the black people. b. partly responsible for Martin Luther King assassination. c. prohibited unfair treatment of African American in employment.

6 Use the words and phrases which you heard in the listening to complete the sentences below. (The sentences are not connected with text!)

1. A ………………………….. of the bill, so far, is about £22,000. 2. If the permission is …………………………., they’ll start building soon. 3. Women didn’t …………… much …………….. in getting selected as parliamentary candidates. 4. The transport strike had all sorts of …………………… in other industries. 5. A new director introduced …………………. changes to the management structure. 6. He has an ……………… knowledge of local history. 7. Students who complete the course successfully will be ……………………. a diploma.

7 SPEAKING POINTS .

Strategy Points  Spend a minute thinking about the topic below and making brief notes.  During a minute decide how you will introduce and link your ideas, and then talk for a minute (!).  Remember to include some examples to support or illustrate what you say.  Use a variety of vocabulary and grammatical structures.  Make sure you keep to the topic.  Learn useful phrases and expressions. These give you time to think, and also act as signposts which help listeners follow your arguments. Giving an example: for instance, if we take the example of X, X serves as a good example of this Sequencing words: firstly, secondly, finally, lastly, last but not least Introducing a new idea: the first thing (I'd like) to mention, to begin with, another point to consider is, which leads me on to another point, and, of course, we shouldn't forget Bringing an idea to its conclusion: to sum up, in the final analysis, on balance, taking all the arguments into consideration, in conclusion

 Speak on one of the following Speaking Points.

1. Involvement in art helps people develop their personality. 2. Schools have responsibility for making students aware of their historic and cultural heritage. 3. Entry charges won't keep people out of our museums. 4. Such factors as the theme of the exhibition, location, etc can encourage people to oftener visit museums. 5. The cultural strategy of a government shapes a nation’s mind. 6. Museums are supposed to vary their practices in getting people interested in visiting them.

4 PART 1

8 Make use of the following Internet sites and find the necessary information about the following artifacts: The Elgin Marbles, The Benin Bronzes, The Rosetta Stone; the museum: The Pergamon Museum, the historic event: The Boxer Rebellion. Deliver the information in class. http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/t/the_rosetta_stone.aspx http://www.fotopedia.com/wiki/Pergamon_Altar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_bronzes http://www.fotopedia.com/wiki/Elgin_Marbles

9 Read the following article.

SNATCHED FROM NORTHERN CLIMES

Greek demands to get back the Elgin for international museums to be marbles risk stopping a better emptied. idea: museums lending their Many other collections have a treasures more dubious provenance than the THERE is much to be said for marbles — think of the British moral clarity. Greece is insisting Museum's Benin bronzes, seized in a that the British Museum surrender punitive raid in Nigeria; of the the marble sculptures that Lord Pergamon altar removed from Turkey Elgin took down from the Parthenon and now in Berlin; of Chinese and carted away in the early 1800s. treasures carried off during the Anything less, it says, would Boxer rebellion and again during the "condone the snatching of the civil war; of hundreds of works in marbles and the monument's carving- Russian museums that were snatched up 207 years ago." The Greek demand from their owners in the Bolshevik for ownership will arouse widespread revolution. sympathy, even among those who You cannot go very far in accept the British Museum's claim to righting those wrongs without the marbles. With the opening of an entangling the world's museums in a impressive new museum in Athens, the Gordian knot of restitution claims. sculptures from the Parthenon now That is why, in December 2002, 18 of have good cause to be reunited, if the world's leading directors - from only for artistic reasons. the Louvre to the Hermitage and from But sometimes clarity is self- the Metropolitan Museum to the Getty defeating. A previous Greek Museum - argued for a quid pro quo. administration was willing to The Munich declaration, as it is finesse the question of ownership called, asserts that today's ethical and co-operate with the British standards cannot be applied to Museum over a joint display of the yesterday's acquisitions; but in marbles. By hardening its position, return it acknowledges that the Greek government risks driving encyclopedic museums have a special museums everywhere into clinging to duty to put world culture on their possessions for fear of losing display. them. If the aim is for the greatest This has led to a new level of number of people to see the greatest co-operation between museums over number of treasures, a better way training, curating, restoration and must be found. loans. Thousands of works are now As curators all over the world lent each year between museums on will see it, those who call for the every continent. Who thought that permanent return of the Parthenon China's Palace Museum and the sculptures from London are arguing National Palace Museum in Taiwan

5 would hold a joint show in Taipei, in London in 2011. as they plan to in October, The choice is between the free reuniting Qing-dynasty works that circulation of treasures and a have been separated ever since they stand-off in which each museum were borne away from Beijing by the grimly clings to what it claims to retreating Nationalist forces in own. Instead of grandstanding, the 1948? The British Museum was not Greek culture minister should call party to the Munich declaration, but the British Museum's bluff and ask it seems to embrace its spirit. for loan. The nervous British would During the Olympic Games in China in then have to test the waters by, 2008 it sent the Discobolus, the say, sending to Athens a single discus-thrower of Myron, to Shanghai piece of the Parthenon frieze. If where 5,000 people queued each day that piece were to be seized, then to see it. It will soon lend the so be it. But if on the due date, Rosetta stone, the cornerstone of the Greeks surprised everybody and written language, to Egypt for the returned the sculpture, then the opening of the Giza museum. On the lending programme would surely be day the new Acropolis Museum was expanded. By taking small steps, the opened, the British Museum's Greeks may yet encourage the British director was in Riyadh, to arrange to make the big leap. ■ loans for an exhibition on the haj

The Economist June 27th 2009

10 Answer the following questions. 1. What issue is under discussion? 2. What countries are in the thick of things? What countries are also involved in the dispute? 3. What is the crux of the matter? 4. What is the historic background of the conflict? 5. What are possible solutions to the problem? 6. What gains and losses may those involved experience?

11 Read the text carefully to find a word or phrase that means:

1 to seize or gain …………………………… 2 country or land ……………………………. 3 to pardon or overlook ……………………………. 4 a place of origin …………………………… 5 to take away using force ……………………………… 6 unable to achieve the intended result ………………………………… 7 to involve …………………………………. 8 a deadlock …………………………………… 9 relating to punishment ………………………………… 10 to make an exploratory or initial approach ……………………….. 11 cut into pieces ……………………………………. 12 something given in compensation …………………………………….. 13 to get smth by dealing with people in a skillful way ……………………….

6 12 PANEL DISCUSSION * Panel discussion is the format of a debate in which participants representing various shades of opinion on a topic argue the case, usually under the guidance of a chairperson.

 Research Work. Look for the information on the following TOPIC in various sources of information.

Art Restitution: a rightful claim?

The relevant issues may be useful to consider while discussing the TOPIC:

 the Baldin collection and the Russian government’s line on that issue  History of Looted Art, looting and looted countries

 Arrange the information in the written form.  Choose a CHAIRPERSON to lead the discussion.  CONTRIBUTE to the discussion.

!!! Strategy Point for PANEL DISCUSSION  Voice opinions you are a party to.  Take turns to practise reporting your ideas on the issue.  When you report ideas in discussion, you must not read your source material. It is more usual to summarise or paraphrase the ideas in your own words.  Listen carefully to the other students’ reports on their reading and make notes on the key points.  Respond to the arguments of the participants with your own ideas.  You have to take care to make it very clear to your listeners when you are expressing your own opinions, and when you are reporting ideas you have read or heard about.  Use a repertoire of expressions for voicing strong agreement, disagreement, and all the shades of opinion in between.

Expressing an opinion: Strong agreement: Conceding an argument: If you ask me… Absolutely. Ok, you win. If you want my opinion, … I couldn’t agree more. You’ve convinced me. Hedging: Qualified agreement: Strong disagreement: I take your point, but … That’s partly true. I totally disagree. Yes, but … I’d go along with that. On the contrary …

PART 2

7 13 Read the following text.

THE MUSEUM WARS

Europe's great art institutions are racing to transform themselves into modern centers of entertainment. Cool, cerebral and formidably industries rather than the academic focused, Mark Jones hides his institutions we used to be." erudition beneath an easy Throughout Europe, the race is on. affability. In his six years as With demand for culture increasingly director of the Victoria and Albert driving tourist dollars, "cities are Museum, he has overseen the trying to compete for them," says transformation of a venerable if research analyst Richard Cope. quaintly eclectic institution into Madrid is hoping the $226 one of Britain's most dynamic and million refurbishment of the site ambitious museums that is rarely out that contains the Prado, the Reina of the headlines. Recent headlines Sofia modern-art museum and the have not always been friendly: the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, will V&A has come under sneering attack raise its cultural profile to match over its Kylie Minogue exhibition, that of London. New galleries will and Jones has been accused of increase the museum's current pandering to pop culture. Unruffled, exhibition space to more than he insisted that the V&A, like all 160,000 square meters—not including museums, must broaden its views and the 13,000 square meters for cafes, its range of visitors. restaurants, theaters and offices, At the Prado museum in Madrid all linked by tree-lined paths. visitors can peer into the past in a No European museum expansion new exhibit of 19th-century is more ambitious than Berlin's photographs, which show artworks restoration of Museum Island, a crammed on the walls wherever they UNESCO World Heritage Site in the would fit. Lithographs, paintings city center. The $2.1 billion and plans chart the higgledy- project slated for completion in piggledy development of one of 2015 aims to turn the island into Europe's best-loved art-treasure the largest art complex in Europe, troves. Similarly, London's British covering all the major cultures in Museum opened a new Enlightenment six museums filling 88,000 square Gallery this year to celebrate the meters. The Alte Nationalgalerie, an historic role of museums as centers ornate classical temple built in of learning, displaying among other 1866, reopened two years ago, things intricate catalogs of 17th- displaying 19th-century artists, century botanical specimens. including German Romantics. Ren- While such exhibits enshrine ovation of the neighboring Bode the past, ambitious new plans for Museum, with its collection of the future are transforming the Medieval and Renaissance art, is dusty halls of some of Europe's most well underway, and the Neues Museum revered galleries. In Germany, is being rebuilt to house Egyptian Spain, Italy and Britain, museums and prehistoric works. There are are scrambling to create bigger, even plans to reconstruct the more-dazzling exhibition spaces, neighboring Hohen-zollern Palace to smart new restaurants and shops, showcase Berlin's extensive study centers and inviting public collection of non-European art. And areas. The push reflects a shift in British architect David Chipperfield how the public regards its artistic has been commissioned to create a institutions. "People want more than striking new entrance to the whole the old-style museum," says John complex. Lewis, chairman of the Wallace These institutions are hoping Collection, a gallery of 17th- and to repeat the triumph of London's 18th - century paintings, porcelain Tate Museum, which spent $243 and furniture in London. "We are million to convert a disused power driven to become more an arm of the station into a gallery of modern entertainment and education art. When the Tate Modern opened in

8 2U00, director Sir Nicholas Serota nearly double its current capacity. described its creation as part of a "We will surpass even the Louvre," "sea change" in culture, with visual predicts Urbani. arts becoming the most popular Some purists oppose the idea creative medium. His remark has of turning museums into glitzy proved amazingly prescient: in 2002, consumer complexes. "My reservation the top two attractions among is whether we lose that calm and foreign tourists to London were the that moment of reflection, that Tate Modern and the refurbished sense of civic space," says Tristram British Museum. A year after the Hunt, a museum curator. Tate Modern opened, its impact on Still, the trend seems the local economy was estimated at irreversible: London's Victoria and nearly $200 million—far higher than Albert Museum now regularly stays the $42 million the McKinsey open until 10 p.m., offering a cash consulting firm first estimated the bar and live music. The opening museum would contribute when it crowd for Kylie, Mark Jones of the developed the business plan in 1996. V&A admits, was different from that Smaller galleries, too, are for Van Gogh. But museums should be hoping to cash in. Italian Culture fun as well as instructive: "I want Minister Giuliano Urbani plans to to show beautiful things beautifully transform Florence's charming Uffizi so that people can enjoy them. I'm Gallery into a world-class cultural bored with the idea that people destination. The original horseshoe- should only go to a museum to be shaped building, created in 1560, better educated. Why shouldn't they will be restructured to increase its go for pure pleasure?" exhibit space from 6,000 to 13,000 The debate over the role of square meters. The $72 million the modern museum will no doubt go expansion will enable curators to on. Only now it will be conducted in show 800 works now in storage. When state-of-the-art lecture halls and completed the "nuovo Uffizi" will over perfectly frothed cappuccinos. accommodate 7,000 visitors daily,

NEWSWEEK, STEFAN, August, 2007

14 Answer the following questions and sum up the information provided in the text.

 What shift in the approach to artistic institutions has there been recently?  What impact on local economies does this new approach have?  What steps do Spain, Germany, Britain and Italy take competing for tourist euros and dollars?  What are the ways to raise a museum's profile?  Have you followed any art-part-of-my-life trend recently?

15 VOCABULARY

 Read the text carefully to find a word or phrase that means: 1 to record information ……………………………………………… 2 mixed together in an untidy way ……………………………………… 3 a place that is full of something good ……………………………………… 4 preserve and protect ……………………………………. 5 to respect and admire ……………………………………………. 6 to get more attention from the public ………………………………….. 7 to be planned to happen ………………………………………. 8 a traditionalist ………………………………………….

 Match a word from column A to its definition from column B.

9 A B reconstruct to improve a room or a building by cleaning or painting it, adding new furniture or equipment; restore to change from one system, use, or method to another refurbish to build something again renovate to change or develop into something different transform sth into sth to repair and clean an old and valuable building, vehicle, or work of art convert sth into sth to make something completely different, usually in a way that makes them more attractive, easier to use turn into phrasal verb to make something old look new again by repairing and improving it, especially a building

 Translate into English: 1. Они превратили старый железнодорожный вокзал в научный музей. 2. По его первому роману сняли телевизионный фильм. 3. Нам придется восстановить часть стены. 4. Они превратили старую школу в дорогие квартиры. 5. Большой театр сейчас реставрируют. 6. Эти исторические здания, пережившие три разрушительные войны, были тщательно восстановлены. 7. Необходимо обновить это кафе, если мы хотим привлечь больше посетителей.

16 PROJECTS and PRESENTATION SKILLS

 Write the Project on the following topic and present it in class.

TOPIC: a Museum to open or an Exhibition to stage

THINK ABOUT …  Think about it also in economic terms.  Take into account environmental aspect of the project.

 Study some useful general information which enables you to make a good presentation.

Keep in mind that presenters should engage and evoke interest in the audience. How you can achieve that: Make the overall structure of your presentation clear to the listeners. Do this by:  preparing a logical planned outline of main points  stating the precise topic clearly at the start  signaling when you move from point to point in the outline  summarizing your main points in the conclusion. Make your points clear as you speak. Do this by:

10  giving examples  using visual aids  using language signals, indicating examples, etc  using your voice for emphasis of selected points. Make your presentation even more interesting. You can do this by  providing surprising statistics  giving vivid examples related to everyone's experience  quoting from a famous author.

 If you are curious for the Sample Presentation, this is a very interesting site of Coca Cola Museum http://www.woccatlanta.com/  Study the example presentation of the Black Country Museum and follow its format.

!!! NOTE: This is a written presentation. It focuses on the content part of the task. Remember to use the above hints to make sure your speech is vivid and interesting in order to keep the attention of the audience when presenting your project.

The Black Country Living Museum deals with the history of the Black Country, the heart of industrial England, with recreated buildings from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries brought to life by costumed demonstrators and trained educational guides. Our mission is to: Preserve material relating to the story of the Black Country and to communicate that story to the widest possible audience. We are achieving this by ... Operating the open air museum and other displays Maintaining financial viability Promoting the Black Country Exhibits and reserve collections cover the iron working and other manufacturing industries of the region and ….. The Museum occupies a 26 acre (12ha) open air site with displays which form a major tourist attraction welcoming over a quarter of a million visitors each year and 80,000 school children in educational parties. The Museum is run by The Black Country Museum Trust Limited as a 'not for profit' organisation which earns most of its running costs from admission income and sales to visitors …. These buildings are both historic exhibits in their own right and form the estates within which much of the rich history of the region can be portrayed. Visitors have a perfect opportunity to explore the modern exhibition hall, travel on a tramcar, experience the underground coalmine, Ride on the fairground swing boats, take a lesson in the old-fashioned school, Watch the demonstrations of metal-working, sweet-making and glass-cutting See a silent film in the 1920s Cinema, Enjoy a pint in the Bottle and Glass Inn Sample the traditional fish and chips from the 1930's Fried Fish Shop or just soak up the atmosphere. (Summary) The Black Country Living Museum is a world-class open air attraction which unites the past and the present in an unforgettable 'living' experience.

11 PART 3

17 Read the text, summarize it and render Part 1 into English. The maximum length for the task is 300 words. What parts would you divide the text into? Complete the task in Part 2.

МУЗЕЙ: ИСКУССТВО ИЛИ РАЗВЛЕЧЕНИЕ?

PART 1 Коммуникация, интерактивность не желает подвергаться унижению»). - базовые понятия для современного Благодаря Хадсону современные музеи музея, и этим он отличается от музея стали гораздо более открытыми и классического. дружественными. Он считал, что Музей - относительно недавнее необходимо развивать инфраструктуру изобретение человечества. Своим музея: максимум открытых появлением он обязан масштабным пространств, стеклянный вход (символ послереволюционным конфискациям, дружественности), много кафе и захватническим войнам и тщеславию ресторанов и большой магазин. По диктаторов. Чтобы придать некоторую таким принципам в 1980-х построили легитимность выставленным трофеям, стеклянную пирамиду и подземное фойе создатели музеев акцентировали их - новый вход в Лувр. просветительскую миссию: музей-де Сегодня в мире приблизительно приобщает к прекрасному широкие мас- 50 тысяч музеев. Две трети из них сы. До некоторой степени это возникли за последние 50 лет. В моде действительно так. sight-museums - музеи истории на В 1793 году в Париже открылся месте ее действия. Чем больше они Музей Наполеона, нынешний Лувр, до отдалены от крупных городов, тем сих пор самый посещаемый в мире - 7 лучше. Рядом строят отели, открывают млн зрителей в год. Впервые в магазины, рестораны и кафе, словом, истории колоссальное число создают рабочие места и привлекают произведений искусства свезли в одно туристов. место. Лувр был задуман как Музейным экспонатом сегодня «национальная витрина с может стать любой пустяк. В сокровищами». Эта идея легла в лондонском Музее Виктории и Альберта основу всех крупнейших наряду с античной керамикой и художественных собраний - от нью- средневековыми реликвиями выставляют йоркского Метрополитен до Эрмитажа. пластмассовые клипсы 1970-х годов. Наименование «храм искусств», Страны соревнуются в создании Temple der Kunst, прусского необычных музеев. В крошечном происхождения. Именно в Германии в Израиле музей есть в каждом кибуце: начале XIX века сформулировали в одном собрали тысячи видов неписаное правило: музей создан для кактусов, в другом как зеницу ока торжественного благоговения. В берегут подбитый в шестидневную храмах-музеях чудодействовали войну египетский танк. священники-искусствоведы. Зрителей Огромное влияние на индустрию приравнивали к пастве или студентам, развлечений оказал Диснейленд. В которых надо учить. 1960-е годы в США развернулись «Главная услуга, которую музей споры: должен ли музей быть башней может оказать посетителям, - из слоновой кости, где живут знатоки пробудить их любопытство»,- считал и ученые, или площадкой для авторитетнейший музеевед XX века развлечений и начальной школой Кеннет Хадсон (1916-1999). Крупные искусств. В итоге пришли к общему музеи вроде Британского Хадсон мнению, что искусство - удел называл «центрами академической немногих, развлечение - для всех. спеси», картинные галереи считал Музеи начали масштабную перестройку: «отсталыми детьми музейного в них стали устраивать концерты, семейства», эрудитов-искусствоведов приемы, открывать детские студии, - злом (они «заставляют зрителя сувенирные лавки, службы PR. чувствовать себя маленьким, В 1990-е годы люди, наконец, невежественным и отпугивают тех, кто поняли, что музей может быть

12 коммерчески успешным предприятием. Страны басков, открылся филиал Американцы оставляют в музейных кафе американского Музея Гуггенхайма. и магазинах около $1 млрд ежегодно. Открытие омрачили угрозы терактов: Символической фигурой баскские сепаратисты не хотели музейного мира 1990-х годов был ничего американского. Но в первый же Томас Кренц, директор Музея год посмотреть выдающееся творение Гуггенхайма* в Нью-Йорке. В первые архитектора Фрэнка Гери приехали 6 годы его работы из музея ушли почти млн. посетителей! Больше смог все ведущие научные сотрудники. Он привлечь только Лувр. По данным продал несколько картин из собрания Financial Times, за три года лишь на (абсолютное святотатство с точки продаже входных билетов музей зрения традиционных музейщиков), а заработал городу 100 млн евро. Плюс на вырученные деньги провел ремонт. еще 500 млн евро было инвестировано Кренц открыл филиалы Гуггенхайма по в туристическую индустрию. 160 млн всему миру и прославился эффектными евро вложили в местную экономику высокобюджетными выставками. В 2005 богатые патроны музея. В городе году после триумфальной выставки открылись сотни гостиниц, «Россия!» Кренца отправили на ресторанов, роскошные бутики. 80% повышение, руководить всей музейной туристов приезжают в Бильбао в сетью Гуггенхайма. Революционный первую очередь затем, чтобы музейный менеджмент стал примером посмотреть музей. Некогда отсталый для многих. Комитеты попечителей все экономический район превратился в чаще ищут кандидатов на директорское цветущий край и центр туризма. кресло не среди искусствоведов, а Человек идет в музей за новым среди управленцев с дипломами МБА. опытом. Бродя по залам, слушая Сегодня это обычная практика. В 1999 экскурсовода, он вынужден напрягать году Малкольм Роджерс возглавил воображение и даже мышцы. Чем Бостонский музей изобразительных активнее он включится в процесс, тем искусств. больше запомнит, получит более яркие В 1997 году в испанском впечатления. Бильбао, портовом городе мятежной

PART 2  Think of an advertising slogan for a museum from the list.  Think of 2-3 reasons why people should visit it (or any other museum from the list).

В современном музее посетитель может:  Попасть в доисторический лес, на деревенскую свадьбу XIII века и в китайский театр XVIII века. Музей истории Гонконга воспроизводит исторические интерьеры и пейзажи в натуральную величину. Иллюзия подлинности дополняется специально записанными шумами и театральным светом.  Примерить кринолин. В Музее Виктории и Альберта* в Лондоне, в недавно отреставрированном крыле - Британских галереях - зрители осваивают бытовые обычаи прошлого: можно, например, примерить кринолин. Галереи названы лучшим музейным проектом 2003 года в Европе.  Научиться водить сухогруз. В музее мореходства в Гонконге на огромных мониторах воссоздан местный порт. Любой посетитель может стать капитаном - взять в руки штурвал и пришвартоваться к причалу.  Стать криминалистом. В 2004-м в Британском музее «просветили» томографом одну египетскую мумию, провели ей анализ крови и ДНК. Исследования, дополненные компьютерной реконструкцией и документальным фильмом, легли в основу выставки, которая пользовалась огромной популярностью.  Полетать на дельтаплане. В музее космоса в Гонконге посетителя кладут животом на кушетку и пристегивают к спине дельтаплан. Перед ним панорамный экран с пейзажем Гранд-Каньона. В лицо дует ветер. Надо так управлять дельтапланом, чтобы не врезаться в скалы.  Посетить ресторан, купить сувениры. Из Лувра нельзя выйти, минуя музейный магазин. В нем продается все - от альбомов и фильмов по искусству до маек и солнцезащитных очков. Магазин нью-йоркского Музея Гуггенхайма работает даже тогда, когда экспозиция закрыта для

13 посетителей.

18 ROLE-PLAY

TOPIC: SHOULD WE TURN MUSEUMS INTO GLITZY CONSUMER COMPLEXES?

Participants Participants The Chairperson

TEAM 1 - "advocates" TEAM 2 - "purists" - runs the discussion "Advocates" support the idea. "Purists" oppose the idea. - reports to the class on the  Think of the  Think of the arguments discussion ( or sums up the arguments and reasons and reasons in terms of opinions and ideas expressed) in terms of education, education, entertainment and entertainment and economy. economy.

!!! Strategy Point – exchanging views  You are expected to exchange your own views on the topic, i.e. to express and justify your own views, not simply repeat information prepared.  Remember to use the rule of turn-taking: - no two speakers should be speaking at once or for any sustained period of time - long silences are to be avoided - listen when other speakers are speaking - recognizing the appropriate moment to get a turn - signaling the fact that you want to speak - holding the floor while you have your turn - recognizing when other speakers are signaling their wish to speak - yielding the turn - signaling the fact that you are listening  Think critically while being exposed to other viewpoints.  You will need Useful Language to gain the floor and switch the topic, to express all shades of opinion: agreement, disagreement; to give explanations, to make suggestions, to ask and answer questions, sometimes "awkward" ones, to report ideas. You will have to interrupt and to be interrupted.

Expressing critical evaluation - I think you are right about... You are quite right when you say... / I'm not sure I accept your point about... I'm not sure I'm convinced by your argument that... I don't agree with you about... / I can't accept your idea that... I’m afraid you don't produce any evidence for your claim that..

14  Enter the sites of some museums and study their way to attract more visitors. www.nationalgalley.org.uk www.hrp.org.uk www.museum.ru/gmii www.tretyakovgallery.ru www.vam.ac.uk www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk

Getting ready for the debates, put down your arguments.

Arguments "for" 1. …………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ……..…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Arguments "against" 1. …………………………………………………………………………….………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

15 UNIT 2 GLOBAL ISSUES

LEAD-IN 1 Discuss the following questions.

 What are the issues that matter most in today's world?  What topical issues are being discussed in the mainstream media?  What problems of the modern world would you include in the list of global issues if asked?  What news dominates the mass media headlines today?

THE LEGACY OF THE BABY BOOM IN AUSTRALIA

implications standards projected fertility ageing expenditure voting potential aged circumstances bearing stimulus retirement affluent

The period from the end of the will be aged 65 or older. This has Second World War in 1945 until implications both for the level of around the mid-1960s has come to be social 7) …………………… that might be known as the baby boom in Australia required in future and the level of and in several other countries such resources that might be available to as New Zealand, Canada and the USA. fund it. For example, as the After the war, these were all population 8) ……………… 65 and over relatively prosperous, industrially increases in size, associated social advanced countries with rapidly expenditure on income support and expanding economies, enhanced living health services can be expected to 1) …………………… and serious labour increase. However, since the 9) shortages. In 1961, the total 2) ………………… labour force is projected to ……………… rate in Australia peaked at expand at a slower rate from 2011, 3.6 babies per woman. Twenty years it may be more difficult to generate later, it had fallen to half that the level of resources and public level and has continued to decline, support needed to maintain a large though at a much slower rate. aged population with an acceptable Based on assumptions of standard of living and quality of continued low fertility, combined life. with the fact that people are In addition to changing generally living longer with each demographics, there are many other generation, Australia's population factors, both social and economic, is projected to continue 3) ……………… which could also have an important Between 2011 and 2031, baby boomers 10) ………………… on future levels of will make a significant contribution social expenditure and how it is to the number of people aged 65 distributed. Future rates of years and over. During this period, economic growth, productivity the population aged 65 and over is improvements and taxation levels 4) ………………… to grow from 3 to 5 will affect the level of resources million. By 2031, all surviving baby potentially available. At the same boomers - will be between 65 and 84 time, the 11) …………………… of future years of age. older generations, such as labour Structural aging has many 5) force participation, level of …………………… for society. In 2031, if private income and asset holdings, not before, 27% of all Australians health status, and availability of of 6) ……………… age (18 years and over) family and community support

16 networks, will influence the extent likely economic 12)…………………… created to which resources will be needed by a growing market for home help, for care of the elderly, health, specialised housing, and financial housing and income support. advice has 65 been largely Changes in social values, overlooked. Better educated and more attitudes and government policy will 13) ……………… than their parents' also have an impact on the level of generation, baby boomers are support provided for older people, currently an influential market as well as shaping the respective sector and could remain so well into roles of government, private their 14) ………………… years. In business, community groups, families addition, as the population ages, it and individuals in providing it. is to be expected that public debate While much of the current research and government policy on ageing will and policy on ageing tends to focus be increasingly influenced by the on the potential 'burden' to society views of older people. of a large older population, the

3 In the text find the information as referring to 1961, 2011, 2031

4 Check your understanding of these nouns and noun phrases from the reading passage (give either their definitions or explain them).

structural ageing …………………………………………………………………………… living standards ……………………………………………………………………………. labour shortages …………………………………………………………………………… social expenditure …………………………………………………………………………. standard of living ………………………………………………………………………….. roles ……………………………………………………………………………………….. market sector ………………………………………………………………………………

5 VOCABULARY WORK

In the reading passage, find From the box below, choose Which of the remaining the adjective that comes an adjective that has a similar adjectives in the box mean the before each noun or a noun meaning to each adjective you opposite of the adjectives in phrase below. have found. the left column? (One adjective doesn’t have an opposite) e.g. … expanding economies e.g. fast-growing economies e.g. … flagging economies …………….. living standards …………….. living standards …………….. living standards …………….. labour shortages …………….. labour shortages …………….. labour shortages ………… social expenditure ………… social expenditure ………… social expenditure …………… standard of living …………… standard of living …………… standard of living ……………………….. roles ……………………….. roles ……………………….. roles ………………. market sector ………………. market sector ………………. market sector

acute corresponding crucial declining rising frivolous inadequate related ineffectual unconnected negligible powerful satisfactory thriving

17 6 SUMMARY Writing  Find the linking words used in the text. Study the way they organize the structure of the text. Use them in the summary.  Sum up the information provided in the article and answer the following question in a summarized way.

What impact does an ageing population have on society?

! Avoid quoting the text, use the vocabulary different from the language of the text. !

7 LISTENING 1 Мультимедийный каталог института: Номер в каталоге – 2143 IELTS Objective Advanced, Unit 14 - Listening

 You are going to hear an extract from a lecture about social change and what causes it. The lecture is in two parts.

Questions 1-5:  According to the lecturer, what impact on society (A-G) did each event (1-5) have?  Choose your answers from the box.

A Agricultural production improved. В Newcomers were absorbed into the receiving community. 1 the Irish potato famine С People gained a better understanding of the 2 immigration to the UK by French cultures of other countries. Protestants D Tensions arose between communities. 3 immigration to the UK from Asia E The receiving community adopted some 4 the increase in air travel aspects of the newcomers' culture. 5 the First World War F There was a lack of development in the local community. G There was an increase in social equality

Questions 6-10  Choose the correct letter А, В or С

6 What is the speaker's opinion of political factors in social change in Britain? A They have tended to have little impact. В They are more significant than economic factors. С Their significance is less than is usually claimed.

7 Many people moved to towns in the 19th century because of A a decline in agricultural production. В the availability of a wider choice of housing. C changes in how goods were made.

18 8 One result of education becoming compulsory was that A more women went out to work. В people had a greater choice of jobs. C changes took place in family structure.

9 What has been an effect of people moving into the countryside recently? A More and more facilities are provided in rural areas. B Rural life is far more oriented towards towns than in the past. С There are tensions between traditional village dwellers and new residents.

10 What does the lecturer regard as the main characteristic of an 'urban village'? A The area has a clear boundary. B People know each other. С The housing is of a low standard.

LISTENING 2 Мультимедийный каталог института: Номер в каталоге – 2143 IELTS Objective Advanced, Test Folder 5 - Listening

 You will hear part of a lecture about the development of suburbs in the USA.

Questions 1-6  Choose the correct letter, А, В or C.

1 Rich people have been known to live in suburbs A at least since the 6th century ВС. В since the 1st century ВС. С only in modern times. 2 During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, London A encouraged poor people to move to the edge of the city. В expanded by incorporating nearby towns. С rebuilt its walls to contain a larger area. 3 In the 19th century, the development of suburbs was encouraged by A the high quality of suburban housing. В improvements in public transport. С a wish to own weekend homes. 4 European suburbs, unlike those in North America, A consist largely of low-density housing. В are well planned. С have individual characters. 5 Suburban sprawl is said to destroy A town centres. В business activity. С human relationships. 6 A major reason for the development of suburban sprawl in the USA was A improvements in car manufacture. В the availability of money to buy homes. С people's unwillingness to live in high density housing.

19 Questions 7-11  Choose FIVE letters A-J.  Which FIVE claims does the writer make about suburban sprawl?

A Housing and other components are usually separated from each other. В There are insufficient controls over the actions of developers. С Life in housing districts is more limited than in traditional towns. D The residents have no input into the names of new suburbs. E Names may give a false impression of suburbs. F The design of school buildings tends to be old-fashioned. G The size of schools creates problems for their students. H The location of schools encourages the use of cars. I The population is too small to support shops serving a small area. J One reason for heavy traffic in suburbs is that a car is likely to contain only the driver.

8 SPEAKING Speak on one of the following Speaking Points.  Immigrants usually make a massive contribution to the culture of the receiving country.  Massive increase in air travel in recent years caused many people to have adopted customs that they first encountered abroad (e.g. drinking wine, or sitting in pavement cafes).  Political factors have played a relatively minor role in social change unlike economic factors.  Towns have often been blamed for having an alienating effect on their residents.

20 PART 1 9 Read the following text.

THE OTHER POPULATION CRISIS

A IT is an unquestioned Europe, for example, couples will principle that has dominated have only one or two children when international thinking for decades: they might have had three or four in we live in an overcrowded world the past. There are various reasons teeming with billions of humans who for this. Social analysts pin it on are destined to suffocate our cities some jumble of female education and and squeeze our planet of its fiscal autonomy, secularization, precious resources. Our species is birth control, Sex and the City, a inexorably wrecking Earth: flooding heightened desire for personal valleys, cutting down forests and freedom, and increasing uncertainty destroying the habitats of animals about bringing a child into a world and plants faster than scientists plagued by terrorism, and global can classify them. Our future is warming. In a hyper-individualistic, destined to be nasty, brutish, and ultra-commodified culture like ours, cramped. parenthood, for better and worse, is less a fact of life than just В Or is it? Now, it seems, another lifestyle choice. Women now population analysts have suddenly have their own career options, and started to question the 'self- are no longer considered failures if evident' truth that we are destined they do not marry and produce eventually to drown under our own children in their twenties or weight. While accepting that thirties. This has taken a populations will continue to rise, substantial number out of the pool they point out that this rise will of potential mothers. In addition, not be nearly as steep or as long- parents have aspirations for their lasting as was once feared. They offspring, choices not available to even claim they can envisage the day past generations but which cost when world population numbers will money, for example, higher education peak and begin to decline. and travel.

С As evidence, statisticians E These and other pressures have point to a simple, stark fact: reduced the average birth rate in people are having fewer and fewer European countries to 1.4 per children. In the 1970s, global couple. Britain, Ireland, Australia, fertility rates stood at about six Spain, Italy and dozens of other children per woman. Today the countries are contending with average is 2.9 and falling. Such a fertility rates well below rate will still see the world's replacement levels. Forty per cent population increase to nine billion of female university graduates in by 2050, a rise of fifty per cent on Germany are childless. Given that a today's figure. That is not good country needs a birth rate of 2.1 to news for the planet, but it is far maintain its numbers, it is clear to less alarming than the projections see that in the long term there will of fifteen billion that were once be fewer Europeans. The causes of being made. More to the point, declining numbers in other countries statisticians predict that after are more varied and more alarming. 2050 the number of humans will go Russia's population is dropping by down. Such trends raise two key almost 750,000 people a year. The questions. Why has the rise in world causes are alcoholism, breakdown of populations started to die out so the public health service, and dramatically? And what will be the industrial pollution that has had a consequences of this decline? disastrous effect on men's fertility. In China, the state D Answers to the first question enforces quotas of offspring depend largely on locality. In numbers, and it is expected that its 21 population will peak at 1.5 billion demographers forecast a major drop by 2019 then go into steep decline. in the numbers who will work and Some analysts suggest the country earn money, while the population of could lose twenty to thirty per cent older people - who need support and of its population every generation. help - will soar. So, the urging by There is also the exodus from the a British politician that it is the countryside, a trek happening across patriotic duty of women to have the globe. Soon half the world's children makes sense. There will be population will have urban homes. no workforce if people do not have But in cities, children become a children. At present the median age cost rather than an asset for of people is twenty-six; within a helping to work the land, and again hundred years, if current trends pressures mount for people to cut continue, that will have doubled. the size of their families. More and more old people will have to be supported by fewer and fewer F Some more nebulous and young people. In China, the problem disputable factors are worth is worse. Most young Chinese adults mentioning. Infertility is killing have no brothers or sisters and face off the secular world. In some the prospect of having to care for countries, where atheism reigned as two parents and four grandparents on state policy for generations, the their own. Pensions and incomes are United Nations forecasts extreme simply not able to rise fast enough declines in population by 2050, to deal with the crisis. ranging, for example, from 22% for Russia to nearly 50% for the H There are people who cling to Ukraine. Secular Western Europe will the hope that it is possible to have lose 4% to 12% of its population, a vibrant economy without a growing while the population of the population, but mainstream churchgoing United States continues economists are pessimistic. On the to grow. Is secularism at fault? The other hand, it is clear that reduced numbers do not suggest otherwise. human numbers can only be good for Secularism promotes a more short the planet in the long term. Until term and hedonistic attitude towards we halt the spread of our own life. Since secular people have species, the destruction of the last little faith in God or an afterlife, great wildernesses, such as the the tendency is for them to adopt Amazon, will continue. Just after the attitude of “Eat, drink and be the last Ice Age, there were only a merry, for tomorrow we die”. Of few hundred thousand humans on course, not all secular people are Earth. Since then the population has like that. But in general, grown ten thousandfold. Such a secularism promotes such attitudes. growth rate, and our imperfect attempts to control it, are bound to G The impact of all this is lead us into an uncertain future. harder to gauge. In Europe,

10 Summarize what each whole paragraph is about and write a paragraph heading and a summarizing sentence for each paragraph. Example:

Paragraph A - The accepted view of the future. The writer outlines gloomy consequences of the overpopulation. Paragraph В …………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Paragraph С …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Paragraph D …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Paragraph E …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

22 Paragraph F …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Paragraph G …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Paragraph H …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

11 PANEL DISCUSSION * Panel discussion is the format of a debate in which participants representing various shades of opinion on a topic argue the case, usually under the guidance of a chairperson.

Economic and social causes of low birth rates in Russia.

The relevant issues may be useful to consider while discussing the TOPIC:  Financial and social incentives that the Russian government has announced to ensure a stable population.  Survey of the Internet discussions of the birth rate issue. Younger generation opinions on the issue.  Large families is the way out of the population crisis?  Modern families: a profile of a typical family, its living habits, challenges, prospects.

 Arrange the information in the written form.  Choose a CHAIRPERSON to lead the discussion.  CONTRIBUTE to the discussion.

!!! Strategy Point for PANEL DISCUSSION  Voice opinions you are a party to.  Take turns to practise reporting your ideas on the issue.  When you report ideas in discussion, you must not read your source material. It is more usual to summarise or paraphrase the ideas in your own words.  Listen carefully to the other students’ reports on their reading and make notes on the key points.  Respond to the arguments of the participants with your own ideas.  You have to take care to make it very clear to your listeners when you are expressing your own opinions, and when you are reporting ideas you have read or heard about.  Use a repertoire of expressions for voicing strong agreement, disagreement, and all the shades of opinion in between.

Expressing an opinion: Strong agreement: Conceding an argument: If you ask me… Absolutely. Ok, you win. If you want my opinion, … I couldn’t agree more. You’ve convinced me. Hedging: Qualified agreement: Strong disagreement: I take your point, but … That’s partly true. I totally disagree. Yes, but … I’d go along with that. On the contrary …

23 PART 2 12 Read the following text.

UNLIKELY BOOMTOWNS?

The last half-century was the age of the megacity. The next will belong to their smaller, humbler urban relations.

GREAT CITIES like London, New (Brazil), Ghaziabad (India), Goyang York and Tokyo loom large in our (South Korea) and Fukuoka (Japan) imaginations. They are the places may not remain unknown for much people still associate with fortune, longer. Boomtowns breed ambitious fame and the future. They can city fathers, so it's hardly dominate national economies, and surprising that Toulouse is politics. The last half century has competing with Paris to host the been their era, as the number of 2016 Summer Olympics, or that cities with more than 10 million Fukuoka is challenging Tokyo for the people grew from two to 20, as now same honor. famous names like Rio, Mexico City In a way, the emergence of and Mumbai joined the list. But the Second Cities has flowed naturally typical growth rate of the (if unexpectedly) from the earlier population within a megacity has success of the megacities. In the slowed over the last five years, and 1990s, megalopolises* boomed as their number is expected to stagnate global markets did. This was in the next quarter century. particularly true in metropolitan Instead, the coming years will areas with high-tech or "knowledge belong to a smaller, far humbler based" industries like finance - relation— the Second City. witness the renaissance of New York Within a year or so, more and London, and the explosion of people will live in cities than in growth in Shanghai or Hong Kong. the countryside for the first time Bonuses got bigger, bankers got in human history: the 21st century richer and real-estate prices in the will be an urban one. But world's most-sought-after cities increasingly, the urban core itself soared. The result has been the is downsizing. Already, half the creation of "gated regions"—places city dwellers in the world live in like New York, London, Tokyo - in metropolises with less than half-a- which both the city and many of the million residents. Second Cities— surrounding suburbs have become from exurbs to regional hubs, resort unaffordable for all but the very towns to provincial capitals—are wealthy. booming. Between 2000 and 2015, the One reaction to this world's smallest cities (with under phenomenon is further sprawl - high 500,000 people) will grow by 23 prices in the urban core and percent, while the next smallest (1 traditional suburbs drive people to million to 5 million people) will distant exurbs with extreme commutes grow by 27 percent. This trend is into big cities. In the major U.S. the result of seismic shifts, metropolitan areas, average commut- including the global real-estate ing times have doubled to about 90 bubble; increasing international minutes over the last 15 years, migration; cheaper transport; new making once rural places like Pike technologies, and the fact that the County, Pennsylvania, viable baby-boom generation is reaching dormitories for workers employed in retirement age. New York. A place like Las Vegas is Aspiring middleweights like now actually a kind of suburb of Los Toulouse, Munich and Las Vegas, or Angeles. There are plenty of people former unknowns like Florianopolis who make the six-hour one-way drive 24 a few times a week. And while the competitiveness division of the OECD extreme commute is a longstanding in Paris. He puts the tipping point tradition in Japan, it is spreading at about 6 million people, after to Europe. Brighton, a once seedy which real estate costs, travel beach resort about an hour by train times, and the occasional chaos from the capital, is now "London by (witness the recent Paris riots) the Sea," populated by arts and create a situation in which the media types. House prices there have center of the city may be a great boomed lately. place, but only for the rich, and Why does one town become a the outlying areas become harder to booming Second City while another live and work in." fails? The answer hinges on whether Meanwhile, the democratization a community has the wherewithal to of the good life - even small towns exploit the forces pushing people now have good sourdough bread, and businesses out of the international newspapers - means megacities. One key is excellent that people no longer have to choose transport links, especially to the between the culture and chaos of the biggest commercial hubs. Europe's big city, or the ease and boredom of cheap airlines have given new life everything else. Pseudo-European- to any number of provincial style cafe culture is cropping up in capitals, from Glasgow to Bologna. American towns like West Palm Beach, Estate agents estimate that a new and European minicities like Ryanair or easyJet link to a given Groningen, in the Netherlands, draw city can immediately raise property millions of tourists with Philippe prices in the area by 30 percent or Starck-designed museums and more. In Asia, the number of cheap, renovated downtowns. Retiring baby short flights between cities is also boomers are giving new life (and growing. money) to a host of sun-belt cities Another growth driver for in the United States, as well as Second Cities is the many Provencal and Tuscan towns. decentralization of work, driven in Immigrants play a big role, large part by new technologies. too. In places like Las Vegas, While more financial deals are done they're morphing from cheap labor to now in big capitals like New York a new middle class reshaping the and London than ever before, it's character of the city. In the U.K., also clear that plenty of jobs in hundreds of thousands of Eastern booming service industries like European immigrants have helped banking, entertainment and high tech galvanize the capital and smaller are flowing to places like Dubai, northern and coastal cities, where Las Vegas, Tallinn and Cape Town. workers in agriculture, construction These places have not only improved and lower-level service jobs are their Internet backbones, but often sorely needed. Ultimately, they are have tech parks and universities expected to take their earnings that turn out the kinds of talent home, where they are likely to seek that populates growth industries. property not in Prague or Warsaw, Today it's easier for Second but in less-expensive Brno or Cities to build self-sustaining Cracow. That's a big reason why the economies, independent of 60 Central and Eastern European megacities, as firms and workers cities with 500,000 or more people look to avoid the problems of major are expected to be among the hottest urban centers. "Economically, after places for corporate relocation in a city reaches a certain size, its the next few years. productivity starts to fall," notes All this means, of course, that Mario Pezzini, head of the regional- second cities won't stay small.

NOTES: *megalopolise – a term coined by the geographer Jean Gottman to identify a new economic power corridor Boston - New York – Washington Ryanair - is an Irish low-cost airline with its head office at Dublin Airport. The airline has been characterised by rapid expansion, and the success of its low-cost business model.

25 VOCABULARY WORK 13 Look at the words in bold and try to explain them.

14 Complete the sentences with the underlined words from the text. Suggest synonyms for them or explain them. 1. In British fashion, few ______as Harold Tillman. 2. The achievements of the Knight School all ______the people around them: without a wider community base of support, it cannot work. 3. The writer to be funny for funny’s sake, but lets the laughs ______the clash of personalities and perspectives. 4. The France forward is aware that his future at Manchester United will ______talks next week. 5. The Maxwell scandal, when thousands lost their pensions, still ______in people’s minds. 6. In his new book “The Fruits of War”, Michael White shows that the best of humanity often ______the worst. 7. In my childhood nothing ______than my brother’s presence — or in a strange way, the lack of it. 8. ...future of Mr Obama’s presidency ______the by-election because if the Democrats. 9. His social problems ______with heavy drinking. 10. The extraordinary fount (=a spring) of economic activity doesn’t spring from thin air. It ______the genius of individuals who received high-quality education. 11. Most of us expect our earnings to increase in the future. Promotions, headhunters and pay rises ______in our financial plans.

15 Match adjectives with appropriate nouns. humble aspiring viable seedy outlying background

actor, plan, background, services, district, origins, proposition, town, man, lawyer, apology, island, solution, residential quarters, flat, way of doing, politician, affair

16 What are the implications of the following sentences. Translate underlined phrases. 1. The urban core itself is downsizing. 2. This trend is the result of seismic shifts… 3. He puts the tipping point at about 6 million people … 4. …whether a community has the wherewithal to exploit the forces pushing people and businesses out of the megacities. 5. … making once rural areas … viable dormitories for workers employed in New York. 6. Another growth driver for Second Cities is the decentralization of work … 7. The democratization of the good life means that …

26 8. … they're morphing from cheap labor to a new middle class…

17 SUMMARIZING.

Sum up the CAUSES of the emergence of the Second Cities: Economic:

Social:

Scientific:

Other:

 Write the Project on the following topic and present it in class.

TOPIC: A SECOND CITY: achievements and prospects of the economic and social development

 Choose a Second City to speak about from the List or make your own choice. Focus on economic, social, educational, etc aspects of the development of a city. Use words and phrases from the text.

 Las Vegas, the USA  Fukuoka, Japan  Brighton, Glasgow, Britain  Munich, German  Astsns, Kazakhstan  Dubai, the NE United Arab Emirates  St. Ptersburg, Russia  Cape Town, South Africa  Florianopolis, Brazil  Ghaziabad, India

 Read and Study the example of a case study in urban decentralization (the main concise points):

27 Consider Montpellier, France, a case study in urban decentralization. Until the 1980s, it was a big Mediterranean village, but one with a strong university, many lovely villas and an IBM manufacturing base. Once the high-speed trains were built, Parisians began pouring in for weekend breaks. Some bought houses, creating a critical mass of middle-class professionals who began taking advantage of flexible working arrangements to do three days in Paris, and two down south. Soon, big companies began looking at the area; a number of medical-technology and electronics firms came to town, and IBM put more investment into service businesses there. To cater to the incoming professionals, the city began building amenities: an opera, a tram line to discourage cars in the city center. The result, says French urban-planning expert Nacima Baron, is that "Today Montpellier is a bustling metropolis with a population of 380,000. The city is now full of cosmopolitan businessmen. It's an entirely new town, a new society."

 Read again some useful general information given in UNIT 1 Part 2 which enables you to make a good presentation.  Get ready to give your presentation in class.

PART 3

19 READ the following article and RENDER it into English The maximum length for the task is 300 words. Make use of the words form Tasks 13, 14,15.

ГОРОД ДЛЯ ЛЮДЕЙ

Представьте себе, что вы на уходящие за горизонт, ни уплотнение своем автомобиле едете по крыше застройки не решают проблемы - людям офиса, ныряете в паркинг-лифт - не становится в городе комфортнее. машина уезжает вниз, а вы успеваете Думает ли сегодня кто-то о на работу как раз вовремя. По концепциях городов будущего и в окончании рабочего дня вы снова по каком направлении движется эта крыше летите над суетой и пробками в мысль? На самом деле думают: соседний магазин... Это не утопия, социологи, ученые, управленцы и как вы подумали: это предложение самая продвинутая часть мирового немецких архитекторов по архитектурно-градостроительного строительству в Москве зданий с сообщества, поскольку все они дорогами на крышах. Авторы уверены, уверены в системном кризисе городов. что такое решение просто необходимо Уверенность основана на статистике: для мегаполиса, инфицированного сто лет назад горожане составляли пробками. Причем эти бессветофорные всего процентов десять мирового трассы будут безопасны, и шума от населения, а к середине этого века, них не больше, чем от обычных по прогнозам социологов, в городах лифтов. будет обитать порядка 75 процентов Сегодняшние мегаполисы, землян. Если учесть, что население сформированные по градостроительным планеты к тому времени может принципам прошлого века, перестают достигнуть 12 миллиардов человек, отвечать на вызовы реальной жизни, количество горожан впечатляет. При не в силах переваривать потоки машин этом люди будут стремиться в крупные и все большую концентрацию города, и очень скоро они населения. Ни новые развязки, ни сконцентрируются в мегаполисах - спальные районы (dormitories),

28 миллионов по 20 человек в одном поверхностном сосуде. Нужно строить месте. Что тогда? именно такую систему, чтобы Греческий архитектор- увеличивать реальные скорости до градостроитель Константин Доксиадис тех, которые может осилить техника. считает, что без принципиального И архитекторы, и социологи, переустройства городов наступит конечно, ищут ответ на вопрос: урбанистическая катастрофа. Уже почему города перестали быть сегодня человек в городе потерпел комфортными и, главное, что с этим поражение. "У нас есть машины, делать? Тот же Константин Доксиадис способные развивать огромные уверен, что одна из причин в том, скорости, но что толку, если мы едем что каждый специалист, занимающийся на них со скоростью телеги? - проблемой городов, видит объект со поражается он. - Это говорит только своей узкопрофессиональной точки об одном: техника достигла зрения: архитекторы заняты формой, прогресса, а система городского транспортники - дорогами, бизнес - устройства - нет. Удивительная наиболее выгодными проектами с точки закономерность выявилась в зрения продаж. Более того, именно современных городах: чем выше последнему сегодня подчинены законы скорость транспорта, тем больше надо развития городов. времени, чтобы добраться до центра Достаточно пожить в таком города". Трудно не согласиться: режиме лет пять - десять, и скорости и масштабы городов выросли, коммерческие здания, богатые дома - но увеличилось и время достижения все, из чего можно делать деньги, - человеком своей цели - точки подвинут рядовое население на назначения. По расчетам окраины. А рост цен на аренду и специалистов, на семью, детей, недвижимость только ускорит самообразование и развлечения социальную дифференциацию общества. человек имеет (за вычетом сна, И мы получим то, с чем сегодня уже работы и еды) максимум шесть часов в столкнулось западное общество, - сутки, но почти половина этого города, в которых трудно жить и быть времени в мегаполисе тратится на счастливыми. Европа сегодня транспорт. Это потому, что со времен понимает, что действия городских появления первого города принцип властей заключаются не только в построения транспортных путей не привлечении инвестиций под новые менялся. Доксиадис видит выход в объекты или расширение транспортных создании принципиально новых систем сетей, а в том, чтобы заново связать города. Например, транспортная, городские объекты с социальной, говорит архитектор, должна быть культурной и экономической похожа на систему кровообращения: у структурой жизни. И не важно на поверхности кожи скорость потока самом деле, как именно будут крови маленькая - это мелкие сосуды выглядеть города будущего, важно, по и капилляры, по мере углубления какому принципу они будут работать сосуды расширяются, ток крови на людей. увеличивается, и в центральной аорте ИТОГИ, 11.12.06, Ирина Мельникова он в 700 раз выше, чем в

20 ROLE-PLAY

TOPIC: Metropolis is about to die from gridlock: viable ways out?

29 Participants: The Chairperson - the Mayor of a city - the Head of the Department for Transport (Traffic - runs the discussion Department) - reports to the class on the discussion ( or sums up the - the Head of the Department for Architecture and opinions and ideas expressed) Town planning - The Chief of the City Police Department - Representatives of the Non-Professional Drives’ Union

!!! Strategy Point – exchanging views  You are expected to exchange your own views on the topic, i.e. to express and justify your own views, not simply repeat information prepared.  Remember to use the rule of turn-taking: - no two speakers should be speaking at once or for any sustained period of time - long silences are to be avoided - listen when other speakers are speaking - recognizing the appropriate moment to get a turn - signaling the fact that you want to speak - holding the floor while you have your turn - recognizing when other speakers are signaling their wish to speak - yielding the turn - signaling the fact that you are listening  Think critically while being exposed to other viewpoints.  You will need Useful Language to gain the floor and switch the topic, to express all shades of opinion: agreement, disagreement; to give explanations, to make suggestions, to ask and answer questions, sometimes "awkward" ones, to report ideas. You will have to interrupt and to be interrupted.

Expressing critical evaluation - I think you are right about... You are quite right when you say... / I'm not sure I accept your point about... I'm not sure I'm convinced by your argument that... I don't agree with you about... / I can't accept your idea that... I’m afraid you don't produce any evidence for your claim that..

Getting ready for the Role Play, put down your idea and arguments.

1. …………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ……..…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

30 3. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

UNIT 3 SCIENCE APPROACH

LEAD-IN

1 “Ars longa, vita brevis” are the first two lines of a Latin translation of an aphorism by Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. The words are commonly translated in English as “Art is long, life is short.” The full text in Latin is “Ars longa, vita brevis, occasio praeceps, experimentum periculosum, iudicium difficile”.  Find the commonly accepted English translation.  Think of the most common and significant caveat in this translation.  Dwell on the aphorism and provide your own understanding of it.

Paragraph 1 surges gouges plunges hurtles blocks smashes sweep Paragraph 2,3,4,5 spells matter wiped out species acrimonious extinction triggered aftermath

KILLER BLOW

A meteor as big as the city of over what really killed the dinosaurs. San Francisco 1)…………………… towards the On one side are the Earth at 20 km per second, 2) 'catastrophists', who say the impact ………………….. into the tropical lagoons of snuffed out the majority of life on the Gulf of Mexico and 3) ……………………… a Earth in a 9) ………………… of months or a few fathomless hole. As a result, a tidal years. On the other are 'gradualists', wave 4) ……………. outwards. Fires 5) who point out that the fossil record …………………. across North and South America shows a steady decline in the number of and fallout 6) ………………… the sun and 7) species, starting several hundred ……………………….. the Earth into permanent thousand years before the end of the gloom. Cretaceous period. The gradualists don't This catastrophic event is the deny the Chicxulub impact happened, but classic answer as to why dinosaurs were maintain that it wasn't responsible for 8) ……………… 65 million years ago, but the mass10) ……………….. . does the theory hold water? Everyone The debate between the two sides agrees that the Earth suffered a large has been polarised and 11) ………………., but meteor strike towards the end of the thanks to a feat of engineering, Cretaceous period, yet more than 20 scientists may finally be able to find years after the Chicxulub impact was out exactly what happened to our planet proposed as the cause of mass on that fateful day 5 million years ago. extinction, scientists are still arguing By boring through solid rock, drilling

31 contractors have pulled out a core, 1112 volcanism in Earth's history. A 'hot metres long and 7.6 cms in diameter, spot' deep in the mantle was producing which records the full story of the plumes of superheated lava that burst impact and its 12) ……………………. . through the crust, inundating 2,5 Geologists (mainly catastrophists, of million square km of land. course) are queuing up to analyse the Greenhouse gases and water vapour core. In so doing, they hope to confirm emerged with the lava and, in 1981, whether the impact was devastating Dewey McLean proposed that the Deccan enough to kill the dinosaurs. Traps 14) ………………….. severe global For the catastrophists, however, warming and a mass extinction. In there are two big problems. First, they support of this theory, the gradualists don't know how intense and widespread point out that this is not the only the meteor's effects were and would have episode of supervolcanism that has to provide evidence of an extreme global occurred simultaneously with a mass change that lasted for at least a year. extinction. At the Permian-Triassic Secondly, it wasn't just meteors that boundary 250 million years ago, over 90% were stirring up unrest. At that time, of marine 15) ………………….. became extinct an area known as the Deccan Traps in just as the region that is now Siberia what is now Western India was enduring was being flooded with lava. one of the most intense 13) ………………….. of

3 Find the linking words used in the text. Study the way they organize the structure of the text. e.g. Everyone agrees that …., yet more than 20 years ….

 Study various ways of expressing cause and result.

Noun phrases Verb phrases Linking words cause (of), affect, be caused (by), as a result, effect/effects (of... on), cause ... (to + inf), in so doing explanation (for), be responsible (for), outcome/outcomes (of), contribute (to), lead (to), reason, result result (in), suffer (from), trigger

 Use some of these phrases in the sentences below, paying attention to any prepositions following the spaces. 1 One of the immediate ……………………. of the meteor strike was a tidal wave. 2 The extensive fires that …………………….. by the impact...... to a long period of darkness. 3 Catastrophists believe that the Chicxulub impact ...... in the extinction of the dinosaurs. 4 Gradualists refuse to believe that the impact...... :...... for the end of the dinosaurs. 5 Dewey McLean's theory suggests that the Deccan Traps...... the Earth's temperature to rise and, …………………...... , there was a mass extinction. 6 Some researchers are convinced that the volcanic activity which formed the Deccan traps...... in part to the end of the dinosaurs. 7 Up until now, many scientists have seen these eruptions as being too infrequent to ...... extreme environmental change. 8 However, new research suggests that this volcanic activity could provide a watertight a ...... for the dinosaurs' extinction, as it shows the Deccan Traps were formed more quickly than previously thought.

4 Write the SUMMARY of the article Killer Blow following the suggested structure. (about 100 words) Use the words different from those in the text, such as

32 biodiversity coincidence adverse crater debris duration eradication incident proof quantities dispute

The Chicxulub meteor strike ……………………. and ………………….. . Catastrophists believe…………………………, but gradualists don’t ……………………., pointing to ………………….. . There has been a long-running ………………. . Catastrophists need ……………………….. Moreover, gradualists ………………………… .

! Avoid quoting the text, use the vocabulary different from the language of the text. !

5 LISTENING 1 (Мультимедийный каталог института: номер – 2143 IELTS Objective Advanced, Unit 13 – Listening)

 Do the quiz “What do you know about comets”.  Say whether the statement is True or False?

1 The name 'comet' comes from the Greek and means 'long-haired'. 2 'Asteroid' is another name for 'comet'. 3 Comets follow circular orbits around the sun. 4 The nucleus of a comet is made solely of icy matter. 5 When a comet gets closer to the sun, it changes its shape. 6 The tail of a comet consists solely of dust and debris.

 You are going to hear a lecture about THE ROSETTA MISSION. Before you listen, look at the sentences and try to work out what kind of information you need to listen for.  Complete the sentences below.

1 The ESA Rosetta Mission was also called the ……………………………. . 2 The mission was delayed in 2003 because of a ………………………………… . 3 The revised flight plan includes several flybys - one of ……………… and three of ……………………. . 4 The indirect route will allow Rosetta to visit ……………………………………… . 5 Rosetta will arrive at its final destination (the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko) in ……………………………………. . 6 Once in orbit, it will carry out its ………………………. . 7 The Rosetta Lander will remain in one place, attached to………………………. . 8 Comets' tails are made up of ……………….. and …………………… . 9 As well as giving us information about comets, data from Rosetta may help us to understand how ......

LISTENING 2 (Мультимедийный каталог института: номер – 2143 IELTS Objective Advanced, Test Folder 7 – Listening)

 You will hear part of a lecture about meteorites, and about some craters they have created on Earth.  What does the lecturer say about each meteorite or crater?  Choose your answers from the boxes, matching them: 33 e.g. Ensesheim - the meteorite was damaged by humans. (The speaker says people began chipping off pieces.)

1 Krasnojarsk A crater first identified from the air 2 Antarctica В it was used to prove where meteorites 3 Cape York come from 4 Siberia С meteorite damaged by humans 5 Vredefort Crater D meteorite destroyed part of forest 6 Wolf Creek Crater E meteorite has become tourist attraction F meteorite landed in uninhabited region G meteorites sometimes revealed by natural forces H story invented about it I thought to be largest known crater

6 SPEAKING. GIVING OPINIONS  Read about some scientific innovations which may affect our present and future.

A A high proportion of employers appear to favour genetic testing of employees. The aim is to identify workers at risk of developing job-related illnesses and those likely to suffer from heart disease, who may retire early. B Artificial intelligence is on its way. Currently, a small personal computer has about the same power as an insect's brain. On present trends, however, within fifteen years a small PC will have as much computing power as a human brain. C Studies on mice indicated that increasing the metabolic rate and eliminating free radicals from the body made them live significantly longer. Applied to humans, the increased life span would mean an extra thirty years of life D Scientists may one day be able to reduce the power of hurricanes, or move them onto a different course. This could be done by changing the temperatures in and around the hurricane, possibly using solar power beamed in from orbiting satellites. E Stem cells could be taken from a human ovary and re-implanted many years later. This would enable a woman to freeze the cells when she is young, with the option of giving birth when she is much older - possibly in her sixties.

 Decide what issues are raised by each of A-E. Define advantages and disadvantages of each issue. Examples are given in relation to extract A.

BENEFITS MORAL ISSUES DRAWBACKS UNEXPECTED CONSEQUENCES A A A A It could save money It will lead to a new Employees may resent It will create a new in the long run. form of it. job. discrimination. B ……………. B …………………. B ………………….. B ……………………

34  While giving your own opinion, make use of the phrases from the lists below to help you. Arguing for: I think it's a good idea because ..., There's a lot to be said for it, for instance ... Arguing against: I'm completely against it because ..., There are too many drawbacks/dangers such as ... Hedging: I'm not sure. You could say ... , but..., It's hard to say. One way of looking at it is ..., but ...

PART 1 7 Read these comments about space exploration and discuss how far you agree with each opinion.  Space exploration is ridiculously expensive, considering how little we get for the money wasted on it.  It's stimulating to think about what exists beyond, but what are the chances of getting something useful out of space exploration? It should be scaled down.  We've got our priorities wrong. It's about time science turned its eye back to this planet and set about doing something about poverty, disease and pollution. Once we've sorted out our own problems, let the exploration continue.  The equivalent of exploration in the 21st century often has more to do with overcoming physical challenges than discovering the unknown.

8 Read the following text.

EXPLORATION THROUGH THE AGES

New discoveries in science will continue to create a thousand new frontiers for those who still would favour adventure. Herbert Hoover, American President

One of the key reasons for myrrh. early explorations was probably the Some of the earliest sea need to find food or to move away voyages were undertaken by the from areas where climate change Polynesians who had immediate and caused environmental changes. While easy contact with the ocean. As they modern technology allows water to be spread from island to island, their stored so that people can stay in navigational skills and knowledge of areas for longer periods of time, the area grew. Later in the 15th-16th this would not have been so in century the development of the prehistoric times. When the water quadrant and other instruments, a ran out, it would be time to move better understanding of the on. functioning of the magnetic compass, Many of the earliest as well as improvements in explorations were therefore probably cartography made voyages somewhat accidental. More organized less dangerous. exploration began in the Middle While the original Vikings - East. The first recorded voyage into from Norway - were initially unknown seas was a four-year prepared to loot and plunder expedition around 4,500 years ago, throughout Northern Europe, others to search for and buy valuable soon demonstrated a desire to settle goods, including gold, incense and in the new lands. Settlements were

35 soon established throughout Europe, when even fresh food, if available, and it was found that the previously could be rather tasteless. These aggressive settlers were quite the items, such as pepper, cinnamon, opposite once they had some land and nutmeg and cloves, were only found security. growing naturally in India and Although the Vikings managed certain areas of the east. to set foot in North America, they During the 18th century there had little idea of what exactly they was a renewed emphasis on had achieved. They, like many exploration for scientific purposes others, stumbled there thinking they and to improve the stock of had in fact found just another small information and understanding that island. was available. European Often the explorations of a intellectuals became aware of their curious traveller would open the ignorance about certain aspects of eyes of others to new things that the physical and natural world and might then be used in their home, were keen to do something about it. country. The success of Marco Polo’s Many ocean voyages were on vessels expeditions to Italy, Asia and China that were basically floating inspired many others to follow in scientific laboratories. They had his footsteps. trained scientists on board, as well The explorations by as a vast array of equipment and Christopher Columbus and other skilled artists and draftsmen to Europeans during the 15th and 16th make accurate records of the voyage. centuries showed a subtle difference In the 20th century, countries from earlier journeys. A new element competed to gain prestige. With less in the ethos of the time was a and less land to discover and claim, thirst for glory and recognition of there were races to the North Pole, the individual, which joined the South Pole, Everest, the depths religion and riches as a major of the oceans, the space. factor in exploration. Exploring, investigating and Trade has provided one of the researching space involve a lot of key reasons for exploration money, time and effort. Governments throughout the years. Much of the spend huge resources on space rather exploration by Europeans in the 15th than on conditions and people on and 16th centuries was motivated by Earth, deriving so few apparent commerce and trade in exotic goods, benefits from it. as well as by the need to find Why should mankind explore faster trade routes. Several space? Perhaps the best answer lies governments negotiated treaties so in our genetic makeup as human that their nationals could trade in beings. Our distant ancestors moved other countries. from the trees into the plains, and Massive changes were now on into all possible areas and taking place in Europe, with new environments to ensure the success ideas affecting many traditional and continuation of not just our own areas of life. Politics, economics, genes, but of the species as a religion and social organisation whole. The wider the distribution of were all undergoing huge upheavals. a species, the better its chance of The population grew rapidly, survival. Perhaps the best reasons creating an increased demand for for exploring space is this genetic food. Among the workforce, there was predisposition to expand wherever a trend towards developing a possible. particular expertise, which included Nearly every successful a rapid growth in the number of civilisation has explored, because merchants. With growing wealth, the by doing so, any dangers in old barter economy was no longer surrounding areas can be identified efficient. Instead, there was a and prepared for. These might be demand for gold and other precious enemies in neighbouring cultures, metals, some of which was turned physical features of the area, a into coins and used for buying and change in the area which might selling. affect food supplies, or any number Probably even more prized at of other factors. They all pose a this time were spices, which were real danger, and all can be made used for preserving and flavouring less threatening if certain meats. This was important at a time preparations are made. Without 36 knowledge, we may be completely members of our species to focus on destroyed by the danger. With what may serve to save us. While knowledge, we can lessen its space may hold many wonders and effects. explanations of how the universe was Exploration also allows formed or how it works, it also minerals and other potential holds dangers. The chances of a resources to be located. Additional large comet or asteroid hitting the resources are always beneficial when Earth are small, but it could happen used wisely, and can increase our in time. Such strikes in the past chances of survival. Even if we have may account for the extinction of no immediate need of them, they will dinosaurs and other species. Human perhaps be useful later. technology is reaching the point Resources may be more than where it might be able to detect the physical assets. Knowledge or possibility of this happening, and techniques acquired through enable us to minimise the damage, or exploration, or preparing to prevent it completely, allowing us explore, filter from the developers as a species to avoid extinction. into society at large. The The danger exists, but knowledge can techniques may have medical help human beings to survive. applications which can improve the Without the ability to reach out length or quality of our lives. across space, the chance to save Techniques may be social, allowing ourselves might not exist. members of society better to In certain circumstances, life understand those within or outside on Earth may become impossible: the culture. Better understanding over-population or epidemics, for may lead to more efficient use of instance, might eventually force us resources, or a reduction in to find other places to live. While competition for resources. We have Earth is the only planet known to already benefited from other spin- sustain life, surely the adaptive offs, including improvements in ability of humans would allow us to earthquake prediction - which has inhabit other planets and moons. It saved many lives - in satellites is true that the lifestyle would be used for weather forecasting and in different, but human life and communications systems. Even non- cultures have adapted in the past stick saucepans and mirrored and surely could in the future. sunglasses are by-products of The more a culture expands, technological developments in the the less chance there is that it space industry! will become extinct. Space allows us While many resources are spent to expand and succeed: for the sake on what seems a small return, the of everyone on the Earth, now and in exploration of space allows the future, space exploration is creative, brave and intelligent essential.

SUMMARISING

9 Complete the sentences, summing and paraphrasing the information in the text. 1. Prehistoric exploration often resulted from ……………………………………. . 2. Exploration in the Middle East appears to have been caused by ………………. . 3. Polynesian exploration was encouraged by …………………………………….. . 4. Sea exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries was helped by ………………….. . 5. Viking travellers illustrate a change from ………………………………………. . 6. The Vikings of North America showed a misunderstanding of .………………… . 7. Marco Polo's travels encouraged ……………………………………………… . 8. For perhaps the first time, many explorers of the 15th and 16th centuries were interested jn ……………………………….. . 9. The 18th century saw an interest in ……………………………… . 10. Many 18th century voyages were intended …………………………….. .

37 11. A newly significant factor in 20th century exploration was ……………………. .

10 Define six factors in European exploration of 15th and 16th centuries. Start with  desire to find ………………………………….  need for states to ……………………………………..  necessity to provide food for ………………………………….  increasing specialisation of ………………………………  necessity for raw materials ……………………………  need for various spices ………………………………….

11 What three reasons for exploring space are mentioned by the writer?  It is natural for us to do so.  We may find new sources of food.  It will help us to prevent earthquakes.  It has side-effects that improve the quality of our lives.  It may enable us to find alternative homes.  We will discover whether other planets are inhabited.

12 Write the summary “Reasons for exploring space” following the suggested structure (about 100 words) One reason for exploring space is…………………………….. . Exploration will allow us to ……………………………. . It is possible that ……………………………... Further, exploration might …………………………………... It will make it possible for us to ………………………………….. .

 Write the Project on ONE of the following topics and present it in class.

TOPICS: 1. A scientific breakthrough, an invention or a discovery that has revolutionised the way we live (both positive and negative consequences of it). 2. Current scientific research that is likely to affect our life in the near future. 3. Scientific research and governmental control over it: is science subject to tighter public control? 4. The first cloned sheep - Dolly (1997) → cloning a human: Should we do this, and Can we? Ethical and moral sides of this issue. 5. Nanotechnology: a fake or panacea? 6. The way science fiction films portray human cloning: issues raised and discussed.

38 7. Curious inventions in Guiness Book of World Records. Their practical value.

 (!) Make sure of the REASONABLE combination of theory and examples& illustrations.  Arrange the information in the written form.  Read again some useful general information given in UNIT 1 Part 2 which enables you to make a good presentation.

PART 2

14 Read the text and complete the tasks that follow it.

SCIENCE VS. PSEUDOSCIENCE

ILLUSION—can a rope cut in Project Mogul, was lost near half really be made whole again? Is Roswell. a ghost actually present in a When we speak of knowing photograph?—was the focus of Joe science we do not mean simply Nickell, author of books knowing scientific facts (e.g., the investigating claims of the distance from earth to sun; the paranormal. The paranormal, Nickell distinction between mammal and said, is a question of good science reptile, etc.) We mean that one must versus bad science, or science and clearly understand the nature of pseudoscience. Some who investigate science itself— the criteria of the paranormal begin with the answer valid evidence, the testing of and look only at evidence that hypotheses, the establishment of proves that answer. Good science, useful theories, the many aspects of however, requires looking at all the methods of science which make it evidence to delve behind the possible to draw accurate, reliable, illusion. Nickell explained several meaningful conclusions about the cases of what were originally phenomena of the physical universe. thought to be instances of the Pseudoscience lays emphasis on paranormal by showing the evidence unverifiable eyewitness testimony, that proved them otherwise. Here is stories, faked footprints, blurry one of them. photos, and tall tales, hearsay, The media reported that a rumor, and dubious anecdotes. flying saucer had crashed on a ranch Pseudoscience writers tend near Roswell, New Mexico. Nickell simply to make up bogus “facts” investigated and found that the where needed, instead of going to rancher on whose property the crash the trouble of consulting reliable took place never referred to the reference works, much less debris as a flying saucer; only the investigating directly. Yet these media described it that way. The fictitious facts are often central rancher described the material he to the pseudoscientist’s argument found as light and consisting of and conclusions! The first edition foil, sticks, rubber, string, and of any pseudoscience book is almost tape. The debris matched a balloon always the last, even though the with a radar target attached to it. book may go through innumerable new Indeed, a spy balloon sent up by the printings, over decades or US government, in what was termed centuries. Compare to science textbooks, which usually see a new

39 edition every few years because of fundamentally "nonmaterial." No the rapid accumulation of new facts, amount of evidence, investigation or ideas, discoveries, experiments and fact-finding has ever shaken a insights in science. pseudoscientist's faith in his One of the most bizarre recent delusions. tactics of pseudoscientists is to The popularity of publish a novel, a work of fiction pseudoscience is assured, because it in which essentially everything is invariably tells us things that are made up by the author - as usual in reassuring far past the point of works of fiction! - but then to turn being too good to be true. You are directly around and treat the grieving over your beloved lost pet completely made-up material as if it dog? Well, this psychic lady can were actual, factual and researched. tell you precisely where to find it, Recent examples of this tactic are all she has to do is touch its The Celestine Prophecy, by James photo! You are 75 years old and in Redfield (1994), and The Da Vinci poor health, but this hippy-looking Code, by Dan Brown (2003). professor says he's right on the Science and pseudoscience are verge of discovering how people can precisely opposed ways of viewing live for 5,000 years, even you! Wow, nature. Science relies on, and where do we send our money?!? You're insists on, difficult, narrow, 100 pounds overweight and have never strict procedures of self- been able to slim down? Well, here's questioning, testing and analytical a new miracle diet: eat as much as thinking that make it hard to fool you want of anything you want and yourself or to avoid facing facts. still lose weight, by taking this Pseudoscience, on the other hand, mystical special wonder herb! Only preserves the ancient, irrational, $100 for a 2-week supply! unobjective modes of thought which Moreover, the media provide a have given rise to most superstition continuous bombardment of sheer and to most of the fanciful and nonsense, misinformation, fantasy mistaken ideas about man and and confusion - proclaimed to be nature... from voodoo to racism; “true facts.” Sifting sense from from the flat earth to the house- nonsense is an almost overwhelming shaped universe with God in the job. A typical reporter asked to attic, from doing rain dances to write an article on astrology thinks torturing and brutalizing the he has done a thorough job if he mentally ill to drive out the demons interviews six astrologers and one that possess them. Pseudoscience astronomer. The astronomer says it's encourages you to believe anything all total bunk; the six astrologers you want, and supplies many examples say it's great stuff and really of specious "arguments" by which you works and for $50 they'll be glad to can fool yourself into thinking your cast anyone's horoscope. Everything belief has some validity, despite in pseudoscience seems to generate all the facts being to the contrary. something for sale; look for courses One of the features of in how to remember past lives, how pseudoscience is that any particular to do remote viewing, how to hunt pseudoscience somehow involves for ghosts, how to become a prophet, almost all the other pseudosciences. how to heal yourself of any disease Thus, someone who believes that mentally, how to get the angels on flying saucers exist and are piloted your side, how to... you name it, by space aliens might also claim to you got it... but pay up first. communicate with the aliens via a It is, unfortunately, vital Ouija board*; a spirit medium who is for each citizen to learn to supposedly communicating with distinguish carefully between spirits of the dead might also claim science and pseudoscience. In a to be a "psychic" who can read democracy, every voter must be living minds and foretell the capable of seeking and recognizing future. The explanation for this authentic sources of information. continuum is that pseudoscience is a Pseudoscience often strikes manifestation of an entire educated, rational people as too anachronistic world view, evidence nonsensical and preposterous to be of an individual's powerful belief dangerous, a source of amusement in an animistic universe that is rather than fear. Unfortunately, essentially magical and this is not a wise attitude. 40 Pseudoscience can be extremely war; penetrating the communications dangerous. Penetrating political media, it makes it nearly impossible systems, it has justified atrocities for voters to obtain factual in the name of racial or religious information on public issues of purity; penetrating the educational extreme importance. system, it drives out science and So, to overcome illusion we sensibility; penetrating the health have to resort to a bit of critical professions it dooms thousands to thinking the goal of which is to unnecessary death or suffering; arrive at the most reasonable penetrating religion, it generates beliefs and take the most reasonable fanaticism, intolerance, and holy actions.

NOTES: *A Quija board (correctly pronounced "wee-jah" /wiʤə/ although often pronounced "wee-gee" ) is any flat surface printed with letters, numbers, and other symbols, to which a planchette or movable indicator points, supposedly in answer to questions from people at a séance. The fingers of the participants are placed on the planchette that then moves about the board to spell out messages.

VOCABULARY WORK 15 Find the words in bold in the text, put them in either column “SCIENCE” or “PSUEDOSCIENCE” and match them with nouns to make collocations. Explain their meanings.

SCIENCE PSUEDOSCIENCE evidence testimony footprints conclusions photos reference works anecdotes material facts people tactics modes of thought ideas arguments

16 For the words 1-7 find the appropriate definitions A-F.

A a false appearance or deceptive impression of reality B a mistaken or misleading opinion, idea, belief, etc C a suggested explanation for a group of facts accepted as likely to be true 1 delusion D something you are told sounds so exciting, unpleasant or 2 hearsay dangerous that you don’t believe it is true 3 illusion E information that you have heard without having any proof that it 4 hypothesis is true 5 atrocities I the ability to perceive clearly or deeply; penetration and 6 tall tale understanding, as of a complex problem 7 insight F behaviour or an action that is of extreme cruelty

17 Complete the following sentences using words from the above right column. 41 1. His evidence was all just ……………………. . 2. It is the great ……………………. about the web-enabled future: that the internet will, by its nature, set us free. 3. With the help of their sophisticated equipment, they have gathered the reliable technical data that makes ……………………… a less easy to dismiss. 4. he may not yet be a household name, but her work provides a rare and compelling ………………………. into the lives of children and young people growing up in 21st-century Britain. 5. Saddam Hussein was confronted with video evidence of his ……………. as part of CIA efforts to get him to talk. Atrocities 6. One of the great strengths of science is that it is comfortable with being wrong. When a researcher proposes a ……………………. that fails to be confirmed by the data, there may be disappointment but there is no dishonour – so long, that is, as he or she accepts the evidence and moves on.

18 Define FIVE factors why pseudoscience may cause problems for the society. 1. ……………………………………………………………….. 2. ……………………………………………………………….. 3. ……………………………………………………………….. 4. ………………………………………………………………. 5. ……………………………………………………………….

19 SUMMING UP - Make a direct comparison: Science vs. Pseudoscience.

Model: SCIENCE: Is in constant search for new facts, PSEUDOSCIENCE: displays a remarkable proof, evidence. It results in new editions and and characteristic indifference to fact. opportunities for new discoveries. Pseudoscientists never revise their books. ………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………

20 PANEL DISCUSSION * Panel discussion is the format of a debate in which participants representing various shades of opinion on a topic argue the case, usually under the guidance of a chairperson.

PSEUDOSCIENCE HELPS TO SURVIVE IN OUR ROUGH WORLD.

42 The relevant issues may be useful to consider while discussing the TOPIC:

 Alternative medicine: a reliable substitute for conventional medicine or a rush for wealth.  People with supernatural abilities: healers or charlatans?  Astrology: can it define our life.  “Junk Science” versus critical thinking

 Arrange the information in the written form.  Choose a CHAIRPERSON to lead the discussion.  CONTRIBUTE to the discussion.  Make use of more words and phrases:

GIVING AN OPINION EXPRESSING AN ALTERNATIVE It is my view that … VIEWPOINT In regard/ With regard/ There is also the matter of … As far as I'm concerned, … A point in favour of … is … I tend to agree with you. Something worth mentioning is … That may be true, but … Not to be taken lightly is the fact that … You have my support on this one. I can't say I have strong views either way. EXPRESSING HESITATION WHEN YOU DISAGREE On the one hand …, but on the other … I would argue that … In a sense …, however … I think this deserves careful consideration … That's true up to a point, but … I wouldn't go along on that. It must be said that …, however I'm (not) persuaded that …

PART 3 21 Read the text, summarize and render it into English. The maximum length for the task is 300 words.

ИНТЕРНЕТ. ДЕФРАГМЕНТАЦИЯ МОЗГА

Исследователи Интернета бьют тревогу: Сеть превращается в инструмент разрушения человеческой культуры. Дешевизна и общедоступность интернет- продукции уже сейчас грозит деградацией киноиндустрии, литературы и журналистики.

Принято считать, что Интернет критике. В книге известного - территория, свободная от цензуры, западного политолога, специалиста по среда, позволяющая беспрепятственно информационным технологиям Эндрю Кин общаться миллионам пользователей, публиковано шокирующее исследование удобный инструмент для поиска нужной «Культ дилетанта. Как Интернет информации. Однако в последнее время убивает нашу культуру» (Andrew Keen. эти тезисы все чаще подвергаются The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's

43 Internet is Killing Our Culture). выкладывают автоматически переве- Вывод книги суров: Сеть напрямую денные тексты с западных сайтов. В способствует деградации не только итоге возникают интернет-страницы, подрастающего поколения, но и всей состоящие из чудовищных глупостей: человеческой цивилизации, наводняя к примеру, на популярном сайте информационное пространство «Бестиарий» в рассказе об бредовыми теориями, провоцируя исторических событиях, отраженных в пессимистический взгляд на жизнь и Библии, фигурируют король подрывая производство по-настоящему Небучадназер и некто Дэниел. После качественной литературной и мозгового штурма можно, наконец, кинопродукции. По словам Эндрю Кина, догадаться, что имелись в виду царь появление среды, доступ к которой Навуходоносор и пророк Даниил. может получить каждый, привело также «Интернет профанирует культуру к обесцениванию традиционных в той мере, в какой профанирует ее культурных и общественных любое изобретение, делающее культуру институтов. более доступной, - от книгопечатания «Это убьет то», - говорил до телевидения, - отмечает настоятель собора Парижской Богома- писательница Мария Галина. - Общий тери Клод Фролло, указывая сначала уровень обратно пропорционален на книгу, а затем на свой собор. узости круга посетителей». Успех и Священник опасался, что изобретение популярность все меньше зависят от книгопечатания сделает науку и таланта и все больше - от умения че- искусство достоянием неучей. В наши ловека работать в Паутине. Методы дни те же самые слова можно с полным сетевой раскрутки демонстрируют правом применить к Интернету и торжество маркетинга над качеством: человеческой культуре. Как ут- разослав баннеры на тысячу сайтов, верждает Эндрю Кин, Сеть разрушает вы с успехом продадите любой создававшуюся десятилетиями и некачественный продукт. столетиями индустрию книгоиздания, Негативное влияние, кинопроизводства, звукозаписи, оказываемое Интернетом на журналистики, девальвирует ценность человеческую культуру, тем сильнее, профессионализма: если раньше что Сетью пользуется наиболее писатель или режиссер должен был активная часть населения: особенно долгие годы заниматься искусством, популярны новостные сайты у россиян чтобы получить доступ к читателю или в возрасте 18-24 лет, у респондентов зрителю, то сейчас любой человек с высшим образованием и высоким может за пять минут сочинить стишок уровнем дохода. Главными качествами и выставить его на всеобщее новостных сайтов по сравнению с обозрение. Ведь себестоимость газетами обычно называют высокую странички равняется нулю, в то время оперативность и интерактивность. как выпуск книги или фильма - При этом даже самые интересные процесс дорогой. По мнению Кина, не новости политики, науки или культуры существует путей, чтобы справиться с по числу просмотров в десятки и этой ситуацией. Дилетантизм всегда сотни раз уступают заметкам с будет оставаться отличительной сенсационными заголовками. Поведение особенностью Сети. человека во Всемирной паутине сильно Еще больший урон, как считают отличается от его поведения в многие аналитики, Всемирная паутина реальной жизни. Скажем, наносит образовательному уровню респектабельный бизнесмен едва ли подрастающего поколения. «В станет покупать порнографический результате интернет-исследования, в журнал или желтую газетенку, но он котором приняли участие 5 тыс. может дни напролет просматривать в добровольцев в возрасте от 14 до 35 Сети «клубничку». И не стоит винить лет, выяснилось, что Сеть используют редакторов сайтов в потакании вкусам в качестве основного источника читателей: интернет-рекламу дают информации как подростки, так и именно под посещаемость, а чем взрослые. Ценность всех прочих желтее новости, тем она выше. средств массовой информации Всемирная паутина обречена на невелика: так, лишь 7% подростков и желтизну уже по своей сути: юношей читают газеты и журналы. Сеть анонимность доступа позволяет людям служит зоной тиражирования лженауки: проявлять наиболее низменные как правило, авторы не только не страсти. удосуживаются проверить информацию «Часто говорят о том, что хотя бы по «Википедии», но и просто анонимность помогает человеку 44 побороть свои комплексы и учит пра- мысли, не боясь последствий. вильно общаться, - замечает На заре появления Интернета интернет-психолог Анна Бенедиктова. его называли абсолютно свободной от - Однако в большинстве случаев, цензуры средой. Однако правда ли научившись общаться онлайн, люди это? Как выясняется, нигде так ярко попросту поселяются в Интернете». не проявляются инстинкты стадности. Врастание в Сеть приводит к Согласно выводам Института истории, печальным последствиям: Интернет археологии и этнографии, любое превращается в средство выплес- крупное интернет-сообщество, будь то кивания собственного плохого форум или чат, прибегает к тем же настроения на окружающих. Даже сами методам принуждения, что применяются пользователи жалуются на то, что там в реальной жизни: слишком активные негатива на порядок больше, чем в члены социума из него изгоняются. В реальной жизни. Интернет-социолог результате форумы закрывают доступ Андрей Игнатов приводит любопытную любому, у кого есть отличное от статистику. «Я анализировал мировоззрения администрации мнение. содержание 2 тыс. записей, случайно Кажущаяся свобода оборачивается выбранных из блогов ЖЖ, Livelnternet инквизиторской нетерпимостью. «Сеть и Diary.ru. Примерно в 1300 из них - среда, где и академик, и встречались мотивы тоски, недоучившийся юнец имеют равное одиночества или агрессии», - право на высказывание», - говорит констатирует он. «Изначально дневник Мария Галина. А учитывая тот факт, - что-то личное, но в Сети ваш блог что в Интернете на каждого открыт кому угодно, и вы не можете посетителя с докторской степенью справиться с искушением сливать туда приходится миллион недоучек, легко весь свой негатив, - полагает г-жа понять, чья точка зрения является Бенедиктова. - Этакий эмоциональный там определяющей. Потому наибольшим эксгибиционизм: вроде бы никому авторитетом в Сети пользуются конкретно не жалуешься и в то же демагоги широкого профиля, выдающие время пребываешь в полной себя за знатоков и заражающие своей уверенности, что твои слезы увидят глупостью других. Не пора ли сделать десятки читателей». Отмечается более лозунгом Интернета фразу «Дураки высокая искренность человека в всех стран, объединяйтесь»? Паутине, а также сниженное чувство РБК, июль 2008 опасности: он выдает свои потаенные

22 PANEL DISCUSSION

 What points of the above article would you challenge?  Read the following statements about positive and negative aspects of Internet.  Which statement would you support or challenge?

Positive o More opportunities to explore the subject you want to study, because of the many and varied materials available in the net. o A student becomes global, so he/she won't limit his/her knowledge to one book, or a little of the experiences only. o Research works becomes faster. o It increases inquisitiveness in children, thus creating better interests in studies

Negative o Because of the many given choices, there is the tendency for one to get confused, esp. that not all that is in the net are official and true. o Fewer visits to the library and less scanning of (real) books, so it looses the love for genuine reading. o One can get distracted by chatting, too much information, unreliable sources.

45 o It is very difficult to monitor the internet usage very closely, this leaves a scope of children being lured into harmful stuff like pornography. o Giving children quick stuff like internet may remove their intrest in libraries and reading printed books.

 Think of your arguments and share your ideas on the following Points.

o The Internet users’ opinion about the positive and negative aspects of the Internet o Internet blogging sites Livejournal, Facebook, Odnoklassniki, V Kontakte - controversies and criticism (moral issues, topic discussed, security aspects) o The news coverage in the Internet – bias or objectivity, sensationalism or appeal to human instincts? o Advertising, commercials in the Internet. Useful or aggressive?

 Getting ready for the discussions, put down your arguments.

Arguments "for" 1. …………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ……..…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Arguments "against" 1. …………………………………………………………………………….………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………