Matthew - John Schultz © - Bible-Commentaries.Com
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Matthew - John Schultz © - Bible-Commentaries.com MATTHEUS’ GOSPEL I. Author: According to The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary the name Matthew is a contraction of Mattathias, meaning: “gift of Jehovah.” The son of a certain Alphaeus surnamed Levi (Mark 2:14; Luke 5:27). It is not known whether his father was the same as the Alphaeus named as the father of James the Less, but he was probably another.” Matthew calls himself Matthew in telling the story of his call in this Gospel.1 Both Mark and Luke introduce Matthew to us as a tax collector by the name of Levi. Mark identifies him as “Levi son of Alphaeus.”2 All three Gospel record Jesus’ words: “It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners.”3 Nelson’s Bible Dictionary observes: “Matthew is an anonymous gospel. Like other gospel titles, the title was added in the second century A.D. and reflects the tradition of a later time. How, then, did the gospel acquire its name? Writing about A.D. 130, Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), records, ‘Matthew collected the oracles in the Hebrew (that is, Aramaic) language, and each interpreted them as best he could.’ Until comparative studies of the gospels in modern times, the church understood ‘oracles’ to refer to the first gospel and considered Matthew, the apostle and former tax collector (9:9; 10:3), to be the author. This conclusion, however, is full of problems. Our Gospel of Matthew is written in Greek, not Aramaic (as Papias records); and no copy of an Aramaic original of the gospel has ever been found. The Greek of the gospel cannot readily be translated back into Aramaic; and this strongly indicates that the gospel is not a Greek translation of an Aramaic original. Moreover, it is now generally agreed that Mark is the earliest of the four gospels and that the author of Matthew substantially used the Gospel of Mark in writing this gospel. II. Time of writing: The Fausset’s Bible Dictionary observes: “As our Lord’s words divide Acts (Acts 1:8) into its three parts, (‘ye shall be witnesses unto Me in Jerusalem, and all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth’: (1) the period in which the church was Jewish, Acts 1-11; (2) the period when it was Gentile with strong Jewish admixture; (3) the period when the Gentiles preponderated,) Matthew’s Gospel answers to the first or Jewish period, ending about A.D. 41 AD, and was written probably in and for Jerusalem and Judea. The expression (Matt 27:7-8; 28:15) ‘unto this day’ implies some interval after Christ’s crucifixion.” III. Characteristics: Matthew carried the style of his former profession as a bookkeeper over into the way he wrote his Gospel. The material is arranged as figures on a balance sheet and the columns are grouped together according to topic. The Sermon on the Mount, for instance, is probably a compilation of sermons spoken at different places and at different times. Most of the healings are recorded together. The parables are grouped together in one chapter. Nelson’s Bible Dictionary states: “Matthew offers the most systematic arrangement of Jesus’ teaching in the New Testament, and the early church used it heavily for its instruction of converts. Because of its emphasis on the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, Matthew is well suited as the opening book of the New Testament. In it the promises of God are recalled and their fulfillment in Jesus Christ is announced.” 1. Cf. Matt.9:9-12 with Mark 2:14-17 and Luke 5:27-32. 2. Mark 2:14 3. Mark 2:17; Luke 5:31,32 1/338 Matthew - John Schultz © - Bible-Commentaries.com Place in Synopsis: The Easton’s Bible Dictionary remarks: “As to the relation of the Gospels to each other, we must maintain that each writer of the synoptics (the first three) wrote independently of the other two, Matthew being probably first in point of time. Out of a total of 1071 verses, Matthew has 387 in common with Mark and Luke, 130 with Mark, 184 with Luke; only 387 being peculiar to itself.” Although this suggests that the three were aware of each other’s existence, it is difficult to prove that Matthew predated Mark or the other way around. Since Matthew was a member of the original group of disciples it is reasonable to assume that he wrote first and that Mark, who probably received his material through Peter, came upon the scene later. The question, however, is academic and it is of no spiritual importance in the study of God’s Word. Structure of the Gospel: Nelson’s Bible Dictionary states: “The Gospel of Matthew contains five main sections. Each section consists of stories of Jesus’ life, samples of His preaching and teaching, and a concluding refrain, ‘When Jesus had ended’ (7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1). The story of Jesus’ birth (Matthew chaps. 1-2) and the account of his betrayal, trial, and crucifixion (chaps. 26-28) stand outside this framework; they introduce and conclude the story of Jesus. Section one begins with Jesus’ baptism by John, His temptation, and the beginnings of His Galilean ministry (chaps. 3-4). The Sermon on the Mount (chaps. 5-7) follows; in it Jesus sets forth a new system of ethics, both individual and social, for the kingdom. Throughout the Sermon, Jesus contrasts the law, which was given by Moses, with the kingdom, which is present in Himself-showing the superiority of the kingdom. He highlights the contrast with two recurring phrases, ‘You have heard that it was said to those of old...but I say to you.’ Section two begins with a series of miracles by Jesus (chaps. 8-9), continues with Jesus’ teaching to His disciples concerning mission and suffering (chap. 10), and ends with the refrain (11:1). Section three contains stories that emphasize the difference between the ways of the kingdom and the ways of the world (chaps. 11-12) and parables on the nature of the kingdom (chap. 13). The refrain is repeated in 13:53, thus concluding the section. Section four features further miracles, debates, and conflicts from Jesus’ ministry (chaps 14-17). It concludes with words of counsel directed by Jesus to His disciples about the Christian life (chap. 18). The section ends at 19:1. Section five is set in Jerusalem, and it recounts clashes between Jesus and the religious leaders (chaps. 19-22). In the discourses which follow, Jesus denounces the scribes and Pharisees (chap. 23), teaches of the end times (chap. 24), and tells three parables on judgment (chap. 25). The final refrain occurs in 26:1, and leads into the account of the betrayal, arrest, crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus (chaps. 26- 28). The Gospel of Matthew concludes with Jesus’ command to go into all the world and make disciples, baptizing and teaching them in His name. He leaves His disciples with this assurance: ‘Lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age’ (28:20).” Purpose and Address of Matthew’s Gospel: Matthew, obviously, had Jewish readers in mind. He presents Jesus as the Messiah, the King of the Jews, the direct descendant from David. Nelson’s Bible Dictionary states: “The Gospel of Matthew is full of clues that it was written to convince Jewish readers that Jesus is the Messiah. First, the author makes no attempt to translate or explain Jewish words and practices. Also, the gospel quotes more frequently from the Old Testament than does any other gospel. Most important, however, Jesus is portrayed as a descendant of the three greatest personalities of the Old Testament, although he surpasses them. Matthew traces Jesus’ genealogy back to Abraham (1:2), the father of the faith. In the Sermon on the Mount (chaps. 5-7), Jesus appears as a royal teacher whose authority exceeds that of Moses, the founder of the faith. And Jesus fulfills the hopes of David, the greatest king of Israel. He is born in Bethlehem (mentioned five times in chap. 2), and like David he appears as a king (19:28). He is 2/338 Matthew - John Schultz © - Bible-Commentaries.com frequently recognized as ‘the son of David’ (9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 21:9,15), although in truth He is David’s ‘Lord’ (22:41-46). Matthew appealed to a Jewish audience, but not exclusively. The visit of the wise men from the (Gentile) East (2:1-12) hints of the gospel’s rejection by the Jews and its acceptance by the Gentiles (21:43; also 4:15-16; 8:5-13; 12:18-21; 13:38). Furthermore the Great Commission-the command to ‘make disciples of all the nations’ (28:19) - indicates an interest beyond the confines of Judaism. We can conclude that Matthew was written to Jews and Jewish Christians to show that Jesus is the promised Messiah of the Old Testament. It also shows that the gospel does not lead to narrow Jewish concerns (chap. 23), but out into the Gentile world.” The theme of Matthew: Nelson’s Bible Dictionary states: Matthew’s main subject is the ‘kingdom of heaven’ or ‘kingdom of God.’ This kingdom is mentioned 51 times in the Gospel of Matthew, twice as often as in any other gospel. The kingdom is already here in Jesus (12:28), but it is not yet fulfilled (13:43; 25:34).