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© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology 1 Principles of Evolution Study Guide A Section 1: Early Ideas About Evolution Name______Class______Date______Section 1: Early Ideas About Evolution Study Guide A

KEY CONCEPT There were theories of biological and geologic change before Darwin.

VOCABULARY evolution fossil gradualism species catastrophism uniformitarianism MAIN IDEA: EARLY SCIENTISTS PROPOSED IDEAS ABOUT EVOLUTION. Match each scientist with the statement that best reflects his ideas about evolutionary theory.

1. Linnaeus a. Species don’t become extinct but instead evolve into different forms in response to changes in the environment. 2. Lamarck b. More complex forms of life evolved from less complex forms. 3. Darwin (Erasmus) c. Earth is much older than previously thought. 4. Buffon d. Organisms can be classified according to their similarities. Choose the best answer for the statement or question. 5. To be considered members of the same species, organisms must be able to a. look alike. b. reproduce together and have fertile offspring. c. live in the same habitat. d. eat the same types of food. 6. What is incorrect about Lamarck’s theory of how organisms evolve? a. He did not explain how traits were passed on to offspring. b. He did not explain why an animal would need to develop new traits. c. He did not explain why changes in the environment caused an organism’s behavior to change. d. He did not explain how competition might help animals to develop traits.

Study Guide A continued

7. Which scientist developed a system for classifying organisms that is still used today? a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Georges Louis LeClerc de Buffon c. Erasmus Darwin d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

MAIN IDEA: THEORIES OF GEOLOGIC CHANGE SET THE STAGE FOR DARWIN’S THEORY. catastrophism gradualism uniformitarianism 8. Write the names of the theories next to their descriptions.

Geologic Theory Description The idea that changes on Earth occurred by small steps over long periods of time The idea that geologic processes add up over long periods of time to produce great change The idea that volcanoes, floods, earthquakes, and other such events caused mass extinctions and the formation of all landforms Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 9. A trace of an organism that existed in the past is called a ______. 10. ______is the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors. 11. Events such as volcanoes, floods, and earthquakes are the basis of ______. 12. ______can be summarized by the phrase “the present is the key to the past.”

Study Guide A continued

Who’s Who?

Linnaeus Lamarck Buffon E. Darwin ______13. Charles Darwin’s poetic grandfather

______14. Thought that a giraffe’s long neck evolved from reaching high in trees

______15. Grouped living organisms into categories based on what they looked like

______16. Wrote Histoire Naturelle (Natural History) in 1749

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology 3 Principles of Evolution Study Guide A Section 1: Early Ideas About Evolution Name______Class______Date______Section 2: Darwin’s Observations Study Guide A

KEY CONCEPT Darwin’s voyage provided insights into evolution.

VOCABULARY variation adaptation MAIN IDEA: DARWIN OBSERVED DIFFERENCES AMONG ISLAND SPECIES. Choose the best answer for the question. 1. What is variation among members of different species called? a. adaptation b. geologic change c. interspecific variation d. intraspecific variation 2. What is variation among members of the same species called? a. adaptation b. geologic change c. interspecific variation d. intraspecific variation 3. What island chain in South America was the source of many of Darwin’s insights? a. The Antipodes Islands b. The Galápagos Islands c. The Falkland Islands d. The Canary Islands 4. Darwin saw populations of various species that seemed well-suited to their environment. What did this suggest? a. The species Darwin saw were all related to each other. b. Species had been introduced to particular areas by humans on purpose. c. Species might be able to adapt to their surroundings over time. d. Some environments rarely ever change.

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: DARWIN OBSERVED FOSSIL AND GEOLOGIC EVIDENCE SUPPORTING AN ANCIENT EARTH. Choose whether the statement is true or false. 5. true / false Darwin theorized that the fossils of huge animals such as Glyptodon, a giant armadillo, which looked similar to armadillos in Darwin’s time, showed that living species were related to older ones. 6. true / false Darwin’s discovery of marine organisms high in the mountains led him to think that ancient peoples had carried sea animals from the seaside up into the mountains. 7. true / false Darwin thought that Earth must be much older than scientists previously thought. 8. true / false If Earth was much older than previously thought, Darwin knew there had been time for species to evolve gradually.

Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the correct term from the box. variation adaptation ______9. the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs

______10. a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment

______11. A tortoise population lives in an area with high grass. These tortoises have longer necks than tortoises that live in other areas. The long necks of the tortoises are an example of ______.

______12. One bird in a population has a slightly thicker beak than its relatives. The bird’s thicker beak is an example of ______in the population.

Study Guide A continued

Be Creative In the space below, draw a sketch of a bird that may eat the food choice that is given in the left column.

Food Choice Sketch Eats large, hard-shelled nuts

Eats fruit and insects

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology 6 Principles of Evolution Study Guide A Section 2: Darwin’s Observations Name______Class______Date______Section 3: Theory of Natural Selection Study Guide A

KEY CONCEPT Darwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution.

VOCABULARY artificial selection natural selection fitness heritability population MAIN IDEA: SEVERAL KEY INSIGHTS LED TO DARWIN’S IDEA FOR NATURAL SELECTION. Choose the best answer to the question. 1. Why did artificial selection interest Darwin? a. He hoped that humans might be able to breed for certain characteristics in animals. b. He wondered whether artificial selection could explain differences in species in nature. c. He theorized that animal and plant breeders had once visited the Galápagos Islands. d. He had noticed that humans could breed for certain characteristics in animals. 2. Why must selected traits be heritable? a. If a selected trait is not heritable, it cannot be passed down to the next generation. b. Heritable traits are those traits that farmers and breeders consider worth passing on. c. Heritable traits are common in domesticated animals that are used in breeding. d. A selected trait that is heritable is likely to make an animal easier to domesticate. 3. In natural selection, what must be true of traits that are passed down through generations? a. The trait must be one that members of the species like and enjoy. b. The trait must be one that members of the species have chosen to reproduce. c. The trait must be one that gives an advantage to certain individuals. d. The trait must be one that does not give an advantage to any particular individuals.

Study Guide A continued

4. What important idea from Thomas Malthus inspired Darwin? a. Disease and a limited food supply keep the population smaller. b. The plants and animals that are strongest are the ones that will survive adverse conditions. c. Plants and animals are capable of inheriting characteristics from their parents. d. Species are more likely to adapt if they are subjected to varying environments.

MAIN IDEA: NATURAL SELECTION EXPLAINS HOW EVOLUTION CAN OCCUR. Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase from the box. variation overproduction adaptation descent with modification ______5. producing many offspring, some of which may not survive

______6. individual differences that may be heritable

______7. a certain variation well-suited for the environment

______8. a heritable trait becoming common in a population

Match the four principles of natural selection with the statements that illustrate each. 9. overproduction a. Large teeth and jaws become more common in jaguars because they are heritable characteristics. 10. variation b. Jaguars with large teeth and jaws survive longer because they can eat shelled reptiles. 11. adaptation c. By chance, some jaguars are born with slightly larger teeth and jaws. 12. descent with d. A jaguar may produce many offspring, but modification because of competition, not all of them will survive long enough to reproduce.

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: NATURAL SELECTION WORKS ON EXISTING VARIATION. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 13. Peter and Rosemary Grant observed natural selection acting on traits within a population of finches on the Galápagos Islands. A drought reduced the number of small, soft seeds but left plenty of large, tough-shelled seeds intact. The next year there was a(n) increase / decrease in the number of large-beaked hatchlings. 14. After several years, the supply of large seeds went down after an unusually wet period. The increase in small, soft seeds brought a(n) increase / decrease in the number of large-beaked hatchlings the following year.

Vocabulary Check Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 15. Humans are the selective agent in artificial selection / natural selection. 16. The environment is the selective agent in artificial selection / natural selection. 17. The measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population is called fitness / overproduction. 18. The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next is called adaptation / heritability. 19. All the individuals of a species that live in an area are called the population / variation. 20. Artificial / Natural selection occurs when humans deliberately breed for certain characteristics. 21. Artificial / Natural selection occurs when individuals with beneficial adaptations produce more surviving offspring than other individuals of the same species.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology 9 Principles of Evolution Study Guide A Section 3: Theory of Natural Selection Name______Class______Date______Section 4: Evidence of Evolution Study Guide A

KEY CONCEPT Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many sources.

VOCABULARY biogeography analogous structure homologous structure vestigial structure MAIN IDEA: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION IN DARWIN’S TIME CAME FROM SEVERAL SOURCES.

anatomy embryology fossils geography In the diagram below, fill in the type of evidence below the examples.

1. Traces of ancient animals are 2. Species in one area may match found in rock layers. species in another area that is separate but still nearby.

Evidence for evolution in Darwin’s time came from several sources.

3. Two different species may have 4. The body parts of different larvae that are very similar. species may have homologous structures.

MAIN IDEA: STRUCTURAL PATTERNS ARE CLUES TO THE HISTORY OF A SPECIES. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence or answers the question. 5. Pelvic bones in snakes are an example of a(n) a. homologous structure. b. analogous structure. c. vestigial structure. d. fossil.

Study Guide A continued 6. What conclusion can you draw from the fact that many modern whale species have vestigial pelvic and leg bones? a. The ancestors of whales may have been land mammals. b. Whales could walk if they wanted to. c. Whales are preparing to evolve into land mammals. d. Some day whales will be able to walk and will have legs. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the correct phrase from the box. analogous structure homologous structure vestigial structure ______7._Feature that is similar in structure in different organisms but has different functions ______8.____Feature that performs a similar function in different organisms but is not similar in origin ______9. Feature that is not evidence of a common ancestor ______10._Remnant of an organ or structure that had a function in an early ancestor ______11.______Examples include the wing of a bat and the hand of a human ______12.__Examples include the wing of a bird and the wing of an insect ______13._Examples include the wing of an ostrich and the appendix of a human Sketch it Out Use Figure 4.4 to sketch a skeleton of a human hand next to the whale fin skeleton shown below. Draw lines to match the groups of bones that are homologous for these two structures. A B C

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology 12 Principles of Evolution Study Guide A Section 4: Evidence of Evolution Name______Class______Date______Section 5: Evolutionary Biology Today Study Guide A

KEY CONCEPT New technology is furthering our understanding of evolution.

VOCABULARY paleontology MAIN IDEA: FOSSILS PROVIDE A RECORD OF EVOLUTION. Choose the best answer for the question. 1. What is the study of fossils and extinct organisms called? a. paleontology b. geology c. biology d. archeology 2. What is a “missing link” in the fossil record? a. a fossil that contradicts the theory of evolution b. a transitional fossil that shows how two species are connected c. a fossil that is physically impossible and cannot exist d. a fossil that shows a vestigial structure 3. Why are transitional fossils important? a. They show that even very ancient fossils can be found in old seabeds. b. They show that artificial selection was being practiced even in ancient times. c. They show that there are links between ancient and modern species. d. They show that the fossil record is constantly growing and being updated.

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: MOLECULAR AND GENETIC EVIDENCE SUPPORT FOSSIL AND ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE. Match each concept with its contribution to evolutionary theory.

DNA sequence analysis protein comparisons homeobox genes pseudogenes

Molecular Evidence Contribution to Evolutionary Theory 4. The more related two organisms are, the more similar their DNA will be.

5. Vestigial genetic structures that are carried along with functional DNA

6. Sequences of genes that control the development of specific structures

7. The basis of molecular fingerprinting, which compares proteins among cell types

MAIN IDEA: EVOLUTION UNITES ALL FIELDS OF BIOLOGY. Choose whether the statement is true or false. 8. true / false Scientists are still actively studying evolution through natural selection. 9. true / false Genetic evidence shows that whales never had ancestors living on land. 10. true / false The principles of evolution also affect the fields of medicine, geology, geography, chemistry, and ecology.

Study Guide A continued

Vocabulary Check Choose whether the statement is true or false. 11. true / false Paleontologists can never find out anything new. 12. true / false The study of fossils can help us to understand how evolution occurs.

Sketch it Out Look at the fossil evidence of whale evolution shown in Figure 5.3 in this section or your textbook. Sketch one part of the skeletons (such as the skull, forelimbs, hindlimbs, or ribcages) of each of the whale ancestors.