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Jwilburdiary Julia Wilbur: Part 2 The Civil War Years in Alexandria and Washington, DC (October 1862-1865) Diaries Transcribed and Annotated by Paula T. Whitacre For Alexandria Archaeology The diaries of Julia Wilbur are part of the Quaker & Special Collections at Haverford College Library, Collection No. 1158. The photo used on the cover is part of the collection. I undertook this project for the Alexandria Archaeology Museum and Friends of Alexandria Archaeology. The Archaeology staff have been very helpful as they see the value in having these pages in one place, transcribed and searchable. I thank the Haverford Library and especially Diana Peterson and Ann Upton for helping me access the originals of the diaries, and the librarians in the Alexandria Library Local History Room for their assistance in helping me access microfilmed copies. Anna Lynch, volunteer, Alexandria Archaeology, provided a second read for most of the entries, helping to decipher some of the penmanship and editing my transcription. Jill Grinsted, another Alexandria Archaeology volunteer, transcribed November-December 1865 and proofread the whole. Laura Bonomini, Laura Hellwig, and Skyler Padia, students in Dr. Pamela Cressey’s Historical Archaeology course at George Washington University in Spring 2013, transcribed November 1864 through October 1865. Pam was the City Archaeologist who first suggested I take on this project and had helpful information throughout. The uncertainties that persist are represented with a question mark within brackets—[?]. Further comments from the transcriber are italicized. Wilbur often used an abbreviation for the word “and” that is someplace between a “&” and a “&” that we have transcribed with “&”. Also, she used this symbol, combined with “c” that we have transcribed as “&c.” based on its context. She also occasionally inserted “break in thought” lines represented like this: ——. Occasionally, a word is abbreviated (such as “cd.” for “could”) or shortened with a super-script (such as “Alexa” for “Alexandria”), and these have been transcribed as closely as possible. As much as possible, I have tried to follow Wilbur’s spacing, such as starting a sentence on a new line when she did and other times running it in with the previous sentence when she did. However, any errors that remain in the transcription or the interpretation of Wilbur’s words are mine. Readers are welcome to call these errors to my attention or to provide additional background and context that I can insert to share with others by emailing me at [email protected]. 2 Introduction Table of Contents Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 4 October-December 1862 “Journal Briefs” .................................................................................18 1862 Pocket Diary, Beginning October 1, 1862.......................................................................38 1863 Pocket Diary .............................................................................................................................52 1864 Pocket Diary .......................................................................................................................... 135 1865 Pocket Diary .......................................................................................................................... 209 Beyond 1865..................................................................................................................................... 289 3 Introduction The Civil War began in 1861 with fervor and enthusiasm on both sides, along with mutual expectations that the conflict would be short. In Rochester, New York, as elsewhere in the North and South, a woman named Julia Wilbur followed the news closely. By 1862, as we know from so many accounts, reality had set in. Death, disease, and social upheaval had changed the lives of millions of people both at and away from the battlefield. African Americans were starting to act on the realization that they could leave conditions of slavery, but they were often met with discrimination and extreme poverty. In that year, as well, Wilbur went from an interested, but distant observer to someone directly involved and forever affected. Julia Wilbur came south to Alexandria in October 1862 and stayed through February 1865 when she moved across the river to Washington, D, where she lived until her death 30 years later. A former teacher in her early 40s, she was asked by the Rochester Ladies Anti-Slavery Society to go to Washington as a relief worker on behalf of the Society to aid African Americans who were leaving slavery and heading for freedom. As she recorded in her diaries, Wilbur’s days were filled with the routine and the horrific, the ennobling and the debasing. Sometimes she felt she was doing good; often, she felt lonely and useless. She met military officers, fellow relief workers, business men, and a host of others who were working in some way for the Union cause, although she often saw that they did not have the interests of the former slaves at heart. She met large numbers of blacks for the first time in her life, beyond the relatively few (including Frederick Douglass) who lived or traveled through upstate New York. And at the same time, she was trying to make her way in a strange place by herself, with family and friends from home both supporting and questioning her choices. The Diaries Diaries that Julia Wilbur kept from the 1840s through her death in 1895 describe her own life, as well as what she observed along the way. The originals of these diaries are in the Special Collections Room at Haverford College. Douglas Steere, Wilbur’s great-nephew and a Haverford professor, donated the manuscripts to the college between 1980 and 1990 in three separate gifts. (The finding aid for the collection can be found at http://www.haverford.edu/library/special/aids/wilbur_julia/wilbur1158.pdf) Wilbur kept at least three sets of records: 4 Introduction • Small, leather pocket diaries, beginning in 1856, with the length of each entry bound by the space provided in the printed record (a page or less). Each date is used; the “memorandum” pages at the end of each book, used for miscellaneous thoughts and notes, are transcribed after December 31 of each year. • Larger, what we now consider “legal-sized” sheets from 1844 to 1863. She called these “Journal Briefs,” and there are about 95 pages in all. They seem to be a retrospective, perhaps using her other journals as a memory prompt. The text is in black and blue ink, with the date and page numbering, as well as occasional bracketing or other emphasis, in red ink. • A self-constructed diary, consisting of pieces of paper about 5 by 7 inches, starting in 1844. The first two of these collections are on microfilm in the Local History Room of the Alexandria Public Library. The third, self-constructed diary was scanned by Haverford College in Summer 2013, and we will begin to view and transcribe these pages in Fall 2013. Poised for a Life Change I have transcribed and annotated pieces of Wilbur’s earlier diaries to learn more about her and how she came to Alexandria (“Julia Wilbur Diary—Pre-Alexandria Life”). She was born in 1815, the third child in a middle-class family of 10, living on a farm in Rush, New York, a rural community outside of Rochester. In 1844, based on her writings, she began a career as a teacher at several schools in the Rochester area, helped out her parents and siblings and their families, and took advantage of Rochester’s many political and cultural offerings. She was an abolitionist and a clear-eyed observer of society around her, including recording several comments about unequal pay for male and female teachers doing the same job. Perhaps she would have remained a well-intentioned teacher and sister, but the late 1850s and early 1860s propelled Wilbur first to joy, then to grief, then to a new life. In 1858, her sister Sarah died, leaving a two-year-old daughter, Freda. Julia quit teaching and moved back with her father and stepmother, and Freda came to live with them. Sarah’s widower, Revilo Bigelow, apparently initially agreed to the arrangement but was already saying he wanted Freda to return to him within a year. Nonetheless, Julia took her role as surrogate mother to heart, and she was devastated on December 31, 1859, when Revilo reclaimed Freda. January 1, 1860 Sad day for me and for us. The sunlight has all done from our house. Freda, my darling, is gone & with her, all my earthly happiness. The year closed over my dearest hope. There is a vacant place at the table & her pleasant prattle is not heard. Looking back from the 21st century, we would say she totally fell apart when Freda left. Her diary entries are filled with attempts to see Freda or at least get news of her. She did not go back Introduction 5 to work. Her brother Henry comes to live on the farm with his wife Ann, not welcome news for Julia as she did not get along with them. February 2, 1861 What I have dreaded will be done. Father has decided to let things go on in this miserable way, & Henry & Ann are to stay. This is my home & if it were not, where should I go? It was once a pleasant home. Suffering, as well as happiness, have made it dear to me. Many of Wilbur’s entries from 1860 to early 1862 were similarly despondent. She continued to be involved in current events, such as this visit with Frederick Douglass, but she felt life was passing her by. March 12, 1861 In P.M. Mrs. Coleman went with me to F. Douglass. We took tea & spent evening with the family. Very pleasant….Douglass told us all about John Brown & just how much he had to do with the invasion of Harper’s Ferry. He was at D’s 7 wks. before he went to Virginia. It was interesting to hear this from D. himself. D’s family suffered much from the excitement. D. reveres the memory of J. Brown. In Summer 1862, while on a trip to visit family members in Michigan, the Rochester Ladies Anti-Slavery Society wrote her to request that she represent them as a relief worker.
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