(Gastropoda: Mollusca) Pada Inang Karang Dan Anemon Laut

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(Gastropoda: Mollusca) Pada Inang Karang Dan Anemon Laut Oseana, Volume xxxvn, Nomor 4, Tahun 2012: 13- 25 lSSN 02]6-1877 SIPUT EKTOPARASITEPITONIIDAE (GASTROPODA: MOLLUSCA) PADA INANG KARANGDAN ANEMON LAUT Oleh Ucu Yanu Arbil) ABSTRACT EcrOPARASITESNAILS EPITONIIDAE(GASTROPODA:MOUUSCA) ONCORAlS AND SEA ANEMONES HOST. Ectoparasite gastropods of the Family Epitoniidae are associated with corals and sea anemones as either generalists or specialists. Species identification of ectoparasite gastropods ts based on characters of anatomy,morphology, and their ecological aspects. Distribution of ectoparasite snails is following to the distribution of their coral and sea anemone hosts. Identificationprocess of epitoniid snails would be easier and more interestingwith the advance of molecular bioechnology. PENDAHULUAN Siput prosobranch menggantungkan hidupnya pada karang dan anemon sebagai tempat tinggal Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem (inang), ternpat berlindung dari pemangsa, serta kompleks, tersusun atas berbagai makhluk sekaligus sebagai sumber makanan baginya hidup masing-masing memiliki peran yang (Gittenberger, 2006b; Kokhshoom et 01.,2007; sangat penting sesuai porsinya, baik sebagai Gittenberger, 2008). mangsa dan pemangsa, bahkan sebagai inang Siput ektoparasit Famili Epitoniidae dan paras it. Hubungan antara pemangsa dan termasuk dalam Superfamili Epitonoidea. Famili mangsa sangat erat dalam menjaga stabilitas Epitoniidae termasuk famili besar, denganjumlah suatu ekosistem. Begitu juga dengan hubungan jenis yang sudah dideskripsikan lebih dari 630 antara inang dengan parasit,juga memiliki peran jenis yang terse bar di seluruh dunia, dan yang peoting dalam sebuah ekosistem, kemungkinanjumlabnya masih terus meningkat, walaupuo kadang belum dapat diketahui dengan Penelitian mengenai siput maupun inangnya pasti bagaimana perananoya dalam ekosistem. semakio gencar dilakukan pada dekade terakhir. Contohnya adalah simbiosis yang terjadi pada Perkembangan dan perubaban terhadap siput prosobranch dengan karang dan anemon. klasifikasi Famili Epitoniidae dapat diungkap I) UPT Loka Konservasi Biota Laut-LIPI, Bitung 13 dengan lebih baik melalui bubungan antara Klasifikasi morfologi didasarkan atas karakter anatomi tubub siput ektoparasit dengan cangkang secara menyeluruh, baik bagian inangnya dari banyak spesies, serta klasifikasi eksternal maupun internal, serta secara filogenetik: dari Famili Epitoniidae mikrostrukturnya. Walau kelihatannya sudah tersebut (Gittenberger, 2008; Gittenberger et al., mencakup keseluruhan aspek, namun 2006). sesungguhnya hal tersebut masih sebatas Artikel ini berisi tinjauan mengenai klasifikasi yang belurn mencerminkan hubungan siput ektoparasit dari Famili Epitoniidae. Selain evolusi. Adriaan Gittenberger, ilmuwan muda memberikan informasi mengenai klasifikasi, dari Belanda seeara substansial mcmbawa sistematika, eiri anatomi dan morfologi, penulis perubahan maj u mengenai klasi fikasinya. juga merangkum tinjauan seputar aspek ekologi Ilmuwan tersebut meneliti hubungan morfologi yang meliputi preferensi babitat dan distribusi dan anatomi tubuh siput parasit dengan inang, jenis, serta kendala dalam identifikasi dan dan mempublikasikan klasifikasi secara . penyunpanan spesunennya. filogenetik dari Famili Epitoniidae (Gittenberger, 2006b; Gittenberger & Gittenberger, 2005; KLASIFIKASI DAN SISTEMATIKA Gittenberger et al., 2006). Klasifikasi dari kelompok siput ektoparasit Kelompok siput ektoparasit Famili Famili Epitoniidae adalah: Epitoniidae dalam bahasa Jnggris disebut Domain Eukaryota Whittaker & 'wentletrap', yang berasal dad bahasa Jerman Margulis, 1978 'wendeltreppe' dan bahasa Jerman-Belanda Kerajaan AnimaliaLinnaeus, 1758 'wenteltrap ', yang berarti tangga spiral. Filum Molusca (Linnaeus, 1758) Kelompok siput ini kadangjuga disebut sebagai Kelas Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 'staircase shells' dan 'ladder shells', yang berarti Subkelas Orthogastropoda Ponder siput tangga. Sebutan-sebutan tersebut & Lindberg, 1996 diberikan berdasar ornamen bagian luar Superordo Caenogastropoda Cox, cangkang yang membcntuk seperti anak tangga. 1960 Famili Epitoniidaedimasukkan dalam Superfamili Ordo Sorbeoconcha Ponder & Epitonoidea bersama Famili Janthinidae dan Lindberg, 1997 Nystiellidae. Famili Epitoniidae termasuk famili Subordo Hypsogastropoda Ponder besar, dengan jumlah jenis lebih dari 630 spesies & Lindberg, 1997 yang tersebar di seluroh dunia. Anggota Famili Infraordo PtenoglossaBerry 1910 Epitoniidae sempat menarik perhatian banyak ilmuwan, karena bagian luar cangkangnya yang Superfamili Epitonoidea Berry, 1910 memiliki arsitcktur geometris yang sangat rurnit. Famili Epitoniidae Berry, 1910 Salah satu yang membedakan antar spesies dan dengan famili lain adalah tonjolan aksial, seperti Saat ini dikenal sekitar 40 genus dan varises yang kuat di sepanjang whorl dari spire 600 jenis dari Famili Epitoniidae yang masih sampai ke aperture (Gittenberger, 2006b; hidup, serta 300 jenis yang ditemukan dalam Gittenberger & Gittenberger, 2(05). bentuk fosil. Genus yang memiliki anggota jenis Taksonomi Famili Epitoniidae telah paling ban yak dan paling dikenal adalah berkembang sejak dua ratus tahun yang lalu. Epitonium. Genus lainnya an tara lain Penelitian mengenai kelompok siput ektoparasit Epifungium, Surrepifungium, Epidendrium, tersebut akhir-akhir inimakin gencar dilakukan. Abyssochrisos ; Acirsa, Cingulacirsa , 14 Teramachiacirsa, Acrilla, Alexania, Alora, terjadi perubahan nama spesies untuk Famili Amaea, Berthais, Cirsotrema, Clathrus, Epitoniidae. 8eberapa genus mengalami Constantia, Couthouyella, Dannevlgena, perubahan nama, dan beberapa genus lainnya Eccliseogyra, Eglisia, Kurodacirsa, dibagi menjadi beberapa genus baru, Narrimania, lphitella, Nystiella, lphitus, sedangkan beberapa genus direduksi menjadi Murdochell a, Obstopalina, Fragilopalia, satu dengan genus lain, dan banyak perubahan Opalia, Lampropalia, Varicopalia, Opaliopsis, lain mengenai sistem penamaan famili ini. Scalina, Periapta, Problitora, Sthenorytis, Perkembangan dan perubahan tersebut masih Tasm alira, Acrilloscala, Amiciscala, berlangsung sampai saar ini, dan kemungkinan Asperiscala, Boreoscala, Chuniscala, masih tetap berlangsung seeara dinamis Cinctiscala, Cirratiscala, Clathroscala, mengikuti perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan Claviscala, Compressicala, Confusiscala, teknologi (Gittenberger, 2006b). Coroniscal a, Cycloscala, Cylindriscala, Depressiscala, Elegantiscala, Follaceiscala, ANATOMI DAN MORFOLOGI Foraceiscala, Foratiscala, Fragiliscala, Funiscala, Fusicoslaca.Glabriscala, Famili Epitoniidae merupakan Globiscala, Graciliscala, Granuliscala, kelompok siput ektoparasit yang relatif sulit Gregoryscala, Gyroscala, Hirtoscala, untuk diidentifikasi. Anggota kelompok ini Laeviscala, Lamel/iscala, Mazescala, umwnnya memiliki warna eangkang putih, dan Minabescala, Narvaliscala, Nipponoscala, memiliki ukuran panjang cangkang kurang dari Nodiscala, Nitidiscala, Papuliscala, I em dengan bentuk rnemanjang, Pada beberapa Papyriscala, Parviscala, Plastiscal a, jenis memiliki warna lain, antara lain krem, abu• Punctiscala, Pupiscala, Sagamiscala, abu, merah-jingga hingga kuning keemasan. Spiniscala, Turbiniscala, Variciscala, dan 8eberapajenisjuga rnemiliki ukuran eangkang Viciniscala (Gittenberger et al.,2006). yang agak panjang, lebih dari 1 em. 8eberapa Seiring perkembangan ilmu jenis memiliki bentuk tidak memanjang, akan pengetahuan dan teknologi yang mendukung tetapi relatif oval (Gittenberger, 2008). 8agian• sistem tata nama makhluk hidup, terutama bagian kunei identifikasinya disaj ikan pada teknologi genetika dan analisa DNA, banyak Gambar 1. 15 Gambar 1. Bagian kunei dalam identifikasi siput ektoparasit Epitoniidae: 1) Cangkang utuh; 2) Protoconch dan Teleoconch; 3) Operculum, outside; 4) Operculum, inside; 5) Operculum, detail inside; ah: apertural heigh; F: foraminifera; PT: protoconch-teleoconh border; sh: shell heigh; sw: shell weidth; T3: teleoconch whorl2Y.. - 3V.; T3w: width of T; TS: teleoconch 'whorI4Y.. - sv.; V: vermetid shell (Sumber: Gittenberger & Gitteoberger, 2005). Famili Epitoniidae ini ditandai dengan ini juga ditandai dengan aperture yang bulat, adanya aksial yang terlihat menonjol tinggi dan atau memiliki kecenderungao mambulat, dimana tajam yang disebut rusuk, walaupun pada pada moluska ciri seperti ini menunjukkan, beberapa spesies tidak signitikan. Jumlah rusuk bahwa jika dilihat dari kebiasaan makannya tiap uliran cukup konstan pada beberapa spesies, termasuk dalam golongan herbivora. Namun dan jumlah serta bentuk rusuk ini menjadi salah sesungguhnya bahwa anggota Famili satu penciri utama untuk identifikasi spesies. Epitoniidae adalah kamivora. Hal inilah yang Sebagian besar anggota dari kelompok ini menyebabkan awalnya dulu kelompok ini dikira memiliki panjang antara 0,6-11,7 em. Sebagian sebagai berbivora. Saat masih dalam kondisi juga memiliki eangkang tinggi, uliran cangkang hidup pada inangnya, kelompok siput ini yang tajam (terutama di bagian aksial) sebagai menjulurkaoproboscis untuk meraih mangsa salah satu alat pertahanan diri terhadap predator, dari inangnya (Gittenberger, 2(08). yang disebut sebagai costae. Kelompok siput 16 Anggota Famili Epitoniidae merupakan ditelan setelah ukuran mangsa menjadi keeil. karnivora pemakan polip karang dan anemon Siput ektoparasit ini biasanya hidup melekat Iaut. Selain memiliki radula untuk mengunyah pada inangnya atau memposisikan diri di pasir mangsa, kelompok siput ini juga memiliki rahang atau patahan karang di dekat inang (Gittenberger untuk memotong mangsanya. Mangsa & Hoeksema, 2006b). Mangsa dan habitat berukuran
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