Carbonaceous Aerosols Over China - Review of Observations, Emissions and Climate Forcing
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Carbonaceous aerosols over China - review of observations, emissions and climate forcing
Linpeng Wanga, Xuehua Zhoua*, Yujie Maa, Zhaoyu Caoa, Ruidong Wua, Wenxing Wangab a. Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100, Ji’nan, Shandong Province, China b. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
Table S1 Data sources of organic and element carbons concentrations in PM2.5 used in analysis
Location Sampling Dates Sampling Description Analytical PM2.5 OC EC References 3 3 3 method (µg/m ) (µg/m ) (µg/m ) Beijing (E116.17°-117.12°,N39.56°-40.65°) Beijing 1 Jul. 1999-Sep. 2000 urban (Chegongzhuang) TOR 115 21.5 8.7 He et al. 2001 Jul. 1999-Sep. 2000 urban (Tsinghua University) 127 29.1 10.1 Jul.-Sep. 1999 urban (Chegongzhuang) 74$ 13.42 6.27 Sep.-Oct. 1999 urban (Chegongzhuang) 111.6 28.79 10.23 Nov. 1999-Mar. 2000 urban (Chegongzhuang) 175.9 31.49 11.08 Mar. 2000-May. 2000 urban (Chegongzhuang) 88.6 18.21 6.67
Beijing 2 11-18 Jan. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) TOR 160.5 43.2 7.8 Yang F. et al. 2005 15-22 Feb. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 208.4 37 12 08-15 Mar. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 137.8 26.6 6.4 15-22 Mar. & 05-12 urban (Chegongzhuang) 99.2 16.3 6.6 Apr. 2001 14-21 Jun. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 105.4 18.7 9.1 12-19 Jul. & 09-16 urban (Chegongzhuang) 83.3 15.4 6.9 Aug. 2001 20-27 Sep.& 04-11 urban (Chegongzhuang) 79.4 19.3 9.4 Oct. 2001 08-15 Nov. 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 105.2 22.6 11.9 Beijing 3 Aug. 2001-Sep. 2002 urban (Chegongzhuang) LTT 96.55 22.86 10.26 Duan et al.2006 Autumn 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 79.8 23.15 10.39 Winter 2001 urban (Chegongzhuang) 122.09 32.23 11.34 Spring 2002 urban (Chegongzhuang) 76.41 19.58 10.09 Summer 2002 urban (Chegongzhuang) 88.99 14.94 8.4 Aug. 2001-Sep. 2002 urban (Tsinghua University) 106.94 28.8 9.58 Beijing 4 Jul.-Aug. 2001 urban (BNU) thermograv 104.1 17.1 4.9 Dan et al.2004 imetry Jul.-Aug. 2001 rural (Pinggu) 121.7 10.3 4.5 Dec. 2001 urban (BNU) 257.6 41.2 31.6 Dec. 2001 rural (Miyun Reservoir) 683.1 72.6 37 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (BNU) 99.4 11.5 5.2 urban (CS) 86.7 9.3 6.6 urban (YH) 86.8 11.2 5.3 Jun.-Jul. 2002 average 91.1 10.7 5.7 Dec. 2002 urban (BNU) 151.4 36.6 12.9 Dec. 2002 urban (CS) 171.7 36 9.8 Dec. 2002 urban (YH) 180 37.5 21.9 Dec. 2002 average 168.8 36.7 15.2 Mar. 2003 urban (BNU) 80.2 12.6 7.2 Mar. 2003 rural (Miyun Reservoir) 76.1 15.5 7.9 Beijing 5 23 Jul.-02 Aug. 2002 urban TMO 144.9 12.4 5.4 He et al. 2004 Beijing 6 Summer 2002, urban (BNU) thermograv 77.3 11.5 5.2 Sun et al. 2004 Summer 2003 imetry urban (Capital Steel Company) 82.2 9.3 6.6 urban (Yihai Garden) 75.4 11.2 5.9 Winter 2002, Winter urban (BNU) 135.7 33.2 11 2003
urban (Capital Steel Company) 140.8 36.3 9.8 urban (Yihai Garden) 182.2 37.5 21.9 Beijing 7 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (IAP, CAS) TOR 126.5 27.2 7.1 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 urban (IAP, CAS) 117.2 17.2 4.6 Beijing 8 17 Jul.-2 Aug. 2004 rural (Shangdianzi) TOT 66 5.07 1.26 Yan et al. 2012 7-20 Feb. 2004 rural (Shangdianzi) 76.9 19.11 4.33 Beijing 9 May-Oct. 2001-2004 urban (RCEES/BNU) thermograv 104.00 11.29 5.30 Kim et al. 2006 imetry
Corresponding author: Xuehua Zhou, E-mail: [email protected], telephone: 86-531-88364896 other months 2001- urban (RCEES/BNU) 168.00 37.82 18.70 2004 Beijing 10 Mar. 2005-Feb. 2006 urban TOR 118.50 24.50 8.19 Yang et al. 2011b Beijing 11 29 Jun.-2 Aug. 2005 rural (Hei Shan Zhai) TOR 68.00 8.20 4.90 Pathak et al. 2011 Beijing 12 1-30 Jul. 2005-2007 suburban (Beijing Forestry TOR 97.48£ 20.47 4.84 Wang et al. 2009 University)
15 Dec.-15 Jan. 2005- 115.94£ 37.10 6.36 2007 Beijing 13 2008 urban (Tsinghua University) TM 109.97£ 19.1 8.45 Yang et al. 2011a rural (Miyun) 61.99£ 9.96 4.52 Gansu (E103.68°,N36.13°;E101.1°,N38.30°) Jinchang 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Jinchang Meteorological TOR 105.8 23 5 Cao et al. 2007 Bureau) 3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 60.4 8.1 1.6 Lanzhou 18 Jun.-17 Jul. 2006 surburban (Lanzhou) TOR 65.00 6.60 2.90 Pathak et al. 2011
Inner Mongolia (E106.52°-122.27°,N37.47°-43.60°) Ordos Sep. 2005 urban nn 51.81 12.80 2.46 Wang et al. 2012 Tongliao 3 Mar.-31 May 2005 rural-sand (Horqin sand land) nn 104.30 14.8 3.2 Shen et al. 2007 Wusumu 30 Aug.-9 Sep. 2005 rural high-mountain lake area TOR 64.50 15.50 2.31 Han et al. 2008 5-14 Jan. 2006 115.60 28.60 3.20 12 Jun.-21 Jul. 2006 50.70 8.70 1.40 21 Apr.-15 May 2007 71.40 8.10 1.81 Average 66.60 11.80 1.85 Jilin (E128.47°,N42.40°;E125.30°,N42.40°) Changchun 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Jilin University) TOR 140.5 39.2 13.5 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 59.6 12.5 2.9 Mt. Changbai 23 Jul.-28 Jul. 2007 forest area TOT 38.80 4.90 0.50 Li et al. 2010 Shaanxi (E108.90°,N34.20°;E109.80°,N38.30°)
Yulin 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Shaanxi Desert Institute) TOR 150.6 32.5 9.2 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 50.5 13.7 3.3 Xi'an 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (IEE) TOR 375.2 102.3 21.6 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 130.8 27.3 7 Xi'an 2 Sep. 2003 urban (IEE) TOR 105.96£ 24.90 8.30 Cao et al. 2005 Oct. 2003 148.12 £ 39.40 13.10 Average 133.73£ 34.10 11.30 Nov. 2003 215.64£ 52.40 12.10 Dec. 2003 292.83£ 81.70 15.20 Jan. 2004 256.63£ 63.90 10.10 Feb. 2004 200.83£ 48.60 12.00
Average 243.70£ 61.90 12.30 Xi'an 3 1-31 Dec. 2006 urban T/O 149.7§ 23.7 4.6 Shen et al. 2009 Shandong (E116.95°-120.30°,N36.00°-36.67°) Qingdao 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Chinese Ocean University) TOR 127.9 26.6 6.3 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 30.1 5 1.4 Ji'nan Mar.-May 2006 urban (Shandong University) TOT 143.25 15.76 3.25 Yang et al. 2012 Jun.-Aug. 2006 129.04 14.99 3.08 Sep.-Nov. 2006 134.89 23.96 4.49 Dec. 2006-Feb. 2007 204.89 35.75 5.74 Average 148.71 22.19 4.1 Mar.-May 2006 rural (Miaopu Park) 93.46 13.44 2.8 Jun.-Aug. 2006 69.56 9.3 3.19 Sep.-Nov. 2006 93.21 22.5 5.27 Dec. 2006-Feb. 2007 146.8 35.24 5.67 Average 97.59 20.2 4.33 Shanxi (E112.53°,N37.88°) Taiyuan Dec. 2005 urban (The Shanxi Province TOT 216.7 25.4 4.7 Meng et al. 2007 Meteorological Science Research Institute) Jan. 2006 194.5 11.8 4.7 Feb. 2006 82.4 28.9 4.8 Average 193.4 38.9 5 Tianjin (E117.15°-117.35°,N39.07°-39.10°)
2 Tianjin 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Nankai University) TOR 179.4 38.9 8.5 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 103.2 16.5 3.7 Tianjin 2 28 Dec. 2006-31 Jan. urban TOR 206.60 41.40 8.00 Li et al. 2009 2007 suburban (industrial site) 248.20 61.50 9.30 Coastal (Tanggu District) 215.60 36.70 6.90 Tianjin 3 6-24 Jan. 2008 urban (ABLOS) TOR 144.60 33.80 9.10 Gu et al. 2011 Tianjin 4 1-31 Jan. 2008 urban (ABLOS) T/O 124.4 30.7 7.9 Gu et al. 2009 Tianjin 5 1-25 Apr. 2008 urban(ABLOS) TOR 107.50 14.40 5.30 Gu J.X.et al. 2010 1-25 Jul. 2008 87.00 10.20 5.51 1-25 Oct. 2008 111.00 20.20 6.52 1-25 Jan. 2008 133.70 22.90 5.63 Tianjin 6 Sep. 2009-Feb. 2010 urban (SZ environmental TOR 144.00 12.40 3.70 Li et al. 2012 monitoring station of Tianjin.) urban (TT meteorological 117.00 13.90 4.90 observatory tower of Tianjin.) suburban (DongLi monitoring 129.00 17.40 4.30 station site) Average 124.00 14.50 4.30 Xinjiang (E86.63°-88.97°,N42.76°-44.13°) Urumqi Feb.-Mar. 2007 urban nn 187 71.51 6.6 Li et al. 2008 Chongqing (E106.42°-106.53°,N29.48°-29.83°) Chongqing 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Chongqing Academy of TOR 311.8 76.7 16.6 Cao et al. 2007 Environmental Sciences) 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 urban (Chongqing Academy of 116.3 25.1 8 Environmental Sciences) Chongqing 2 Mar. 2005-Feb. 2006 urban (Jiangbei Distric) TOR 128.99 30.13 6.39 Yang et al. 2011b urban (Dadukou District) 133.7 33.71 6.42 ¤ Yang et al. 2011b , Zhao et al. 2010 background (Beibei District ) 126.1 29.43 4.67 ¤ Yang et al. 2011b Fujian (E118.09°-119.32°,N24.40°-26.10°) Fuzhou Apr. 2007-Jan. 2008 urban (Wusibei Gulou Distric, TOR 44.33 8.5 2.17 Xu et al. 2012 Ziyang Jin'an District) Spring 49.78 10.47 2.08 Summer 23.58 5.28 1.95 Autumn 44.14 7.71 2.15 Winter 59.81 10.54 2.51 Xiamen 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Xiamen University) TOR 70.2 16.5 5 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 25.2 4.8 1.4 Xiamen 2 Jun.-Aug.2009 peri-urban (Jimei university) TOT 62.26 9.65 2.2 Zhang et al. 2012 Sep.-Nov. 2009 83.75 14.03 3.02 Dec.2009-Feb.2010 108.91 23.61 4.24 Mar.-May2010 89.72 13.63 2.25 Xiamen 3 Apr. 2009-Jan. 2010 suburb (Jimei University) TOT 63.88 15.81 2.74 Zhang F.W.et al. urban (Xianyue residential area) 72.12 19.28 3.3 2011 urban (Lulian hotel in Haicang 74.8 19.73 3.49 District) Guangdong (E112.53°-113.94°,N22.27°-23.64°) Guangzhou 1 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 industial (Huangpu) TOR 104 23.3 11 Cao et al. 2003 urban (Zhongshan University) 90.5 17.8 6 bankground (Longgui) 138.6 31.7 10.4 105.9 22.6 8.3 Guangzhou 2 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Huangpu) TOR 101.7 20 7.9 Cao et al. 2004 urban (Zhongshan University) 66.3 13.1 4.6 background (Longgui) 78.2 17 6.5 Average 78.1 15.8 5.9 Guangzhou 3 Oct. and Dec. 2002, urban source nn 70.6 17.57 ‡ 4.4 Hagler et al. 2006 Mar. and Jun. 2003 Guangzhou 4 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Zhongshan Uinversity) TOR 156 41.1 14.5 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul.2003 49.1 10.6 3.2 Guangzhou 5 15-27 May 2004 suburban (Wan Qing Sha) TOR 59.00 14.90 10.50 Pathak et al. 2011 Guangzhou 6 2 Jul.-13 Aug. 2004 urban (Zhongshan Uinversity) TOR 52.38£ 15.4 5 Huang et al. 2005 urban (Ji'nan University) 56.45£ 16.2 5.5 urban (Nanyayuan in Tianhe) 44.70£ 15.6 8.6 roadside (Xingang West Road) 88.66£ 17.2 5
3 roadside (Tianshou Road) 80£ 19.2 7.4 roadside (Mingyue 2 Road 69.58£ 16.7 8.2 Guangzhou Dadao) industrial (Shayong in Huangpu) 111.27£ 39.5 5.2 industrial (Shihua) 101.32£ 23 8.2 industrial (Xinweixin village in 65.87£ 16.6 6.6 Huangpu) Total average 73.70£ 19.9 6.6 Guangzhou 7 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 semi-rural (Baiyun) TOR 90.85 30.61 9.47 Wang et al. 2006 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (Liwan) 91.4 29.5 9.45 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (Haizhu) 103.35 36.95 16.85 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (Tianhe) 104.58 31.53 11.87 Guangzhou 8 11-25 Oct. 2004 urban (Guangdong Provincial T/O 102.9 22.40 7.10 Andreae et al. 2008 Environmental Monitoring Center) Guangzhou 9 16 Aug. 2006-9 Aug. urban (Sun Yat-sen University) TOR 42.4 7.1 4 Huang et al. 2010 2007 Guangzhou 10 Dec.2008-Feb.2009 urban (Guangzhou Institute of T/O 81.70 17.50 4.10 Yang et al. 2011b Geochemistry) Guangzhou 11 28 Aug.-21 Sep. 2008 rural (Wangqingsha) TOT 80.2 7.78 2.38 Ding et al. 2012 10 Nov.-9 Dec. 2008 103 22.5 4.29 Zhuhai 1 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Xiangzhou) TOR 59.3 12.2 5 Cao et al. 2003 Zhuhai 2 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Xiangzhou) TOR 31 5.4 1.9 Cao et al. 2004 Zhongshan Oct. and Dec. 2002, urban nn 46.5 10.50‡ 2.5 Hagler et al. 2006 Mar. and Jun. 2003
Conghua Oct. and Dec. 2002, background nn 36.8 9.07‡ 1.4 Hagler et al. 2006 Mar. and Jun. 2003
Shenzhen 1 8 Jan.-8 Feb.2002 urban (Luohu) TOR 60.8 13.20 6.1 Cao et al. 2003 Shenzhen 2 Jun-Jul 2002 urban (Luohu) TOR 47.1 7.60 4.2 Cao et al. 2004 Shenzhen 3 Oct. and Dec. 2002, urban nn 47.1 11.14‡ 3.9 Hagler et al. 2006 Mar. and Jun. 2003 Shenzhen 4 Summer 2004 urban TOR 34.9 7.2 2.1 Niu et al. 2006 Winter 2004 urban 99 20.3 12.7 Mt. Dinghu 2-10 Aug.2006 forest area TOT 30.80 5.30 0.70 Li et al. 2010 Hainan (E108.82°,N18.67°) Jianfengling 1 16 Apr.-18 May 2004 background TOT 13 3.1 0.4 Luo et al. 2010 Jianfengling 2 20-26 Nov. 2007 forest area (Jianfengling Tropical TOT 18.00 2.40 0.20 Li et al. 2010 Forests Nature Reserve) Hongkong (E113.86°-114.36°,N22.10°-22.47°) Hongkong 1 Nov. 2000-Feb. 2001 urban (Polytechnic University) TMO 50.92 9.45 5.8 Ho et al. 2006 b urban (Kwun Tong) 57.38 10.16 5.05 bankground (Hok Tsui) 42.37 5.52 1.36 Jun.-Aug. 2001 urban (Polytechnic University) 32.71† 7.96 6.12 urban (Kwun Tong) 28.73† 5.61 4.33 bankground (Hok Tsui) 10.5† 1.49 0.42 Hongkong 2 6 Nov. 2000-26 Oct. urban (Tsuen Wan) TOR 37.06 8.7 5.374 Louie et al. 2005 2001 bankground (Hok Tsui) 25.94 4.215 1.687 Hongkong 3 6 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 60.4 10.6 6.1 Cao et al. 2003 urban (Baptist University) 48.5 8.4 4.4 bankground (Hok Tsui) 41.3 6.3 1.9 Average 54.5 9.6 4.7 Hongkong 4 1 Jan.-30 Jun. 2002 bankground (Hok Tsui) nn 33 3.77 2.3 Cohen et al. 2004 Hongkong 5 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 40.1 6.3 3.9 Cao et al. 2004 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Baptist University) 30.8 5.6 3.2 Jun.-Jul. 2002 background (Hok Tusi) 15.8 3.4 0.7 Hongkong 6 26 Nov.-31 Dec. 2002 rural/coastal site (Tai O) TOT 41.30 12.4 1.7 Cheung et al. 2005
Hongkong 7 Oct. and Dec. 2002, background (Tap Mun ) nn 28.7 4.93‡ 0.8 Hagler et al. 2006 Mar. and Jun. 2003 Oct. and Dec. 2002, Downwind of urban source (Tung 32.5 6.29‡ 2 Mar. and Jun. 2003 Chung ) Oct. and Dec. 2002, urban source (Central and western) 34.3 6.64‡ 1.9 Mar. and Jun. 2003 Hongkong 8 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 64 11.2 5.8 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 urban (Polytechnic University) 40.1 7.3 3.6 Hongkong 9 7 Apr.-12 May 2004 urban (Kowloon Peninsula) TOT 37.5 7.2 3.7 Zhang Z.S.et al.
4 7 Apr.-12 May 2004 background (Hok Tusi) 30.8 4.8 1.3 2011 Hubei (E114.20°,N30.50°) Wuhan 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (CUG) TOR 166.6 38.2 8.4 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 urban (CUG) 70.8 14.2 3 Hunan (E112.70°,N27.30°) Mt. Heng 15 Mar.-31 May 2009 mountain site TOT 40.7 3.01 0.54 Zhou et al. 2012 Jiangsu (E118.76°-118.82°,N32.05°-32.07°) Nanjing 1 Feb. 2001 urban (Nanjing University) T/O 67.02£ 15.63‡ 3.33 Yang H. et al. 2005 Sep. 2001 urban (Nanjing University) 46.88£ 10.81‡ 4.01 Feb. 2001 suburan (Purple Mountain 80. 50£ 14.19‡ 2.88 Observatory ) Nanjing 2 Jun.2007-May 2008 urban nn 98.8 15.7 10.4 Chen et al. 2010 Shanghai (E121.10°-121.70°,N30.83°-31.45°) Shanghai 1 5 May 1999-20 urban (Hainan Road) TOR 67.6 15.43 6.77 Ye et al. 2003 Mar.2000 Summer 35.85 13.07 5.71 Autumn 67.78 17.28 6.97 Winter 93.91 17.59 8.07 20 Mar.1999- urban (Tongji University) 62.4 14.34 6.21 27Mar.2000 Spring 61.66 16.1 5.27 Summer 36.8 9.62 4.61 Autumn 64.77 15.22 6.81 Winter 88.57 16.4 8.16 Shanghai 2 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Donghua University) TOR 151.1 28.6 8.3 Cao et al. 2007 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 52.2 13.3 2.9 Shanghai 3 5 May-6 Jun. 2005 suburban TOR 67.00 16.90 10.00 Pathak et al. 2011 Shanghai 4 Autumn 2005 urban (Yan-chang campus of TOR 106.4 21.8 3.9 Feng et al. 2009 Shanghai University in Zha-bei district)
Winter 2005 93.4 16.7 2.3 Spring 2006 113.5 14.1 3.1 Summer 2006 50.2 7.2 1.9 Annual 90.3 14.7 2.8 Autumn 2005 suburban area (the Environmental 113.3 25.8 3.8 Monitoring Station (EMS) of Jia- ding district)
Winter 2005 88 16.1 2.3 Spring 2006 113.1 16.4 3.3 Summer 2006 66.9 11.4 2.7 Annual 95.5 17.5 3 Shanghai 5 13-15 Jun. 2006 forest area (Dongping National TOT 89.20 9.90 1.60 Li et al. 2010 ForestPark, Chongming) Shanghai 6 12-27 Apr. 2006 urban (Fudan University) TOR 47.3 8.4 3.7 Hou et al. 2011 1-21 Aug. 2006 15.1 3.8 1.1 13-29 Oct. 2006 36.1 6.5 2.1 5-21 Jan. 2007 65.4 10.9 4.4 Shanghai 7 Apr. 2008 urban (Xujiahui) TOR 62.14 7.14 4.06 Wang et al. 2010b urban (Baoshan) 105.15 11.28 4.96 Jul. 2008 urban (Xujiahui) 44.02 5.53 3.41 urban (Baoshan) 72.8 8.94 3.99 Oct. 2008 urban (Xujiahui) 71.47 7.8 3.49 urban (Baoshan) 78.46 11.59 4.66 Jan. 2008 urban (Xujiahui) 84.65 13.18 4.93 urban (Baoshan) 97.68 16.02 5.13 Average urban (Xujiahui) 64.17 8.1 3.91 urban (Baoshanl) 88.49 11.91 4.69 Yunnan (E98.50°,N25.00°) Tengchong 09 Apr.-23 May 2004 backgound TOT 60.8 16.8 4.2 Luo et al. 2010 Zhejiang (E119.73°-121.42°,N28.66°-30.31°) Hangzhou 1 3-20 Jan. 2003 urban (Hangzhou Environmental TOR 168.6 30.6 9.3 Cao et al. 2007 Monitoring Station) 3 Jun.-30 Jul. 2003 90.6 17.1 3.6 Hangzhou 2 2006 suburban and urban TOR 77.5 13.7 5.90¥ Bao et al. 2010 Lin'an 1 16-29 Aug. 2004 background nn 40.1# 6.41 1.87 Yan et al. 2012
5 15 Jan.-3 Feb. 2005 background 71.7# 15.58 3.89 Lin'an 2 02 Apr.-23 May 2004 backgound TOT 83.5 12 3 Luo et al. 2010 Taizhou 4-13 Jul. 2006 urban (LQ) TOT 37.55 7.75 2.77 Gu Z.P.et al. 2010 4-13 Jul. 2006 north e-waste park (FL-HS) 49.61 8.94 2.86 7-15 Jan. 2007 urban (LQ) 108.91 22.08 5.59 7-15 Jan. 2007 southeast e-waste park (FL-LV) 153.88 35.74 6.97
Average 97.93 19.58 6.08 Standard deviation 66.09 14.40 4.57 Notes:
$ evaluated; §PM1.0 instead of PM2.5; * PM1.8 instead of PM2.5, #PM2.1 instead of PM2.5;
£PM2.5 mass concentration calculated by mass concentration and percentage of OC/TCM in PM2.5
†summer PM2.5 concentrattion calculated by the (total mass concentration-winter mass concentration) ‡ OC calculated by OM/1.4 or 1.6,
¤EC calculated by the percentage of EC and PM2.5 mass ¥EC=TC-OC Analytical methods: TOR, the thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method; TOT, thermal-optical transmission(TOT) TMO ,the selective thermal manganese dioxide oxidation ( TMO) T/O, thermal/optical aerosol carbon analyzer LTT, a laboratory two-step thermal procedure TM, a thermal method (TM) Abbreviation: IAP, Institute of Atmospheric Physics; CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences; RCEES, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences; BNU, Beijing Normal University; IEE, Institute of Earth Environment; ABLOS, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observation Station; CUG, China University of Geoscience.
6 Table S2 Data sources of organic and element carbons concentrations in PM10 used in analysis
Location Sampling Dates Sampling Description Analytical PM10 OC EC References method (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Beijing (E116.31°-116.37°,N39.51°-40.32°) Beijing 1 8 Sep.-30 Nov. 2002 urban (Tsinghua University) TOR 154.5 20.4 6.6 Duan et al. 2005 Beijing 2 15 Mar.-13 Apr. 2004 urban TOR 187.8 17.47# 8.83# Zhang et al. 2009 Beijing 3 Jan. 2004 urban nn 172.6 21.2 8.9 Hang et al. 2007 Beijing 4 Jan. 2004 six sites average (4 urban, a nn 153.00 24.71‡ 6 Xie et al. 2008 suburban and a background)) Apr. 2004 295.00 23.57‡ 7 Jul. 2004 164.00 13.57‡ 3.2 Oct. 2004 166.00 27.57‡ 5.4 Beijing 5 1-30 Jul. 2005-2007 suburban (Beijing Forestry nn 151.13* 30.78 8.14 Wang et al. 2009 University) 15 Dec.-15 Jan. 2005- 197.17* 51.81 10.42 2007 Beijing 6 Summer 2006 urban (Peking University) LTT 133.00 9.9 9 Van Pinxteren et al. Summer 2006 suburban (Yufa) 112.00 9.5 8.5 2009 Gansu (E94.68°,N40.15°;E105.85°,N36.00°) Dunhuang 2006-2007 rural TOR 158.5 26.7 3.6 Zhang et al. 2012 Gaolanshan 2006-2007 rural TOR 187.1 19.1 3.8 Zhang et al. 2012 Hebei (E115.60°,N39.13°) Gucheng 2006-207 semi-urban TOR 253.8 38.5 11 Zhang et al. 2012 Henan (E113.68°,N34.78°;E114.31°,N34.80°) Kaifeng 23 Feb.-1 Mar. & 14-20 urban nn 123 13.9 15.44¥ Wu et al. 2009 Apr. & 12-18 Sep. 2005
Zhengzhou 2006-2007 urban TOR 271.3 29.2 9.2 Zhang et al. 2012 Inner Mongolia (E106.52°-111.48°,N37.47°-40.87°) Ordos Sep. 2005 urban nn 89.12 19.87 3.80 Wang et al. 2012 Liaoning (E120.84°-127.60°,N38.90°-44.73°) Shenyang Aug. & Sep. 2001 & five sites average (4 urban, 1 thermograv 189.50 43.49 10.45¥ Xu et al. 2007 Apr. 2002 rural ) imetry Fushun 1 Jul. 2002 five sites average (4 urban, 1 thermograv 161.22 29.51 3.53¥ Xu et al. 2007 rural) imetry Huludao May 2003 & Jan. 2004 four sites average (3 urban, 1 thermograv 273.39 22.51 15.13¥ Xu et al. 2007 rural ) imetry
Fushun 2 Jan.-Feb. 2006 & Jan. five sites average (4 urban and TOR 140.4 23.86§ 17.17§ Kong et al. 2012 2007 1 urban background) Sep. 2006 & Sep. 2007 TOR 103.2 12.36§ 9.35§ Apr. 2006 TOR 147.1 13.72§ 11.69§ Dalian 2006-2007 urban TOR 156.8 20.2 5.3 Zhang et al. 2012 Longfengshan 2006-2007 rural TOR 81.8 15.9 2.3 Zhang et al. 2012 Shaanxi (E106.30°-110.08°,N33.58°-35.10°) Xi'an 1 Sep.2003 urban (IEE, CAS) TOR 217.65£ 29.6 11 Cao et al. 2005 Oct.2003 248.53£ 50.7 17.2 Average 240£ 43.2 15 Nev.2003 357.14£ 67.5 19.8 Jan.2004 389.81£ 80.3 16.1 Feb.2004 573.84£ 98.7 26.8 Average 465£ 93 22.7 Xi'an 2 22 Dec. 2006-21 Jan. urban (Xi'an Jiaotong TOT 455.00 63.60 7.20 Huo et al. 2010 2007 University) 1-29 Apr. 2007 384.10 29.40 7.70 1-31 Jul. 2007 227.10 19.30 5.50 15 Oct.-12 Nov. 2007 415.90 49.70 7.00 Average 366.60 39.80 6.80 Xi'an 3 2006-2007 urban TOR 328.5 42.6 12.7 Zhang et al. 2012 Baoji 10-15 Feb. 2008 urban TOR 433.00 74.00 17.00 Wang et al. 2010a 1-6 Apr. 2008 urban 448.00 51.00 20.00 suburban 296.00 26.00 7.10
7 Mt. Hua 27 Mar.-29 Apr. 2009 moutain site TOR 71.00 4.9 1.2 Wang et al. 2011 (non dust storm)
Shandong (E117.01°,N36.70°;E117.10°,N36.27°) Ji'nan 1999-2000 urban (five sites average) nn 156 16.8 5.5¥ Feng et al. 2004 Mt. Tai 27 Mar.-29 Apr. 2009 mountain site TOR 159.00 13 2.8 Wang et al. 2011 (non dust storm) Tianjin (E117.15°-117.35°,N39.07°-39.22°) Tianjin 1 1-25 Apr. 2008 urban (ABLOS) TOR 196.50 32.90 9.63 Gu et al. 2010 1-25 Jul. 2008 156.60 11.20 5.71 1-25 Oct. 2008 203.40 33.20 7.43 1-25 Jan. 2008 228.10 46.10 12.70 Tianjin 2 1-31Jan. 2008 urban (ABLOS) T/O 224.60 46.90 11.80 Gu et al. 2009 Tianjin 3 Sep. 2009-Feb. 2010 urban (SZ) TOR 201.00 23.10 5.20 Li et al. 2012 urban (TT) 215.00 27.40 6.20 suburban (DongLi monitoring 221.00 33.60 6.50 station) urban (HeXi monitoring 227.00 30.30 6.30 station) suburban(BeiChen monitoring 246.00 37.00 7.10 station) urban(HeBei environmental 283.00 34.40 6.10 protection bureau) urban (HongQiao monitoring 256.00 36.40 5.80 station) urban (HeDong) 285.00 42.10 4.90 Average 243.00 32.60 6.10 Xinjiang (E87.97°,N47.01°) Akdala 26 Jul. 2004-10 Mar. background (on the north TOR 9.86£ 2.9 0.35 Qu et al. 2008 2005 margin of the Zhungaer Basin) Chongqing（E106.40°-107.34°，N29.14°-29.84°） Chongqing 1 11-20 Apr. 2006 urban (Gaojiahuayuan) thermograv 310.2 56.1 8 Ye et al. 2007 a imetry urban (Guanyinqiao) 297.1 73.4 11.2 urban (Xinshancun) 283.1 57.5 10.8 urban (Yangjiaping) 261.5 67.1 11.9 urban (Linjiangmen) 238.8 48.8 9.7 urban (Tianshengqiao) 221 47.5 5.9 urban (Yudong) 204.9 40 6.9 urban (Nanping) 203.9 39.7 7 urban (Lianglu) 195.1 42.8 5.9 suburban (Jinyun Mountain) 142.3 16.8 2.9 Chongqing 2 13 Apr. & 16-19 Apr. & urban (Guanyinqiao) nn 297.1 73.4 11.2 Ye et al. 2007 b 7-11 Nov. 2006 urban (Yangjiaping) 275.1 71.9 10.2 urban (Xinshancun) 356.5 64 9.5 urban (Gaojiahuayuan) 333.4 60.5 8 urban (Linjiangmen) 252.7 57.3 11.4 urban (Tianshenglu) 220.3 54.1 6.2 urban (Lianglu) 204.6 50.9 6.8 urban (Yuxinjie) 258.1 48.6 6.8 urban (Nanping) 234.4 45.4 6.6 Average 268.7 57.5 8.3 suburban (Jinyun Mountain) 130.6 21.7 3.1 Guangdong (E113.24°-113.82°,N22.27°-23.39°) Guangzhou 1 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Huangpu, industial) TOR 167 32.6 12.1 Cao et al. 2003 urban (Zhongshan University) 138.2 23.3 8.1 bankground (Longgui) 203.4 38.4 13.3 Average 161.7 29.4 10.4 Guangzhou 2 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Huangpu) TOR 164.2 28.5 10.5 Cao et al. 2004 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Zhongshan University) 102.7 7.8 5.9 Jun.-Jul. 2002 background (Longgui) 129.5 24.7 8.8 Average 124.7 22.2 7.8 Guangzhou 3 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 semi-rural (BY) TOR 138.42 37.94 10.06 Wang et al. 2006 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (LW) 142.57 34.8 12.7 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (HZ) 144.52 39.48 19.78 2 Aug.-10 Sep.2004 urban (TH) 152.09 39.5 12.77
8 Guangzhou 4 Daytime 5-25 Jul. 2006 urban (Guangdong nn 89.4 8.39 3.84 Zhang et al. 2010 Environmental Protection Bureau) Nighttime 5-25 Jul. 2006 urban 70.3 5.37 3.46 Average 79.85 6.88 3.65 Guangzhou 5 16 Dec. 2008-11 Jan. urban (Guangzhou nn 173 65.8 11.1 Zhang X.M. et al. 2009 Environment Monitoring 2011 Station) 4-31 Aug. 2009 80.6 30.4 11.2 Shenzhen 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Luohu) TOR 83.7 16.4 7.3 Cao et al. 2003 Zhuhai 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Xiangzhou) TOR 84.1 14.57 6 Cao et al. 2003 Xinken Oct. 2004 suburban LTT 89.3 7 6.1 Gnauk et al. 2008 Panyu 2006-2007 urban TOR 147.4 22.3 7.9 Zhang et al. 2012 Guangxi (E108.35°,N22.82°) Nanning 2006-2007 urban TOR 98.9 17.9 4 Zhang et al. 2012 Hongkong (E114.17°-114.25°,N22.22°-22.34°) Hongkong 1 Nov.2000-Feb. 2001 urban (Polytechnic University) TMO 83.52 12.02 6.86 Ho et al. 2006 urban (Kwun Tong) 73.11 10.36 5.09 bankground (Hok Tsui) 80.01 5.62 1.48 Jun.-Aug. 2001 urban (Polytechnic University) 53.54† 9.48 6.89 urban (Kwun Tong) 39.47† 6.47 4.33 bankground (Hok Tsui) 15.27† 1.68 0.42
Hongkong 2 8 Jan.-8 Feb. 2002 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 78.4 7 12.7 Cao et al. 2003 urban (Baptist University) 55.7 3.4 7.6 bankground (Hok Tsui) 82.9 3 9.1 Average 73.9 10.5 5.1 Hongkong 3 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Polytechnic University) TOR 40.8 7.4 4.7 Cao et al. 2004 Jun.-Jul. 2002 urban (Baptist University) 38.6 6.7 3.9 Jun.-Jul. 2002 bankground (Hok Tsui) 31.9 4.1 1.1 Hunan (E111.71°,N29.17°;E114.20°,N29.63°) Changde 2006-2007 rural TOR 128.2 13.8 2.7 Zhang et al. 2012 Jinsha 2006-2007 rural TOR 107.40 15.3 3 Zhang et al. 2012 Sichuan (E104.06°,N30.67°;E104.04°,N30.65°) Chengdu 1 8-22 Jan. 2000 six sites average nn 240.07£ 71.3 11.4 Wang et al. 2004 Chengdu 2 2006-2007 urban TOR 235.7 36.3 10.8 Zhang et al. 2012 Tibet (E91.13°,N29.67°) Lhasa 2006-2007 rural 77.40 21.7 3.8 Zhang et al. 2012 Yunnan (E99.72°,N28.00°) Zhuzhang Aug. 2004-28 Feb. 2005 background TOR 6.67£ 3.1 0.34 Qu et al. 2008 Zhejiang (E118.34°-120.75°,N29.25°-30.5°) Hangzhou 1 Sep. 2001-Aug. 2002 five sites average (4 urban and TOT 119.2 21.41 4.06 Cao et al. 2009 1 background) Spring 107.9 14.03 2.96 Summer 92.9 13.54 2.82 Autumn 136.8 23.64 4.38 Winter 157.2 23.81 4.43 Hangzhou 2 2006 suburban and urban TOR 111 13.8 6.5¥ Bao et al. 2010 Lin'an 2006-2007 rural 114.20 15.1 4.3 Zhang et al. 2012 Average 188.86 30.98 8.05 Standard deviation 105.18 20.86 4.66
Notes:
£PM10 calculated by mass concentration and percentage of OC in PM10
†summer PM10 concentrattion calculated by the (total mass concentration-winter mass concentration)
*PM10 mass concentration calculated by the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration, which is calculated by mass concentration and percentage of OC in PM2.5
#OC and EC concentrations calculated by mass concentration of PM10 and percentage of species in PM10 ‡OC obtained by OM/1.4 ¥EC=TC-OC §average in the observation period Analytical methods: TOR, the thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method; TOT, thermal-optical transmission(TOT) TMO, the selective thermal manganese dioxide oxidation ( TMO) T/O, thermal/optical aerosol carbon analyzer LTT, a laboratory two-step thermal procedure
9 Abbreviation: IEE, Institute of Earth Environment; ABLOS, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observation Station.
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