Biology 218 – Human Anatomy - RIDDELL

Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Spring 2013 Section: 55244 / 61816 4 Units Class Location: UVC1, 3 and 7 St. Helena Days / Time: F 9:00 AM – 11:50 AM LEC F 1:00 PM – 3:50 PM LAB 55244 M 9:00 AM – 11;50 AM LAB 61816 Course Overview Instructor: RIDDELL Student ID#: 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Student Name: NOTTA PHASE Team Name: Lab Assignment #: 1 Date: 130125.1 Lab Title: Mitosis vs. Meiosis and Gametogenesis

Purpose / Objective(s): . To observe and identify the structures and processes of Mitosis, Meiosis and Gametogenesis in various prepared MS slides of animal specimens.

Hypothesis: . NA

Materials / Subjects / Specimens: . Light microscope . Prepared slides featuring a cross-section of: - White Fish Blastudisc Cells - Sperm Smear Human - Ovary Maturing, Follicle Section . . See Table of Experiments . Methods / Tools / Instrumentation / Procedures: Mitosis vs. Meiosis . MS Slides depicting various stages of Mitosis and Meiosis were observed using a Light Microscope at various magnifications (400X and 600X). . Results were recorded as a visual and written description. . See Table of Experiments Gametogenesis . MS Slides ………………

Results All photographic and illustrative results are recorded in Tables….. Cell and structure sizes were estimated using the FOV cell size calculator….Attachment X See Table 1 and Graph 1 - comparison of cell sizes - The largest cell was the human oocyte cell, and the smallest cell was the sperm. Size Specimen (µm) human oocyte 126

whitefish 55 Sperm (spermatozoon) 11

. See Table 2 - Visual representation of stages of Mitosis in Whitefish and Onion Allium. . See Table 3, Drawing 3, 4, 5 - Visual representation of stages of Meiosis in Lily Anther.

of 7 0fa36ef76c75a21a023aa25a44cf24ac.doc Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Spring 2013 Section: 55244 / 61816 4 Units Class Location: UVC1, 3 and 7 St. Helena Days / Time: F 9:00 AM – 11:50 AM LEC F 1:00 PM – 3:50 PM LAB 55244 M 9:00 AM – 11;50 AM LAB 61816 Course Overview Instructor: RIDDELL . See Drawings 1, 2 - Visual representation of human sperm and human oocyte. - Sperm heads vary in shape and size. Sperm tails also vary in size.

Analysis / Discussion:

. Cells are very small in size, for both plants and animals. A microscope is needed to view each type. . New cells are formed by the division of living cells, through the process of Mitosis or Meiosis. . Mitosis is consists of 5 main stages

- Interphase: DNA is replicated - Prophase: DNA is condensed and packaged - Metaphase: when condensed chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell - Anaphase: when one copy of each chromosome goes to each pole of the cell - Telophase: when new nuclear membranes are formed around the chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs resulting in two daughter cells

. Meiosis resembles mitosis, but results in daughter cells with half the genetic information of the mother cell. This process occurs only in the gonads and is how the gametes, sperm and eggs, are made. . Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, meaning they have a defined nucleus. The nucleus Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane that surrounds the cell that allows for the cell to control what and how much of a substance may enter or exit the cell. . Plant cells are quite consistent in shape and size, but animal cells vary greatly in shape and size. . Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells, because they store extra glucose as starch. . Animal cells have centomeres but plant cells do not. . Animal cytokinesis involves cells pinching off, but plant cells form a cell plate/wall. . One of the primary differences between animal and plant cells is that plant cells have a cell membrane made up of cellulose. This helps the plant cell to accept large amounts of liquid through osmosis, without being destroyed. An animal cell does not have this cell wall, too much fluid would cause it the cell to pop. . Plant cells also are different from animal cells because they have chloroplasts that are used for photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into needed food for the plant. . Plant cells have a large vacuole, which exists in the cell’s cytoplasm. It usually takes up most of the room in the cell, and the membrane of the cell encircles it. It contains waste materials, water, and nutrients that can be used or secreted as necessary. Animal cells have small vacuoles, but never large single vacuole that takes up most of the space in plant cells.

Conclusions/Further Considerations: . Both plant and animal cells are very small. This high surface area to volume ratio helps keep the cell very efficient at allowing necessary substances to enter and/or exit the cell.

of 7 0fa36ef76c75a21a023aa25a44cf24ac.doc Biology 105 – Human Biology Session: Spring 2013 Section: 55244 / 61816 4 Units Class Location: UVC1, 3 and 7 St. Helena Days / Time: F 9:00 AM – 11:50 AM LEC F 1:00 PM – 3:50 PM LAB 55244 M 9:00 AM – 11;50 AM LAB 61816 Course Overview Instructor: RIDDELL

ATTACHMENTS

Summary / Formal / Conclusive Results / Tables, Charts 1. Table of Experiments: Mitosis Name of Experiment Materials Method Observation/Metric Results

Table 1, 2 Procedure 14.3 Light microscope, Microscopic Graph 1 (Mitosis in Animal Whitefish blastula Microscopic observation, Photograph 1 Cells) slide observation determining cell size Diagram 1

Table 1, 2 Graph 1 Procedure 14.3 Microscopic Photograph 1 (Mitosis in Plant Light microscope, Microscopic observation, Diagram 1 Cells) Onion root tip slide observation determining cell size Table of Experiments: Meiosis Light microscope, Sperm Smear Human slide, Ovary Procedure 15.1 Maturing Follicle Microscopic Table 1, 3 (Stages and Events Section slide, Microscopic observation, Graph 1 of Meiosis) Lily Anther Pollen observation determining cell size Photograph1 Tetrads slide Diagram 1 Drawing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2. Table 1: Size of Each Specimen in Micrometers (µm) Objective Power Magnifiction Length (mm) Specimen Count Size (um) 40 400 0.44 human oocyte 3.5 126 40 400 0.44 tetrad (one fourth) 20 22

40 400 0.44 whitefish 8 55 63 630 0.28 sperm (spermatozoon) 25 11

3. Graph 1: Size per Specimen in Micrometers (µm)

4. Table 2: Key phases of Mitosis, the cell division process, for both animal and plant.

Drawings / Diagrams / Photographs:

1. Diagram 1: Diameter in Millimeters of Magnification Settings

100X Diameter at Magnification: 50X = 3.5mm 400X 100X=1.75mm 400X=.44mm 630X 630X=.28mm

2. Drawing 1: Sperm at 630X

3. Drawing 2: Human Oocyte at 400X

4. Drawing 3: Tetrad

5. Drawing 4: Lily Anther Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I

6. Drawing 5: Lily Anther Meiosis II Telophase II Metaphase II

Notes: 1. Light microscope used was broken, and therefore may have slightly distorted the results.

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