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A Descriptive Cultural Study of Children's Play

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A Descriptive Cultural Study of Children's Play PRETEND PLAY IN NORTH TEHRAN Pretend Play of Young Children in North Tehran: A Descriptive Cultural Study of Children’s Play and Maternal Values by Behnaz Shahidi A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Maryl Gearhart, Chair Professor Susan Holloway Professor Geoffrey Saxe Professor Kaiping Peng Fall 2010 PRETEND PLAY IN NORTH TEHRAN PRETEND PLAY IN NORTH TEHRAN ABSTRACT Pretend Play of Young Children in North Tehran: A Descriptive Cultural Study of Children’s Play and Maternal Values by Behnaz Shahidi Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of California, Berkeley Professor Maryl Gearhart, Chair The findings of this descriptive study on the cultural aspects of the pretend play of upper middle class children in North Tehran are based on an-hour long interview with mothers of 38 young ( n = 17) and old ( n = 21) preschool children (half were girls). Influences of children’s daily activities, cultural and family values and Tehran city-life conditions on children’s pretend play were investigated. Children’s daily life influenced time available for play; mothers believed that play time had decreased due to increased participation at enrichment classes, more time spent watching TV, frequently going out along with mother, and reduced number of siblings and children in general. Children mostly played pretend indoors due to pollution and hazardous traffic. Despite dislike of clutter, mothers allowed children to play anywhere in the house as long as safe and comfortable. Children had a wide range of toys, which lend to all themes of play; mostly toys were related to Everyday Activities ; girls played as frequently with Family Care and boys with Fantasy toys. Mothers appreciated toys for increasing creativity and imagination, and child’s happiness and learning. Majority of children’s play partners were relatives and grownups. Their non-relative play partners were children’s of mother’s friends, and a few played with neighbors. Most mothers wished the child had more young play partners, however, would not invite a play partner if unsure of homogeneity of family values. Children’s themes of play were mostly related to everyday activities. Girls, in addition, frequently played Family Care and boys Fantasy Themes and Danger in Environment. Themes did not vary by age, however, younger children more frequently engaged in thematic play. Mothers disliked themes of violence. Mothers’ perceived social functions of play were mostly related to bonding with relatives, having a fulfilling and enjoyable time, and learning appropriate social values and behaviors. They also valued increasing creativity and imagination. They believed that pretend play is essential for children’s development and its deprivation will have negative developmental consequences. 1 PRETEND PLAY IN NORTH TEHRAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. i List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................ vii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of Research ............................................................................................................ 1 Review of Literature ........................................................................................................... 2 Culture and pretend play ......................................................................................... 2 Sociocultural theories and play. .............................................................................. 2 Vygotsky's sociocultural theories ............................................................... 2 Bronfenbrenner's ecology of human development ..................................... 4 Dimensions of play studied in cross-cultural research ........................................... 7 Physical ecology ......................................................................................... 7 Interpersonal context ................................................................................... 9 Content ........................................................................................................ 9 Social function .......................................................................................... 10 Social interaction ...................................................................................... 10 Study proposal ...................................................................................................... 11 Method .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Participants ........................................................................................................................ 12 Recruiting .............................................................................................................. 14 Parent demographics ............................................................................................. 14 Mothers' demographics ............................................................................. 14 Fathers' education level and profession .................................................... 15 Materials. .......................................................................................................................... 16 Interview content .................................................................................................. 16 Procedures ......................................................................................................................... 17 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Daily Lives of Young Children in Tehran ........................................................................ 18 Physical Ecology ............................................................................................................... 21 Play areas .............................................................................................................. 21 City of Tehran ........................................................................................... 22 Children's living and play environments .................................................. 23 Mothers' evaluation of play area benefits and disadvantages ................... 26 Toys....................................................................................................................... 28 Toys in the market .................................................................................... 28 Children's favorite toys ............................................................................. 28 Mothers’ evaluation of toys ...................................................................... 30 Summary ................................................................................................... 35 Interpersonal Context ........................................................................................................ 36 Relative and non-relative play partners ................................................................ 36 Children and grownup play partners ..................................................................... 39 i PRETEND PLAY IN NORTH TEHRAN Frequency of pretend play with play partners. ...................................................... 39 Siblings ..................................................................................................... 39 Mothers ..................................................................................................... 40 Factors influencing occurrence and frequency of mother-child play ................... 41 Who introduced theme of mother-child play? ..................................................... 42 Fathers ....................................................................................................... 42 Grandmothers ............................................................................................ 43 Grandfathers .............................................................................................. 44 Cousins ...................................................................................................... 44 Aunt and uncles......................................................................................... 45 Children of mothers' friends ..................................................................... 45 Neighboring children ................................................................................ 45 Preschool peers ......................................................................................... 45 Mothers'
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