Legacy, 1963-1993
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" LEGACY, 1963-1993 Thirty Years of African-American Students at Duke University THE % *j iw-ar TJ mmim »*-»1 LwHuKi! In m JprBy '^* 1 OK eHa 1 m n ' ^^^^^^w' H; I •? T;'""" *<-l i Duke University Office ofthe University Vice President eS Vice Provost Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Duke University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/legacy19631993th00duke Legacy, 1963-1993 Copyright © 1995 Duke University All rights reserved. All photographs and documents associated with the history ol Duke University are from the Duke University Archives. All of the stall generously gave time and assis- tance to make this book as accurate as possible. Any errors that may exist should be attributed to us and not to them. The section "The First Five Undergraduates" was written by Bridget Booher and was first published in the September-October, 1992 issue of the Duke Magazine. Research and compilation of manuscript by Tracy Ainsworth and Gail A. Williams Copyediting, cover and text design, desktop publishing, and print production by Neylan G. Allebaugh The African ornaments used throughout the book were designed by Michelle Dixon ol Santa Barbara, California. They are derived Irom the art ol the Ashanti, Masai, Zulu, Bushongo, and many other tribes. The data tor the two appendixes was produced, cheerfully and in just the right for- mat, by George Smith of Alumni Development Office and Judy Pope of University Development Office. Many thanks for their able assistance. Front cover illustrations: The first three graduates — Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke, Nathaniel White, Jr., and Mary Mitchell Harris Thirtieth Anniversary logo, designed by Gail A. Williams Back cover illustrations, from top left, clockwise: The banner on the door, Allen Building Takeover, February 13, 1969 The statue of James B. Duke, with "Support the Vigil" sign in hand, Silent Vigil, April 5-11, 1968 Students marching to the president's house, Silent Vigil Meeting outside Allen Building in teargas cloud, Allen Building Takeover Legacy, 1963-1993: Thirty Years of African-American Students at Duke University Published by Duke University, Office of the University Vice President ej Vice Pnnvjt, 1995 This book is dedicated to the life and work of Julian Francis Abele, the architect of the Duke campus, whose black identity became widely known only as recently as in 1988. Julian Francis Abele 1881-1950 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Anyone who has published a book knows that it is a collaborative enter- prise. Certainly a book such as this one has benefited greatly from the co- operation, assistance, wisdom, and generosity of many people. It is not possible to name all of the people who have contributed, in one way or another, to the work that has gone into this book. I would like to mention several people whose vision and support made the book possible. Credit lor the idea of a commemorative event in recog- nition of the first thirty years of black students at Duke grew out of a con- versation I had with Professor Jerome Culp of Duke University Law School at the ACC tournament in the spring of 1992. President H. Keith H. Brodie enthusiastically supported the idea and appointed the planning committee that I chaired. Those persons who have made special contributions to this book have been mentioned elsewhere in the book. I would like to make note here of the invaluable help and support received from Mr. Laney Funderburk, as- sociate vice president and director of alumni affairs, Mr. John Burness, senior vice president for public affairs, Mr. William King, the archivist for Duke University', and Professor Emeritus Jack J. Preiss for the much- needed thoughtful review and feedback on the manuscript tor this book. The contributions of Dr. Brenda Armstrong and the dav-to-dav atten- tion to this project by my executive assistant Michael L. Hunt were indis- pensable to the successful completion of this project. — Leonard C. Beckum 9 CONTENTS Foreword / John Hope Franklin I Introduction / Leonard C. Beckum 3 A Letter from the President / Nannerl O. Keohane 5 Thirtieth Anniversary Committee Statement 6 Comments on the Thirtieth Year Commemoration 7 I HISTORY OF INTEGRATION A Timeline of Key Events I 3 A Brief History of Duke University 18 A Look to the Past / Jack J. Preiss 1 Policy Changes 21 The First Five Undergraduates 3 I Student Activism 37 2 THIRTIETH ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIVE EVENTS List of Events 49 Welcoming Reception 5 I Thirtieth Anniversary House Course, "Race and Education" 52 House-Course Speaker Series 54 3 PROFILES OF A FEW ALUMNI, FACULTY, & ADMINISTRATORS 59 Brenda Armstrong / Leonard C. Beckum Ben|amin Franklin Chavis, Jr. / Kenneth Chestnut / Samuel Dubois Cook / Philip R. Cousin, Sr. / Maureen Cullins Johnny Dawkins / Janet Smith Dickerson William C. Turner 4 WHERE WE ARE NOW Institutional Policies 71 African-American Student Life 73 Black Faculty Initiative Update 75 Afterword 77 Appendix A: List of All Blacks Who Received Undergraduate Degrees at Duke 79 Appendix B: List of All Blacks Who Received Graduate Degrees at Duke 92 Thirtieth Anniversary Committee HONORARY CHAIRPERSONS The Honorable Dan T. Blue, Jr., Law '73; Speaker, N.C. House of Representatives Julius L. Chambers, Chancellor, North Carolina Central University Samuel DuBois Cook, President, Dillard University; Trustee, Duke University Johnny Dawkins, 86, Philadelphia 76ers Basketball Team Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke, '67, Associate Dean of Law School, Syracuse University; Trustee, Duke University Benjamin Rutfin, Vice President tor Corporate Affairs, R. J. Reynolds/Nabisco Corporation Man' Duke Biddle Trent Semans, '39, Chairperson, The Duke Endowment Board of Trustees PLANNING COMMITTEE Brenda E. Armstrong, M.D., '70, Associate Professor of Pediatrics Leonard C. Beckum, Ph.D., Chairperson, University Vice President and Vice Provost Dan T. Blue, III, '95, B. N. Duke Scholar, School of Engineering John F. Burness, Senior Vice President for Public Affairs Sana Coleman, '94 Maureen D. Cullins, '76, Acting Director, The Office tor Intercultural Affairs Jerome M. Gulp, Professor of Law Janet Smith Dickerson, Vice President for Student Affairs M. Laney Funderburk, Jr., '60, Associate Vice President/Director, Alumni Affairs Angela C. Gore, '94, Co- President of Reginaldo Howard Memorial Scholarship Organization William J. Griffith, '50, Vice President Emeritus Michael L. Hunt, Executive Assistant to University Vice President and Vice Provost George W. Jordan, III, '93, Co-President of Reginaldo Howard Alemorial Scholarship Organization Jon J. Phelps, Director, Bryan Center William C. Turner, Jr., Ph.D., '70, Director, Black Church Affairs Gail A. Williams, Career Specialist, Career Development Center Janice G. Williams, '71, School Social Worker, Durham Public Schools 'All titles and affiliations are listed as of Julv 1993. Foreword JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN Jamu B. Duke ProfeMor Emeritus oj History In the long sweep ot human history, Duke University is a mere fledgling institution, even it one takes into considera- tion its predecessor, Trinity College. The presence of African Americans as matriculants dates back only thirty years, a mere yesterday. But it was a "yesterday" long in the making. More than a halt century ago, when I was teaching at what is now North Carolina Central University and was a frequent user of the Duke University Library, Dr. Nannie Tillev or one of her assistants would regularly call to inform me ot any changes in the hours of the library ened. At some point along the way, the more serious acad- due to holidays or university vacations. This was to me a emics at Duke and elsewhere began to realize that the ex- "good sign" that Duke could, even would, make the transi- clusion ot African Americans solely on the basis of race tion from exclusion to inclusion. was not only specious and anti-intellectual but contrary to The forces that brought about racial inclusion were the very principles on which the university was founded. legal, political, and economic — among others. When the In the three decades that African Americans have been United States Supreme Court outlawed segregation in the a part of the life of Duke University as students, profes- public schools in Brown v. Board of Education and in higher sors, and officers, this educational enterprise has moved education in SweaJtl v. Painter and other landmark cases, the closer to the true mission of any institution ot its kind. It doors of all schools were opened, if only to a small degree. no longer needs to expend its energy denying the obvious When African Americans and others who believed in equal and supporting untenable positions that fly in the face of opportunity began to urge elected officials at every level to truth and reason. In 1965, when I was riding the bus one open the doors of public colleges and universities, they Sunday morning from Durham to Greensboro, a white made it clear that they would support their views at the mother, father, and their two small children boarded the ballot box. When it became clear that at least some white bus at a rural stop. The children immediately ran to the students were not so much interested in race as in acade- back of the bus and climbed on to the broad back seat and mic qualifications and human qualities, admission policies were obviously delighted to watch the receding landscape at Duke and other all-white colleges and universities be- as the bus moved forward. I remarked to myself that at last came more amenable to the principle of racial inclusion. those children as well as their parents were free to sit When various economic dispensations opened the univer- where they pleased. The Civil Rights Act of the previous sity to less-privileged students, the arguments against the year had not only made it possible tor blacks to sit any- admission of African Americans were significantly weak- where, but removed the constraints from whites as well.