Legacy, 1963-1993

LEGACY, 1963-1993

Thirty Years of African-American Students at Duke University

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Duke University Office ofthe University Vice President eS Vice Provost Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2011 with funding from Duke University Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/legacy19631993th00duke

All photographs and documents associated with the history ol Duke University are from the Duke University Archives. All of the stall generously gave time and assistance to make this book as accurate as possible. Any errors that may exist should be attributed to us and not to them.

The section "The First Five Undergraduates" was written by Bridget Booher and was first published in the September-October, 1992 issue of the Duke Magazine.

Research and compilation of manuscript by Tracy Ainsworth and Gail A. Williams

Copyediting, cover and text design, desktop publishing, and print production by Neylan G. Allebaugh

The African ornaments used throughout the book were designed by Michelle Dixon ol Santa Barbara, California. They are derived Irom the art ol the Ashanti, Masai, Zulu, Bushongo, and many other tribes.

The data tor the two appendixes was produced, cheerfully and in just the right for- mat, by George Smith of Alumni Development Office and Judy Pope of University Development Office. Many thanks for their able assistance.

Front cover illustrations:

The first three graduates — Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke, Nathaniel White, Jr., and Mary Mitchell Harris Thirtieth Anniversary logo, designed by Gail A. Williams

Back cover illustrations, from top left, clockwise:

The banner on the door, Allen Building Takeover, February 13, 1969 The statue of James B. Duke, with "Support the Vigil" sign in hand, Silent Vigil, April 5-11, 1968 Students marching to the president's house, Silent Vigil

Meeting outside Allen Building in teargas cloud, Allen Building Takeover Legacy, 1963-1993: Thirty Years of African-American

Students at Duke University

Published by Duke University, Office of the University Vice President ej Vice Pnnvjt, 1995

This book is dedicated to

the life and work

of Julian Francis Abele,

the architect of the Duke

campus, whose black identity

became widely known only as

recently as in 1988.

Julian Francis Abele 1881-1950 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Anyone who has published a book knows that it is a collaborative enterprise. Certainly a book such as this one has benefited greatly from the cooperation, assistance, wisdom, and generosity of many people.

It is not possible to name all of the people who have contributed, in one way or another, to the work that has gone into this book.

I would like to mention several people whose vision and support made the book possible. Credit lor the idea of a commemorative event in recognition of the first thirty years of black students at Duke grew out of a con- versation I had with Professor Jerome Culp of Duke University Law School at the ACC tournament in the spring of 1992. President H. Keith H. Brodie enthusiastically supported the idea and appointed the planning committee that I chaired. Those persons who have made special contributions to this book have been mentioned elsewhere in the book. I would like to make note here of the invaluable help and support received from Mr. Laney Funderburk, associate vice president and director of alumni affairs, Mr. John Burness, senior vice president for public affairs, Mr. William King, the archivist for Duke University', and Professor Emeritus Jack J. Preiss for the much- needed thoughtful review and feedback on the manuscript tor this book. The contributions of Dr. Brenda Armstrong and the dav-to-dav attention to this project by my executive assistant Michael L. Hunt were indis- pensable to the successful completion of this project. — Leonard C. Beckum 9

CONTENTS

Foreword / John Hope Franklin I

Introduction / Leonard C. Beckum 3

A Letter from the President / Nannerl O. Keohane 5 Thirtieth Anniversary Committee Statement 6 Comments on the Thirtieth Year Commemoration 7

I HISTORY OF INTEGRATION

A Timeline of Key Events I 3 A Brief History of Duke University 18

A Look to the Past / Jack J. Preiss 1 Policy Changes 21

The First Five Undergraduates 3 I Student Activism 37

2 THIRTIETH ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIVE EVENTS List of Events 49

Welcoming Reception 5 I Thirtieth Anniversary House Course, "Race and Education" 52 House-Course Speaker Series 54

3 PROFILES OF A FEW ALUMNI, FACULTY, & ADMINISTRATORS 59

Brenda Armstrong / Leonard C. Beckum

Ben|amin Franklin Chavis, Jr. / Kenneth Chestnut / Samuel

Dubois Cook / Philip R. Cousin, Sr. / Maureen Cullins

Johnny Dawkins / Janet Smith Dickerson William C. Turner

4 WHERE WE ARE NOW Institutional Policies 71 African-American Student Life 73 Black Faculty Initiative Update 75

Afterword 77

Appendix A: List of All Blacks Who Received Undergraduate Degrees at Duke 79

Appendix B: List of All Blacks Who Received Graduate Degrees at Duke 92 Thirtieth Anniversary Committee

HONORARY CHAIRPERSONS The Honorable Dan T. Blue, Jr., Law '73; Speaker, N.C. House of Representatives Julius L. Chambers, Chancellor, North Carolina Central University Samuel DuBois Cook, President, Dillard University; Trustee, Duke University Johnny Dawkins, 86, Philadelphia 76ers Basketball Team Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke, '67, Associate Dean of Law School, Syracuse University; Trustee, Duke University Benjamin Rutfin, Vice President tor Corporate Affairs, R. J. Reynolds/Nabisco Corporation Man' Duke Biddle Trent Semans, '39, Chairperson, The Duke Endowment Board of Trustees

PLANNING COMMITTEE Brenda E. Armstrong, M.D., '70, Associate Professor of Pediatrics Leonard C. Beckum, Ph.D., Chairperson, University Vice President and Vice Provost

Dan T. Blue, III, '95, B. N. Duke Scholar, School of Engineering John F. Burness, Senior Vice President for Public Affairs Sana Coleman, '94 Maureen D. Cullins, '76, Acting Director, The Office tor Intercultural Affairs Jerome M. Gulp, Professor of Law Janet Smith Dickerson, Vice President for Student Affairs M. Laney Funderburk, Jr., '60, Associate Vice President/Director, Alumni Affairs Angela C. Gore, '94, Co- President of Reginaldo Howard Memorial Scholarship Organization William J. Griffith, '50, Vice President Emeritus Michael L. Hunt, Executive Assistant to University Vice President and Vice Provost

George W. Jordan, III, '93, Co-President of Reginaldo Howard Alemorial Scholarship Organization Jon J. Phelps, Director, Bryan Center William C. Turner, Jr., Ph.D., '70, Director, Black Church Affairs Gail A. Williams, Career Specialist, Career Development Center Janice G. Williams, '71, School Social Worker, Durham Public Schools

'All titles and affiliations are listed as of Julv 1993. Foreword

JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN

Jamu B. Duke ProfeMor Emeritus oj History

In the long sweep ot human history, Duke University is a

mere fledgling institution, even it one takes into considera-

tion its predecessor, Trinity College. The presence of African Americans as matriculants dates back only thirty years, a mere yesterday. But it was a "yesterday" long in

the making. More than a halt century ago, when I was

teaching at what is now North Carolina Central University and was a frequent user of the Duke University Library, Dr. Nannie Tillev or one of her assistants would regularly

call to inform me ot any changes in the hours of the library ened. At some point along the way, the more serious acad- due to holidays or university vacations. This was to me a emics at Duke and elsewhere began to realize that the ex- "good sign" that Duke could, even would, make the transi- clusion ot African Americans solely on the basis of race tion from exclusion to inclusion. was not only specious and anti-intellectual but contrary to The forces that brought about racial inclusion were the very principles on which the university was founded. legal, political, and economic — among others. When the In the three decades that African Americans have been

United States Supreme Court outlawed segregation in the a part of the life of Duke University as students, profes-

public schools in Brown v. Board of Education and in higher sors, and officers, this educational enterprise has moved

education in SweaJtl v. Painter and other landmark cases, the closer to the true mission of any institution ot its kind. It

doors of all schools were opened, if only to a small degree. no longer needs to expend its energy denying the obvious

When African Americans and others who believed in equal and supporting untenable positions that fly in the face of

opportunity began to urge elected officials at every level to truth and reason. In 1965, when I was riding the bus one open the doors of public colleges and universities, they Sunday morning from Durham to Greensboro, a white

made it clear that they would support their views at the mother, father, and their two small children boarded the

ballot box. When it became clear that at least some white bus at a rural stop. The children immediately ran to the students were not so much interested in race as in acade- back of the bus and climbed on to the broad back seat and mic qualifications and human qualities, admission policies were obviously delighted to watch the receding landscape

at Duke and other all-white colleges and universities be- as the bus moved forward. I remarked to myself that at last

came more amenable to the principle of racial inclusion. those children as well as their parents were free to sit When various economic dispensations opened the univer- where they pleased. The Civil Rights Act of the previous

sity to less-privileged students, the arguments against the year had not only made it possible tor blacks to sit any- admission of African Americans were significantly weak- where, but removed the constraints from whites as well.

LEGACY, 1963-1993 Vb When Matthew A. Zimmerman, Jr., was one of the first two African-American students admitted to Duke Univer- sity, he was part of the liberation of Duke University that the faculty' and trustees had initiated two years earlier. He made legitimate the presence of African Americans on Duke campus that Julian Abele had begun when he designed the West campus a generation earlier. The process begun on those occasions has continued so that now on the thirtieth anniversary of that liberation, Duke University is as free as were those two children who climbed on the back seat of the bus back in 1965.

<^{? LEGACY. 1963-1993 Introduction

LEONARD C. BECKUM

I 'niiYr.iily I 'ice President ej \'uv Piwo.it

Chair, Thirtieth Anniversary Committer

On behalf of the Thirtieth Anniversary Committee, I welcome vou to our commemoration of thirty years of African- American students at Duke University. These pages are

filled with the accomplishments of African-American students who have contributed to the university's national reputation for academic and athletic excellence, public service, and personal achievement. African-American alumni who challenged the institution to confront the issues of racial justice have extended their leadership into law, poli-

tics, medicine, education, and other fields. We raise these individuals as shining emblems of African-American excellence at Duke, but we also recog- African-American academics, artists, musicians, poets, and nize the greater importance of the collective spirit. The performers. We have created an academic context for the Silent Vigil, the Allen Building Takeover, and the creation discussion of race by developing a house course for under- of a Black Student Alliance demonstrate the importance of graduates. We have brought prominent speakers to cam- group unity and solidarity. In many ways, the history of pus to educate, inspire, and challenge both the Duke com- African-American students at Duke has mirrored the munity and the larger community. Let us look upon the historv of African Americans in society at large. thirtieth anniversary not merely as a self-congratulatory

This institution's record and its response to the struggles event, but as an opportunity to pause — to evaluate the suc- for integration and inclusion also gives us moments of cesses and accomplishments of the past, and to envision pride, such as when we read Booker T. Washington's the future.

statement in his classic autobiography, Upfrom Slavery, that This publication is our attempt to provide a historical

Trinity College was the first white institution in the South record of the Thirtieth Anniversary Commemoration and to invite him to speak on campus, or when we recall the to begin to give voice to a story which demands to be told, fact that the students of the Divinity School petitioned tor the history of African- American students at Duke Univer-

the admission of Negroes to the university as early as in sity. We have tried to be as thorough as possible in our re- the 1940s. search and presentation but acknowledge that much has

Throughout 1993, we hosted a wide range of events de- been left out. The history of African Americans at Duke is signed to promote exploration of issues important to far too rich in accomplishments, contributions, and strug- African Americans. We have celebrated the talents of gles to be included in this small booklet.

LEGACY, 1963-1993 **> The work of administrators such as Deryl Hart, Barnes Woodhall, Tommy Langford, and Taylor Cole, as well as that of professors such as Peter Klopter, Fred Herzog, Waldo Beach, and Harmon Smith contributed to significant steps taken by this university toward integration. The fact that their numerous efforts go unmentioned in this book should in no way suggest a slighting of their spirit or work, but rather should illustrate the limitations of a project such as this one. We hope one day to undertake a project of much larger scope, one that will allow for a more comprehensive analy-

sis of African-American participation at Duke. This com-

memorative summary of the first thirty years in which students have been at Duke does not address the history and struggles of the employees whose presence at Duke pre-

dates the admittance of the first black students and contin-

ues to have its own story.

£$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 A Letter from the President

NANNERL O. KEOHANE

It is good to have the opportunity to share in the commemoration of the first African-American students at Duke

University, and in the celebration of their achievements.

The call for civil rights in the early sixties presented a clear challenge to the university's traditional mores, and an even clearer appeal to the fundamental principles of truth and service on which the university was founded. In taking up that challenge and acknowledging the strength of that appeal, we became a stronger institution, better prepared for a position of leadership in the region, the country, and As President, I join with everyone in the Duke commu- the world. When the decision was made to welcome nity' in commemorating the history launched by these pio- African-American students, the university began to remove neers, and accept the responsibility for continuing their the academic, social, and cultural barriers to success for work. Together we can ensure that Duke University will these students at Duke. As a result of this deliberate trans- be a place where future generations of African Americans, formation, the university became more intellectually vi- and indeed all students, will enjoy a rich, diverse, and chal- brant, culturally diverse, and socially conscious. lenging educational experience. From the Hope Valley Protest and the Allen Building Takeover to the Black Faculty Initiative, the history of African Americans on the Duke campus has been punctuated by reminders that the struggle for justice is far from complete. These events were a stimulus for many of the university's most difficult, yet most necessary, changes.

In saluting the first thirty years of African-American students at Duke University, we are challenged to build upon a legacy of remarkable achievement. We celebrate the triumph of those first students, many of whom remain active, proud contributors to university life. Their sacrifices, their accomplishments, their example of en- durance, productivity, and allegiance to Duke, are price- less gifts to this university.

LEGACY, 1963-1993 **> Thirtieth Anniversary Committee Statement

In 1992, then-Prudent H. Keith H. Brodlc charged a university committee to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary ofAfrican-American students at Duke. One of the first tasks of this committee was to write a mission statement.

THIRTY YEARS OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS vancement ot knowledge. Duke has accepted the mandate

AT DUKE UNIVERSITY to prepare its students to live and work in a world where the contributions of African Americans and other peoples The Board of Trustees of Duke University made the mo- of color are acknowledged and celebrated. mentous decision to open its doors to the first African- We begin a yearlong commemoration of the thirty years American graduate students in 1961 and to undergraduate of African-American students at Duke University. In so students in 1962, perhaps without knowing the far-reach- doing, we will celebrate the significant achievements of ing impact that this decision would have in shaping the African-American students, faculty, and employees and history of the university. These decisions, in keeping with their contributions to this university. We will address the Duke's vision to provide the best academic preparation for continuing challenges that lace Duke and other major in- the leaders of the future, acknowledged the changing fab- stitutions as they struggle to put into practice the concep- ric of the cadre ot leaders who would take Duke and our tual ideal ot diversity. We will provide for the university a world to the threshold ot greatness. In opening its doors to lasting documentation of the history' of African Americans African Americans, Duke accepted its role as a leader in at Duke and their accomplishments that enhanced Duke's the South as well as in the nation in forging an agenda lor unique contributions to social and economic progress. We the pursuit of academic excellence, the tostering ol social will provide numerous opportunities tor all members ot the awareness, and the promotion ot diversity' in a multicul- university community to come together to celebrate the tural society. significant achievements ot the first thirty years of black The integration of the university has been no easier than students in all aspects of university life. We will reflect that ot society in general. The entrance of African-Ameri- upon our struggles both past and present, honor those who can students at Duke tested and shaped Duke's character made substantial sacrifices to insure that Duke will con- in all aspects ot university' lite — academics, student aftairs, tinue to be an open institution where diverse voices and cultural diversity, political consciousness. The trustees' de- expressions will be tolerated and encouraged. We will con- cision to open Duke's doors to all students regardless of sider the challenges that the incorporation of African- race created an environment that confronts the formidable American students and other students of color present to challenge ot appropriate incorporation of diversity in all us as we face Duke's next century. aspects of university lite. Through thirty years of increas- The first African-American students at Duke have pro- ing numbers of African-American students, Duke has vided us an enduring legacy of achievement through strug- moved toward a university ethic that accepts the challenge gle and challenge. Their legacy of pride will stay with us as of bringing together students from multiple cultural back- a blueprint tor generations to come. grounds and experiences tor further education and ad-

<±S? LEGACY. 1963-1993 Comments on the Thirtieth Year Commemoration

H. KEITH H. BRODIE, M.D. us how our university and our nation are enriched and ex- President of Duke University, 1985-93 panded by African Americans in every area of endeavor.

James ft. Duke ProfeMor ofPsychiatry MARY DUKE BIDDLE TRENT SEMANS In 1993, for the first time, Chairman, Duke Endowment; Trustee Emerita Duke University officially

commemorated the his- The thirtieth anniversary of African-American students at

toric decision of our Duke is indeed a date to celebrate. Our mood must be one trustees to open this acad- of "dancing in the streets." Duke took a required step on

emic community to all ap- the way to becoming a world-class institution, and integra-

plicants regardless of race, tion made the university "whole." I firmly believe that the creed, or national origin. founding family would be pleased.

In the fall of 1961 the first

African-American stu- LANEY M. FUNDERBURK, JR.

dents admitted tor gradu- Associate Vice President, Department of ate and professional edu- Alumni Affairs ana Development cation at Duke were The activities and publicity surrounding the thirtieth an- welcomed to campus, and niversary of the admission of African-American under- in the fall of 1963, our graduate students to Duke University in 1963 provided a hrst African-American undergraduates arrived. wonderful outreach to African-American alumni. The Reg- The special events scheduled throughout calendar year gie Howard Scholarship Dinner was my particular assign- 1993 have served to remind us that these important steps ment and I was pleased with the positive response to the toward removing the barriers that have hindered persons dinner and to the appeal for funds to support the Howard of color in our society tor generations were taken at Duke Scholarship. The African-American alumni who attended only a generation ago. When I asked Dr. Leonard Beckum the Howard Dinner and met the Howard family and to chair the Thirtieth Anniversary Committee, it was with Duke's senior administrative leadership were very im- the hope that we might all take a lesson from the too-short pressed with the university's commitment to them and to history of African-American students at Duke, a lesson the program. Other campus events planned by the commit- that social justice even in our own community can never be tee recognized African-American alumni and their achieve- taken for granted. I believe that Dr. Beckum and the comments and invited alumni to campus to celebrate their rela- mittee have succeeded in doing more — in highlighting lor

LEGACY, 1963-1993 SM> tionship with Duke University. I believe this was the most and exhilarating. We sincerely applaud and reciprocate the important outreach to African-American alumni during my embrace ofor our community! twelve-year tenure as director of alumni affairs, and the most meaningful. BRENDA E. ARMSTRONG, 70 Addociate Profedsoroj Pediatrics MAUREEN D. CULLINS, 76

Unfinished business . . . That's what these past thirty years Adjutant Vice President eSDean are all about. Finishing what we started in 1963 when the

It was a special honor to work with the committee that first African-American students crossed the threshold of planned the commemoration of thirty years of African- Amer- Duke University with the same hopes for a collegiate expe- ican students at Duke University. This past year's events rience as their majority counterparts. As a member of the have brought into sharp relief the many changes that have third class of African Americans at Duke in 1966, I had no taken place for students of color and those things that have idea that the experience that I embarked upon would dra- yet to change. Duke was and continues to be a challenge to matically change my life. I didn't know that it would set those of us who appreciate the university's potential for sin- my course, ignite (or unleash) such passion about the enti- cerely engaging the issues of race and race relations. As an tlement of African Americans at Duke, and link my own alumna of the class of 1976, I have seen the university from personal history so inextricably to this institution. both the perspective of an undergraduate student and that of My undergraduate years at Duke, 1966—70, were turbu- an administrator. The confluence of these perspectives gives lent ones, personally and institutionally- Perhaps without me confidence in the university's continued commitment to realizing the significant "culture clash" that the attempt at enhancing the educational experiences for all students. It is integration would bring, Duke began the process of in- mv hope that the university will continue the dialogue begun creasing its numbers of African Americans, the first "un- by the commemorative anniversary events and continue derrepresented" minority group at Duke University. What Duke's tradition of excellence. followed in the matriculation of over one hundred African-

Thanks for the opportunity to comment on what I American students in that period were the predictable de- thought was a great piece of work. velopments of a second world. The world of African-Amer- ican students, who created a social, cultural, and political LISA BORDERS-MARBURY, 79, Prudent, DUBAC base through which they moved, interfaced with and con- JANICE G. WILLIAMS, 72, DUBAC Planning Committee fronted a hostile larger community at Duke. The emer- gence of the African-American community, and the failure The thirtieth anniversary was a historical and unique event. to respond to the social, cultural, and political environment The opportunity to participate in this occasion was de facto that spawned its development, set in motion the events that recognition of and appreciation for the contributions to would lead to the most significant period of campus ac- Duke's heritage by the African-American constituency. We tivism in Duke's history. It provided the impetus for the have consistently maintained that our talents, efforts and en- Hope Valley Study-In at Dr. Knight's office. It created ergies have been given as "a labor of love" tor the university. "Black Week," the yearly weeklong celebration of the Acknowledgment by our institution was both heartwarming magnificence of Africa and African-American culture at

<±s? LEGACY, 1963-1993 Duke. It was the inspiration tor the Silent Vigil that united many seemingly disparate yet impassioned voices for un- derprivileged people at multiple levels of the university hi- erarchy. It was the voice of all the pain that we experienced at the death ol Martin Luther King; and it was the genius that seized the momentum from Black Week 1969 to bring Duke's African-American community together as one to make a stand at Allen Building on February 13, 1969, a stand that would change the course of Duke's destiny and indelibly mark our place tor all time in this institution s history.

JON J. PHELPS

Director, AMOciate Vice Prejwent for Student Affairs

As some of us realized at the time, the civil rights revolution of the 1960s was the most important sociological transfor- mation in America since the Civil War — or perhaps ever. Thank God there were leaders like Mary Semans and Jack Preiss and Peter Klopfer and Dan Tosteson and Harmon Smith and Ned Opton and Paul Hardin and Sam Cook and Brenda Armstrong and Ben Ruffin and Frank Ashmore and

Bill Turner and so many others, who made sure that Duke University stayed abreast of those crucial times. And thank God again for this archival history of our proudest period — the first time that we helped lead the rest of the world into a whole new era.

LEGACY, 1963-1993 9X>

Chapter 1 History of Integration

Mary Mitchell Harris, Gene Kendall, Cassandra Smith A Timeline ofKey Events Rush, and Nathaniel White, Jr.

• September 1963. Delano Merriwether is the first African American to enroll in the School of Medicine.

• Academic year 1963-64. Mary Mitchell Harris is the first

African-American student on the dean's list. 1961 1964 • March 8, 1961. The board of trustees announces that students will be admitted to the university graduate and • April 12, 1964. Samuel D. Proctor is the first African professional schools without regard to race, creed, or na- American to preach at Duke Chapel. tional origin. • November 17, 1964. Dr. Martin Luther King addresses

• September 1961. Ruben Lee Speakes is the first Afriean- the university community at Page Auditorium. Amencan student to enroll in classes in the Divinity

School; Speakes is admitted as a special student, as he has already received a divinity degree elsewhere.

• September 1961. Walter Thaniel Johnson, Jr., and

David Robinson are the first African-American students to enroll in the Law School.

1962

• September 1962. Matthew A. Zimmerman and Donald

Ballard are the first two African-American students to enroll in the Divinity School as official degree candidates; James Eaton, Ida Stephens Owens (Physiology Ph.D. '67), and Odell Richardson Reuben (Theology Ph.D. '69) are the first African-American students to enroll in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

• June 2, 1962. The board of trustees announces that un- 1966 dergraduate students will be admitted without regard to race. • Dr. Samuel DuBois Cook becomes Duke University's first African-American faculty member. He enters the po-

1963 litical science department as a visiting professor and subse-

quently is appointed a full professor. • September 1963. Five African- American undergraduates enter as first vear students: Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke,

Integration ^> 1 1967 • Academic year 1967—68. C. B. Claiborne, '69, is the first African-American member of the Duke University basket- • Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke is the first African-American ball team. May Queen.

• Hope Valley Study-In, November 13, 1967. Thirty-five U members of the Afro-American Society stage a daylong

l«ol. Slot*. Spoit*, study-in protest in the lobby of President Knight's office, f MoreH «do . 3. I«67 Durham T itlornincj JFcroli) Mori efi. Cloiul*J & toJ.o denouncing the use of segregated facilities by university vlegro Coed Named Duke'May Queen organizations, and the membership of key university officers, including President Knight, in the segregated

._-...._. U^.T=2."= Hope Valley Country Club.

Bypass Opponents Say Vote 1968 One Way To Alter Proposal • The Afro-American Society is established as the first Group Adopts Name, Storts Petitions Drive black student association. Later, the name of the organiza-

tion is to change first to Association of African Students and then, in 1976, to Black Student Alliance. • Bishop Philip R. Cousin becomes the hrst Arrican-Amer- • A Silent Vigil, April 5—11, 1968. Following a memorial lcan faculty member at the Divinity School. service for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., one day after his • Mary Mitchell Harris, Nathaniel White, Jr., and Wil- assassination, hundreds helmina Reuben-Cooke receive their undergraduate de- of students — black and grees, as the first African- American Duke students to do so. white — gathered in the quad to protest Duke's discriminatory policies. The primary issues that emerged were unionization, wages, and working conditions of the maids, janitors, and dining hall workers. By

the time the vigil ended

on April 11, an agree- ment was reached for increases in salary for the workers.

14 $4) LEGACY, 1963-1993 5

• October 1968. African- American students present the • Black Studies Program is instituted at Duke after much administration with twelve points of concern. Concerns in- discussion and delay. Walter Burford is to be named pro- clude black enrollment levels, the low number of black fac- gram head in 1970. ultv members, and the continuing membership of key uni- • Office of Black Affairs is established. Later, its name is versity officials in segregated facilities. to change to Office of Minority Affairs, and, in 1993, to Office of Intercultural Altairs. 1969

• Black Week speakers include poet Carl Wayne Carter, 1974

Jr., local black community leader and organizer Howard • The university's first predominantly black fraternity, the Fuller, activists Dick Gregory and Fannie Lou Hamer, at- Omega Zeta chapter of Omega Psi Phi, is founded. One torney Maynard Jackson, author LeRoi Jones, activist year later, the university gives the fraternitv housing in Ben Rulfin, actress K. Eleanor Rux, and historian James Wannamaker IV. Turner.

• Delta Sigma Theta is established at Duke as the first rec- • Allen Building Takeover, February 13, 1969. Sixty ognized black sorority. members ol the Afro-American Society occupy the Allen

Building lor eight hours and present the university' admin- • Alpha Kappa Alpha is established at Duke. istration with a list ol demands. Some seventy Durham city policemen, twenty-five highway patrolmen, and twelve 1975 Durham County sheriff's deputies were on campus making • Alpha Phi Alpha is established at Duke. arrests and using tear gas, with National Guard troops on standby off-campus. • September 24, 1975. One hundred students protest and present the administration with grievances and demands for action toward amelioration of these conditions. Their priorities include departmentalization of the Black Studies

Program and increasing the number of black faculty' teaching black studies courses.

1976

• September 1976. The Association of African Students

is renamed the Black Student Alliance, giving the group a stronger political mission. The BSA communicates the needs of black students to university administration and to the entire Duke student body-

Integration ty£ 1 • Reginaldo Howard becomes the first African American 1978

elected to the position of ASDU President. He is killed in an • Kim Matthews becomes Duke's first black female athlete automobile accident before the beginning of his term, and when she joins the women's basketball team. the Reginaldo Howard Scholarship is established in his

honor. A $l,000-per-year stipend tor four years is awarded 1979 annually to ten matriculating African-American students. • Iota Xi Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity Inc. is The scholarship is supported by Duke's general operating funds. founded at Duke.

„=>day, February 16, 1984 • Benjamin Chavis is admitted to the Divinity School

while serving the fourth year of a jail term following his BLACI controversial conviction in the Wilmington 10 firebombing case. The conviction is to be overturned bv a federal court of appeals in 1980. He recalled being brought to Duke bv prison officials in leg chains and doing classwork in Greek and New Testament while in detention in a Hillsborough

facility. Prison rules dictated that all lights go out at 10 p.m. This meant that Chavis would have to move his studies to the bathroom, the only lighted place after curfew.

Chavis received his master's degree from Duke in 1980 and went on to get a Ph.D. in Theology from Howard University.

STAFF PHOTO 1982 Reginaldo Howard, the first black elected ASDU president, died before tils term began. • Duke University Black Alumni Connection (DUBAC) is Scholarship has created as an affinity alumni group of the larger Duke Alumni Association.

improved fiiture 1983

By BRENDAN DALY • The Mary Lou Williams Center for Black Culture is es- The Reginaldo Howard Scholarship, Duke's only ment- based financial award exclusively for black students, will tablished. The center is named for jazz musician Mary Lou raise more than the the minimum $25,000 needed to re- Williams, had been a popular artist-in-residence tain an endowed scholarship at Duke, according to Univer- who on sity officials. campus for several years. Since its inception in 1976, the scholarship - a four-year, $l,000-per-year stipend offered to 10 matriculating black students each year - has been supported by Duke's general 1986 operating funds. The general funds will continue to pay for the scholarship until its endowment reaches the level needed for self-sufficiency, according to Myma Jackson, • On May 3, 1986, the board of trustees votes to divest special gift officer of the University development office Duke's investments in South Africa. The scholarship will be completed," Jackson said. "There really is no deadline tto raise the money]. The University requires a scholarship to have $25,000 within 10 years ofl-Q- tha "-^In^hm ia fi ret a nrl nu)»H hut T think thfV

16 4* LEGACY, 1963-1993 1988 • A portrait of Julian F. Abele is hung in the Allen Build- ing. He was the chief architect of the Duke campus, but • April 21, 1988. The Academic Council passes a resolu- his black identity was not commonly known until 1988. tion to adopt the Black Faculty Initiative, to mandate the

hiring ol more black faculty in each department. 1992

• Duke receives a $500,000 anonymous grant lor minority • Thirtieth Anniversary Committee is established by President scholarships, provided that the funds are matched by H. Keith H. Brodie to oversee the commemoration of thirty Duke over the next five years. years of African- American students at Duke University.

• October 24, 1988. The Graduate School sponsors the 1993 Black on White Symposium to address racism in education

in general; there is a special locus on racism at Duke. • Alpha Phi Alpha becomes the first black fraternity to receive housing on West Campus. 1989

• Spectrum House is established as a multicultural dorm • Ashanti, a support group tor Duke women of color, is estab- on West Campus for students who express an interest in lished to promote unity among women of color on campus. celebrating the various backgrounds, races, and ethnicities

• Julian Abele Outstanding Achievement Award is estab- of the university community. lished for professional students and faculty. • Throughout the year commemorative events celebrate thir-

ty years of African-American students at Duke University. 1990

• The Black Male Support Group is established lor African-American males on Duke campus. This group was

founded by Art Williams, '90, though it became opera- tional alter he graduated.

• Leonard C. Beckum is hired as the first African-Ameri- can officer of the university, and is given the title university vice president and vice provost.

1991

• Martin Luther King, Jr., holiday is designated by Presi- dent H. Keith H. Brodie as an official holiday for the university and medical center, effective January 1992.

• Janet Smith Dickerson is hired as the first woman and

first African-American vice president of student affairs.

Integration ty£) 17 A BriefHistory ofDuke University

Duke University was created in 1924 by James Buchanan Academic expansion of the university included the es- Duke as a memorial to his father, Washington Duke. The tablishment of new graduate and professional schools. The Dukes, a Durham family who built a worldwide financial first B.D. degree was awarded in 1927, the first Ph.D. in

empire in the manufacture ot tobacco and developed the 1929 and the first M.D. in 1932. The School of Law,

production of electricity in the two Carolinas, long had founded in 1904, was reorganized in 1930 and given its

been interested in Trinity College. Trinity traced its roots own building on West Campus. The business school was to 1838 in nearby Randolph County when local Methodist founded in 1969 and named the Fuqua School of Business and Quaker communities joined forces to support a perma- in 1980.

nent school, which they named Union Institute. After a Modern times have seen Duke realize its founders aspi- brief period as Normal College (1851-59), the school rations to become a major center of learning. The Duke

changed its name to Trinity College in 1859 and affiliated University Aledical Center has achieved international with the Methodist Church. The college moved to Durham prominence, and many Duke schools and departments are

in 1892 with financial assistance from Washington Duke consistently ranked among the nation's best. The university

and the donation of land by Julian S. Carr. In December frequently wins attention for its research achievements and

1924, the trustees gratefully accepted the provisions of academic innovations, and its faculty often is called upon to James B. Duke's indenture creating the family philan- provide leaders for national and international academic and thropic foundation, The Duke Endowment, which provid- professional organizations. Duke continues to work to

ed, in part, for the expansion of Trinity College into Duke honor its founder's charge to attain "a place of real leader- University. ship in the educational world" and "to uplift mankind ... to

As a result of the Duke gift, Trinity underwent both develop our resources, increase our wisdom and promote physical and academic expansion. The original Durham human happiness."

campus became known as East Campus when it was re- built in stately Georgian architecture. West Campus, Gothic in style and dominated by the soaring 210-foot tower of Duke Chapel, opened in 1930. East Campus served as home of the Woman's College of Duke Universi- ty until 1972, when the men's and women's undergraduate colleges merged. Since then, both the men and women undergraduates have attended Trinity College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering.

1963-1993 18 <±S? LEGACY. 9

A Look to the Pajt

JACK J. PREISS

Profudor Emtritui of Sociology

Having been through and survived the thirty years at

Duke covered by the legacy, I feel it is appropriate to take stock of its substance. What is the bequest of the past and what does it portend? Unquestionably, the legal and ethical pivot of the national struggle for racial equality was the 1954 Supreme

Court decision that separate public educational facilities based upon race were inherently unequal. The ensuing years were to play out the ways in which this educational focus could be extended to other significant dimensions of life such as housing, economic opportunity, and employ- employees, have been and still are difficult to pinpoint and ment. When I arrived at Duke in 1959, many faculty, ad- dislodge. ministrators, and students felt that as a private university The appearance of black undergraduates in 1963 ac-

Duke should be exempt from the legal directives of the complished the first major phase of desegregation at the 1954 decision. The excerpt from the president's report university. Their numbers increased slowly, as was to be quoted here [on page 22] reflects the ambiguity that exist- expected, due to the limitations of hardbound tradition and ed on campus. Consequently, it was to take eight years of the necessity of strong financial support. discussion, debate, and research to produce the 1961—62 By 1968 there were enough black students to create a trustee resolutions integrating the student body. visible organized presence. Thus began a long and continu-

As a member of one of the self-appointed committees that ing struggle to maintain a racial identity in a structure and produced the report on racial segregation and the faculty atmosphere which ostensibly attempted to eliminate racial resolution to the board of trustees [see section "Policy differences. Although the students sought to remove barri-

Changes"], I can revisit that report and make a brief assess- ers to functional equality, they also wished to maintain a ment of how far Duke has come in meeting its challenges. social and cultural cohesion as a black entity. Pressure to

From a pragmatic standpoint, it was clear that once the increase the number of black students and faculty, and to student body was desegregated few of the exclusionary develop a black studies program have been ongoing agen- policies and practices on campus and the Medical Center das to the present. could survive. But the elimination of some of these prac- The black presence in most academic and professional tices took longer than they should have and some, such as areas of the university, including administration, has ex- hiring and promotion procedures governing nonacademic panded, but the position of blacks in the nonacademic cate-

Integration <^> 1 gories has shown less improvement. The university has tionship among the several minority racial groups — black, maintained a consistent negative response to attempts, par- yellow, Indian, etc. — will be as important as their individ- ticularly in the Medical Center, to unionize nonacademic ual and possibly collective interaction with the decreasing employees. While such unions do exist, primarily Local 77 white majority.

on the academic campus, they have had a difficult time A crucial question is whether the current group of ad-

bargaining with the administration, and there is meager job vantaged minority students, faculty, and administrators at

security in place. Since most ot the lower paying jobs are Duke and elsewhere will shoulder the leadership responsi-

held by blacks, labor relations at this level have had a bility' and the commitment to assist the struggles of their strong racial component. racial brethren who constitute the majority of the socioeco-

It can be said that the general state of racial relations on nomic underclass in this country'. This would have to be the campus has been relatively quiescent in recent years — done in a backlash of conservatism and retrenchment which

certainly compared with the turbulence and high drama of seems to be increasing nationwide. The jury is still out on

the 60s and 70s. I believe we are now in a period of institu- that challenge. tionalization and, in some areas, of regression. The Duke

campus, in microcosm, reflects a national mood of contusion and a less progressive stance on racial matters. There also appears to be growing division within the total black com-

munity' itself, based more upon socioeconomic differences

than racial identity, per se. The university administration is

now experienced in dealing with racial issues and seems ca- pable of early prevention ot potential confrontations. Join- ing their white counterparts, many black students appear more focused on the self rather than upon the group as compared with their predecessors. Given the current amalgam,

it is difficult to foresee any major movement or cause which

might energize the campus in the near term.

One interesting aspect of this scene is that the racial spectrum has become more complex over the past decade. Whereas the black-white dimension was the only significant focus ot race relations at Duke (and throughout the country) thirty years ago, there are now at least two other minorities which share the scene. Substantial numbers ot Asian-American and Latin-American students are beginning to make their voices heard. They appear to be going through the same kinds of organizational steps charted earlier by African Americans, though so far with

considerably less turmoil. Perhaps, from here on, the rela-

20 dyf LEGACY, 1963-1993 1

Policy Changes

May 26, 1950

I am a Negro, a veteran and would desire to attend as a day student. Further, I am employed at A & T

College, Greensboro, N.C., and with a family I find it increasingly difficult to get too far away from home, hence it would be a decided advantage to get the training that I desire in the state.

— Virgil C. Stroud, an applicant to Duke University

May 30, 1950

Replying to your letter of May 26, you perhaps are familiar with the past history of Duke University and its policy concerning requests similar to yours. There has been no change in policy.

— A. Hollis Edens, President of Duke University

May 17, 1954 Brown v. Board 01 Education

We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

-Chief Justice Earl Warren, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)

Integration ^> 2 November 10, 1955

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT [EDENS] TO THE FACULTY, Nov. 10, 1955

(Minutes of the Univ. Faculty, Nov 10, 1955-June 3, 1960, page 7)

SEGREGATION

I should like to pause here and mention only briefly the question of segregation, or desegregation it you

wish, as it affects Duke University, I know many of you are concerned about this question both as its

national and sectional implications as well as to its effect upon Duke University. As you well know, there are no regulations in the Charter or By-Laws of the University' concerning this matter. These have not been necessary or desirable because until recently the laws ol the state were controlling. Now the Supreme Court's ruling does not appear to have affected the status of privately supported institu-

tions. What the future will be in this respect no one knows. It would be inappropriate and even foolish for me to argue the question here. The fact remains, however, that at present Duke University and similar institutions have discretionary power to admit negroes or not to admit them. This poses the problem

with which many of you are concerned. The web of opinions, emotions and convictions is complicated,

and there is no easy answer. At least this is the opinion of members of the Board of Trustees. To say that this question and related questions are constantly under discussion and review would be to state

the obvious, it seems to me. It is also equally obvious that no change has been made in the traditional policy of Duke University'. There are many fringe areas of this problem which confront us daily. They have to do with contact

between the races in academic, religious and cultural activities, and there is no clear guide tor action. Therefore, we must act in this area with good judgment as we can in each situation, remembering to

take into consideration the spirit in which each incident is presented and bearing it will have upon the

larger problem. I cannot promise you a comfortable year in dealing with these terribly important mat-

ters. I can only promise you my best effort to act with good judgment for the long-range good of the University.

22 cff? LEGACY, 1963-1993 TO THE TRUSTEES OF DUKE UNIVERSITY Lecember 19, 1958 Dear Sirs:

Once again as the season of good will approaches, we feel bound in conscience to express to you our deep concern

and perplexity over the racially restrictive admissions poli-

cy of the Divinity School. We feel this policy to be at odds with the faith we shall be proclaiming this Christmas and

throughout the year. We know it is at odds with the stated f oac^ad Sett ion Th" nivi.gi.ty Oshcol. [>n aims of the Methodist Church in which most of us serve The- follcwini; iBtter will :o fonnrde*) -.o Prnldent Edens prior to the re.r.lar February pectins of tho Duke Univara.ty Hoard of Tr-wtoio. Jhilc It <i>-iae .

ATter tho Chr-s-iua* venation all ikm^ps of the St.aert go^i' »tll tx.* tivu". *n opportunity to si^n '-his latter o«»fore it ie svrit. most of us will pursue our vocation. We have told you in

the past of the anguish of spirit it causes to recom- TO TKE TZISTfifii CP DUICF. UNIVEflSlP: us be Dear Sirs: mending to our people a set of values which is not accepted Cr.ce Again as tha season of fcooCl will ^jpTOAohac, M l"*al Ssund in conscience to express to you our lasp concern *nd parplxtlty over ihe raci*l$y rwttnrtive aCmisnic-r.* policy o- tho Divinity ichocl. Ufl foci UitJ poilC? to by the great and progressive university' of which we are he »t odde with tho faith we shall bo prccUunin^ this C'nris- ts« - i:>d throurh- Methodist «it -.he r«*r. .18 *non it is at odds v,ith tho stated eiita of the members. Church In whicl-t must of ue serve end with thene of ".he two Annu&i. CouCuronuc*. u «h.ch moat of us ^lll pursue cur vacation, «• have tsld you In Ihe rsr.st of th« anruiah of spirit it caui.ee us ta be rsconvs ending tc cur people a ft cf Once again we ask you respectfully to consider this values vihicn i; not Accented &y the r.reat and prosrs^siv; university of which *« arc raemhers. matter afresh. It is not necessary that we rehearse again Once egfrin *« ask you respectfully Lc oenslder this «X6cr cXrcsh. It is not n«:3ssary sitae *c robuario »cftto those caiulderatiuns "hich r.t fc*i'« pi'o- those considerations which we have proposed to you in the noe^d to yci; in previous y **!'«.. 7hu case h« bioo st*-ed 1-. rcnre ther enough cat:.!!. 8ut »e aV that your prayerful concern b* given to the and that every polio -"-ni practice loses its force with the passage of time. On the contrary, 1 of our univernitj rrk-y b« worttiy of t-i« foLth sr-.i. the Ci-urch tc .'hl;li ..* ar« alitsd. they grow more urgent as more and more of our communi- n«ffr>octfully yours, ties begin to feel the pressure of the problem in the local ..ll.ii- Lare r*r*siCer>t nf tSe i-^:^:.i "in:^" .-?p:es .". Lri.'w'cci level and look to the great institutions like Duke for the ChiLrsan of th« 5oci_l action wise leadership they have come to expect.

RESPONSE We ask you if the time has not come to admit qualified Special Edition, The Divinity School, Durham, North Negroes to the Divinity School. We ask you, as we did last Carolina, December 19, 1958 year, for a chance to discuss this with the members of your Committee on the Divinity School. And always we ask that The following letter will be forwarded to President Edens your prayerful concern be given to the end that every poli- prior to the regular February meeting of the Duke Univer- cy and practice of our university may be worthy of the sity Board of Trustees. While it does not necessarily reflect faith and the Church to which we are allied. the opinion of the Divinity School Student Body, it does express clearly the convictions of its signers and of the Respectfully yours, members of the Editorial Board of Response. After the William Lane, Pres. Student Body Christmas vacation all members of the Student Body will James W. Lavengood, Chair, Social Action Committee be given an opportunity to sign this letter before it is sent. R. Web Leonard, Editor of Response

Integration ^> 23 DUKE UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES RESOLUTIONS

Liarch 8, 1961

RESOLVED that qualified applicants may be admitted to degree programs in the Graduate and

Professional Schools in Duke University, effective September 1, 1961, without regard to race, creed or national origin.

June 2, 1962

RESOLVED that qualified applicants may be admitted to degree programs in the undergraduate colleges of Duke University without regard to race, creed or national origin.

24 &$ LEGACY. 1963-1993 May 1962 I will be unable to attend the June 1st faculty meeting and wish to register my approval of the resolution presented above. The following document, sent to the faculty with a cover Liter from

Signed: , lack ./. Preiss, /.> from the J hike University Archived. It is the hr.'t document describing the resolution to admit African -American undergraduates t(< Duke University.

Faculty Member: Dear w^1>K7. The attached report concerning racial segregation at Duke

University makes it clear that the area of undergraduate admissions is crucial lor basic change in current policies. 'fL. At an open meeting ol the University community on Dear Faculty Member:

May 4, 1962 a motion was adopted to present a resolution The attached report concerning racial segregation at Duke Uni- versity makes it clear that the area of undergraduate admissions is to the whole Faculty supporting the recent action of the crucial for basic change in current policies. At an open meeting of the University community on May 4, 1962 Undergraduate Faculty Council. No concrete evidence ot a motion was adopted to present a resolution to the whole faculty supporting the recent action of the Undergraduate Faculty Council. overall faculty expression is now on record. It is believed No concrete evidence of over-all faculty expression is now on record. It is believed that such expression can contribute to the that such expression can contribute to the achievement ol a achievement of a desegregated University. desegregated University. Accordingly, the following resolution will be presented at the next faculty meeting, June 1, 1962. Accordingly, the following resolution will be presented at the next faculty meeting, June 1, 1962. That the faculty of Duke University herewith endorses the resolution adopted by the Under- "Resolved: That the faculty of Duke University here- graduate Faculty Council April 12, 1962 recommending that 'at the earliest practicable with endorses the resolution adopted by the Undergradu- date qualified applicants may be admitted to degree programs in the undergraduate colleges ate Faculty Council April 12, 1962 recommending that at of Luke University without regard to race., creed or national origin.' the earliest practicable date qualified applicants may be ad- That a copy of the supporting; resolution be sent to the President of the University request that it be forwarded to the mitted to degree programs in the undergraduate colleges of with the Board of Trustees."

Duke University without regard to race, creed or national You are strongly urged to attend the faculty meeting in person and to support this faculty resolution. However, if you are unable origin. That a copy of the supporting resolution be sent to to attend this meeting, and wish to register your support, please sign below and send aB soon as possible to: the President of the University with the request that it be Jack J. Preiss forwarded to the Board of Trustees." Department of Sociology and Anthropology You are strongly urged to attend the faculty meeting in person and to support this faculty resolution. However, if you are unable to attend this meeting, and wish to register your I will be unable to attend the June 1st faculty meeting and wish to register my approval support, please sign below and send as soon as possible to: of the resolution presented above.

Jack J. Preiss Department of Sociology and Anthropologv

Integration %%> 25 The following is the text of the report thai Dr. Preiss dent to the Responsible Group.' and Persons

ideally in late Jlay 1 962, to urge thefaculty member,' to votefor 1. The several directors and managers of the physical plant

the resolution to begin admitting black undergraduates to Duke facilities, the dining halls, athletics and the Superintendent

University on June I, 1962. of the hospital are responsible for use patterns at their re-

spective facilities.

2. It is likely that the President and the Board of Trustees INTRODUCTION would review any major proposed policy changes, particularly in relation to East Campus. The following report is a highly condensed summary of

what is belie\ed to be the first comprehensiye survey of Present Policies

racial segregation at Duke University. 1. Use of West Campus facilities, including Page, Chapel,

The report points out specific areas in which segrega- and dining rooms, is apparently free from racial discrimi- tion exists, and indicates the relationships among these nation.

areas in terms of policy changes. At the same time, the pos- 2. A sign labeled "Colored Entrance" indicates a section

itive aspect ot the report, particularly opportunities tor for Negroes at the outdoor stadium:

non-faculty employment, is encouraging. Clearly, existing a) This section is in a poor location.

opportunities are not being utilized. This may be due to b) Negroes with tickets may sit wherever the ticket ap-

habit or lack ot knowledge of what can be done under ex- plies, although there is some question whether Negroes isting policies. would be sold tickets at the Stadium in other than the Although this summary does not make action sugges- Negro section.

tions, it is obvious that such suggestions are necessary. 3. Use of East Campus facilities is restricted by designating These may range trom simple administrative action in local some areas as "public" and some as "private." areas (removal of restrictive signs on rest rooms) to rather a) "Public" buildings, such as the Auditorium, can be used complex stage processes (integrating hospital wards). The on an integrated basis.

next task is to get some objectives and to achieve them b) "Private" buildings, such as the Union and dormitory with the resources and channels at hand in the University dining halls do not permit use by the Negroes.

community. A united ettort by all concerned would cer- c) Faculty members with Negro guests may be served tainly contribute to the complete and permanent removal meals in a special dining room.

of racial segregation as an instrument ot policy at Duke d) It is believed that the Board of Trustees has specified

University. this restriction on use of facilities to East Campus officials.

A. In the hospital there are several areas where racial discrimination functions: CAMPUS ACTIVITIES AND FACILITIES a) One employee lounge and several restrooms in outpa-

Statutory Factor,' tient clinics are segregated.

1. There are no statutes restricting use of University facili- b) Negro employees occupationally eligible to use the pro-

ties and attendance at programs and public events on racial fessional cafeteria do not eat there.

grounds. c) Negroes attempting to sit in the main lobby are asked to

move to a smaller, less attractive area.

26 cS? LEGACY, 1963-1993 d) Hospital wards are segregated. heads in areas such as dining halls, building maintenance e) The main hospital Christmas parties are segregated, al- and the library. though some departmental parties are not. b) Most appointments are made in cooperation with Uni-

versity and hospital personnel office. Policy Change* Contemplated by Official)

1. No plans were mentioned as in process or imminent, al- Prc.icnl Policies though some restrooms in Bell Bldg and the hospital have 1. In general, there is no stated policy precluding appoint- been desegregated this past year. ment to faculty and non-faculty positions on racial grounds. Assessment a) However, since Negroes are not now admitted to under- 1. Although West Campus is quite tree of segregation, Ne- graduate college, it is unlikely that a Negro faculty mem- groes have not used these facilities to any extent. ber would be approved. 2. The Negro section at the outdoor Stadium is predicated b) Hiring a Negro to a non-teaching faculty position is on the assumption that Negroes prefer to sit together and possible, although no policy decision has been requested to that such separation avoids "incidents." No such prefer- date. ences or "incidents" could be documented. c) There would be no objection to hiring Negroes to non- 3. The distinction between "public" and "private" cate- facultv positions throughout the University. gories on East Campus seems aimed primarily at race, 2. The hospital and dining halls employ considerable num- since unauthorized white persons use these dining facilities ber of Negroes, a few in supervisors' positions with white regularly without challenge. subordinates. 4. The major hospital issue centers around patient integra- 3. The library hires no Negroes in deference to "custom. tion on the wards, particularly in terms of the economic 4. At the present time, no Negroes hold clerical jobs falling consequences. under the jurisdiction of the University personnel office; a) Other areas of segregation could be eliminated in simple a) Apparently this is due to lack of applicants who can fashion within the hospital administrative structure. qualify, although qualified Negroes would be recommend-

ed only if department heads or supervisors gave prior indi- EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES cation that a Negro would be considered.

Statutory Factors Policy Channel Contemplated by Officials

1. There are no statutes restricting employment of persons 1. No policy changes are being considered at the present by the University on racial grounds. time.

Responsible Group.' anJ Persons Assessment

1. The President and Board of Trustees have authority to 1. There is considerable opportunity for employment of control policy and to review any faculty appointment. Negroes in non-faculty positions, although this opportuni-

2. Non-facultv appointments can be controlled by the Ad- ty is largely unused. ministrative Committee of the University; 2. Administrators in areas where no Negroes are currently a) Hiring may be done at the department level and by unit employed might well note the success of those areas where

Integration ^> 27 ..

integrated employment is now functioning. 3. On East campus, the designation of dormitories as "pri-

3. The policy against faculty integration is unlikely to be vate' areas bars Negroes as visitors and guests, changed as long as Negroes are not admitted as under- a) Violations of this policy would be followed up by East graduates. Campus officials in terms of informing violators and invok-

ing higher administrative channels it necessary. HOUSING Policy Changes Contemplated by Officials

Statutory Factors 1. No policy changes in either faculty- or student housing

1. In the deeds of lots sold by the Uniyersity to faculty and areas are now being considered.

staff there is a covenant which prohibits sale, lease, or Assessment rental of conveyed land and premises to Negroes. 1 The legal situation with regard to faculty- lot areas is am- a) The United States Supreme Court has declared public biguous, although it would appear that any violations of enforcement of such covenants to be unconstitutional, the racial covenant could not be prevented. b. Changes in deeds require a referendum among lot own- a) In view of the legal situation, the Board of Trustees may ers and approval by the Board of Trustees. decide to eliminate the covenant from deeds in future de- 2. There is no statute restricting student University' hous- velopments. ing with regard to race. 2. As in the faculty employment situation, changes in the Responsible Groups and Persons student housing policies will be necessary- upon admission

1. The Board of Trustees has control of the handling and of Negroes to the undergraduate colleges. disposition of University' property.

2. The Administrative Committee of the University' and/or ADMISSIONS the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees can take policy action (including denial of requests) prior to Statutory Factors

submission to the full Board. 1. There are no statutes which restrict student admission to

3. Policy on University- student housing can be set by the the University at any level on racial grounds. President and appropriate Vice Presidents and Deans. Responsible Groups and Persons

Present Policies 1 The Board of Trustees sets policy in this area.

1. The restrictive covenant on University- deeds is retained. 2. The President of the University-, upon request of groups

a) Several attempts by a group of lot owners to have the and individuals, may at his discretion request policy action covenant removed have been unsuccessful. by the Board.

b) The University Council has decided it has no jurisdic- 3. Implementation of admission policies is: Graduate, Dean

tion in the matter. and Assistant Dean; Undergraduate, Registrar and Direc-

c) The University has, in several instances, waived the tors of Admissions. covenant to allow a purchaser to qualify' for a FHA loan. Present Policies 2. On West campus, there is no racial restriction on Negro

1 . A policy action to admit students to all Graduate guests and visitors in student housing areas. Schools without regard to race was instituted in 1961.

28 <^r? LEGACY, 1963-1993 students in the Law School a) At present there are Negro 1988 and the Divinity School.

2. Negroes are not now permitted to enroll in the Under- ACADEMIC COUNCIL RESOLUTION graduate Colleges. ON THE RECRUITMENT OF BLACK FACULTY Policy Changes Contemplated by Official) Excerpt 1. Several officials interviewed believed policy changes were "inevitable" but disclosed no plans tor making such Whereas blacks remain underrepresented among Duke changes. faculty and efforts to achieve the goal set by the Academic- 2. On April 12th, the Undergraduate Faculty Council re- Council ot doubling the number ot black faculty by 1990 quested the President to transmit to the Board of Trustees have been ineffective to date; a resolution calling tor elimination of racial restrictions on Whereas the responsibility tor correcting the underrep- undergraduate admissions. resentation of black faculty is shared by the entire univer- a) At the moment, the President s decision on the request sity community; is not known.

Be it resolved: AMCMment That the Administration requires each hiring unit within 1. The late and effect of the Undergraduate Faculty Coun- the university (Departments and programs in Arts and Sci- cil resolution cannot be determined at this time. ences and in the School ot Medicine, and the other profes- a) It may be that further demonstration ot faculty support sional schools) to increase the number ot black faculty (at and interest will be necessary. regular rank) over its present number (as of September 1, 2. It is clear that area ot admissions is the keystone for pol- 1987) by at least one, before the fall of 1993, and that it icv changes in other areas. provide incentives, financial and other, to make it possible a) Without a change in admissions policy on the under- for each department and hiring unit at Duke to do so. graduate level, only limited changes could be achieved in housing and use ot facilities, particularly on East Campus, and in faculty hiring.

Integration ^J> 29 Circa 1965—

They made history as the first fu'e African-American undergraduates at

Duke University.

Wilhelmina Reuben-Cooke Mary Mitchell Harris

Gene Kendal Cassandra Smith Rush Nathaniel White, Jr. The First Five Undergraduates

We thank Bridget Booher, the author, and Duke Magazine for permission to reprint this article that first appeared in the September-October 1992 issue of Duke Magazine.

WILHELMINA REUBEN-COOKE, '67 sitions with the YWCA and the university's religious coun-

cil, and was listed in "Who's Who Among Students in From childhood, Wil- American Universities and Colleges." To crown her achieve- helmina Reuben-Cooke ments, the political science major was elected May Queen had recognized the by a majority of her Woman's College peers. (There was no power and importance of slate of candidates; each student nominated whomever she education. The eldest of wanted and Reuben-Cooke won with the most write-in six children, Reuben- votes.) She also signed in 1967 the open letter protesting the Cooke learned about so- membership of key administrators and faculty at the then cial issues and the appli- all-white Hope Valley Country Club. cation of ideas from her After graduation, Reuben-Cooke began work on a doc- parents' after-work con- torate in American studies at Harvard but took time off to versations. Her father, get married. Her sights then changed to law school. She Odell Reuben, Ph.D. taught and then practiced communications law in Wash- '70, was president of ington, D.C., until 1986. Now a law professor and associ- Morris College in Sumter, South Carolina, and her mother ate dean of Syracuse University Law School, Reuben- was on the faculty there. Cooke has maintained her ties to Duke: She was appointed As it turned out, she and her father were both on cam- to a six-year term on the board of trustees in 1989. pus at the same time, earning their respective graduate and undergraduate degrees. At the suggestion of her father's graduate school adviser, Professor Emeritus of Christian When I decided to come to Duke, I knew it wouwn t he an easy task.

Ethics Waldo Beach, Reuben-Cooke applied. Until then, The majority of students were from the South, and most of them she had planned to enroll at either her mother's alma hat) never dealt with African America/hi as peers. I assumed my so- mater, Fisk, or at Oberlin, where her father earned his cial life woulihi t be great, anJ I knew my expectations about college master's. But a visit to Durham changed all that; she fell in would be tempered by reality. But I hat) a sense of personal commit- love with the Duke Gardens and campus. ment; it was the si.xties and the quest for change arid civil rights

As a first year student, the highly motivated South Car- was gaining momentum. It deemed to all of us that we bad a role to olina native immersed herself in the social and academic play. whirl. By the time she graduated in 1967, Reuben-Cooke What I discovered was that I never hat) any regrets [about had been selected Phi Beta Kappa, had held leadership po- choosing Duke]. I was socially active ant) hat) a lot offriends. Ant)

Integration ty£> 31 an Important part of that experience was beingforced to meet people MARY MITCHELL HARRIS, '67

and to develop relationships that I probably wouldn t hare made in Mary Mitchell Harris another context. That created in me a dense of optimism about the made up her mind in ways people can grow and change. the tenth grade that 1 still ask my.'e/t how I managed to do everything I did. I guess she wanted to attend it goes back to the wag I grew up. Jig parents believed that you Duke. An honors stu- should be involved in your community. So that would hare been my dent at Durham Hill- way ot lite no matter where I went to sehool. You hare a responsibil- side High School, Har- ity to create the environment you desire; you can i criticize what you ris wasn't dissuaded by don t participate in. Duke made it a comfortable possibility tor me. a well-intentioned guid- And it was fun! I'm making it sound so deadly serious, but it was ance counselor who told always fun her she might want to One of the things that concerned me about Duke at the time was make alternative plans. that I wondered how politically active we really were. I was at Har- By the time Harris was rard when I heard that students had taken over the Allen Building valedictorian of her se- [in 1969]. To embrace issues and feel strongly about them wad a nior class, the trustees had voted to desegregate and Harris tjood thing tor Duke. And it was part of a general awakening across was offered admission. the nation. Those were tumultuous times. For a sehool not to hare had demonstrations and marches would hare said something nega-

tive about the intellectual commitment of the institution. Both my parents worked at American Tobacco, so I was aware of

In terms of numbers and comfort levels, that continues to be a the Duke family and their influence on the tobacco industry. But I

question. Not only did I not hare any African-American professors, never considered what it would be like to attend the university. Once

but I only had one elass in which there was another black student. I was there, it was like being in a world inside a world I'd known all

And that does make a difference in your learning. The basic dy- my life. Jly only connection was with the people who worked in the

" namic of a white institution is that the comfort or "safety lerel L< dining and residence halls. And that connection was friendly, but

far different for students of color than it is for the majority. That 's loose and detached.

the beginning point, and it colors everything. The transition was a lot easier than I thought it would be. I did

As a trustee, I hare been impressed with the concern for diversity. spend a few nervous moments wondering if the strength of my ele-

We should be looking not only at increasing numbers of African- mentary and high school academics would stand up at Duke. But I

American students, but also at how we educate overall. We should made the dean s list the first year.

be moving towards a society where all kinds of people work together. By my second year, I had fallen in lore and [my fiance's and

The demographics of the twenty-first century wilt be far different my] grades were slipping. So we deeded to get married and stabilise

than today s. And part of our responsibility is to educate students our lives. Marriage was a big surprise to me and the people who

on how to lire and work with other people. These are the challenges knew me. It s one of those decisions that rushes its way into your

we face. life without it really being your choice. But at the time, it wasn t

that unusual for people to marry young.

I was pre-med throughout my undergraduate career, although I

32 <±SS> LEGACY, 1963-1993 -

changed from biology to psychology my /umor year. I don '/ remem- GENE KENDALL. '67 ber clodded interacting that much with the social iddued of the time. Born the second son of There wad an anthropology course that addressed the origins of hu- six children, Greensboro manity, and I recall that the profeddor included supportive state- native Gene Kendall mentd about the rote of Africans. was approached by We (hthi t have open conversations about racial issues, not even MIT, Princeton, and informally. Iguedd myj'udt being there was enough of a dtatement. most of the historically It really wad. What conversations we did have focused more on com- black colleges to apply monalitie.i, thingd that we shared that weren t in the context of rare. for admission. But Duke Thingd like. "Oh, you mean thid happened to you when you were ten offered him a lull schol- year,' old too? Friendships were based on the pleasant didcoveried arship, and Kendall's de- we made about thingd we all went through. cision, he says, was thus Last fall I derided to ,

It s the same thing for academic institutions; there have to be I attended James B. Dudley Utah School in Greensboro, which wad real, true friendships among faculty and administrators [that cross a large, segregated school. There were 250 people m my graduating racial lines] in order lor students to think that there s really some- class. I knew that Duke had no blacks in their undergraduate pro- thing new under the sun. When you talk about creating a multicul- grams, but I dtdn t really consider any other school once I was of- tural environment, you have to look at the staff and administrative fered the scholarship. level as much, it not more so, than the student level. Aly community was ecstatic and my family was happy, but there was really no pressure [to be the exceptional child]. I was

simply going away to college.

The single most difficult thing about coming to Duke was that I

had no reference for how things would be. Jly high school had pre

Integration ^£ 33 pared me well for liberal arts courted but I was woefully ill-prepared okay because the surface seems fine. It also taught me how to re-

for science and math. And that feeling prevailed throughout: "My cover from adversity and setbacks — how to return from the end-of-

God, what have I gotten myself into?" There was no hostility or t he- world syndrome. And it reinforced some interesting beliefs that

anything like that on campud or with any of the people I associated sometimes even the most noble experiments don t work.

with. I wad very well received and was expected to participate in the

university, anJ I did. CASSANDRA SMITH RUSH, '67

Jly score on the [freshman] physics exam was so low that it While attending St. was impossible for me to pass the course at that point. It I'd known Anne's Academy, a that I was in that much trouble, I would have gonefor help earlier, Catholic high school tor but I thought I knew the material. I really did. girls in Winston-Salem, You 've ijot to remember that I was coming from a high school Cassandra Smith Rush environment where I was at the top of everything. Nothing had ever decided her life goal was been difficult; my studies came easily. I was devastated by my fail- to be a doctor. Because ure and I asked myself, "Hey, am I as smart as everyone says I of Duke s reputation tor am, or has it all been a terrible joke? Should I have taken a lesser its outstanding under- scholarship in a more caring environment and given myself a graduate and medical chance to grow? schools, she applied tor In retrospect, my chances at Duke were very, very slim. Even admission during her though my SATs were the highest of anyone at my high school, they junior year. At that were below the average for other Duke students and way lower than point, the university those of the average engineering student. I didn t know that when I was still segregated and her application was denied. arrived, and things started piling up and before I knew it, I /valued Months later, she read that the university's board of I would essentially be thinking out because my scholarship wouldn t trustees had voted to admit black undergraduate students, be renewed. so she reapplied and was ottered a scholarship to attend. I joined the navy and did quite well, so the navy wanted to send me Her family was "absolutely thrilled," she says, especially back to school. I asked them to send me back to Duke, but because of her father. (His boss' daughter had applied and been tuition costs, they would only agree to send me to UNC (within the turned down.) state). And I figured if I couldn t go to Duke, there was no point in As a first-year student, Rush was a zoology major, but, going to Carolina. Stanford was my next choice, but the military sci- after a particularly rigorous comparative anatomy course, ence building had been burned down by students the year before, so the she switched to French. Other changes were taking place navy wasn't sending anyone there. So I went to the University of as well. Rush became caught up in the political and social Kansas, where I earned an engineering and physics degree. I gradu- currents ot the time, specifically in the Congress ot Racial ated with honors and was president of the physics society. Equality (CORE), a national organization that established a Jly Duke experience put things into perspective. It showed me Duke chapter in 1963. that no matter how you think things are, there are always holes m Unsure ot her career goals, Ruth lett the university after your preparation. It taught me to look for whatever I was uncom- the first semester ot her junior year. She now works as a fortable with and work on that, rather than assume everything is

34 &$ LEGACY. 1963-1993 .

staff specialist at Southern New England Telephone in New- school, but it wasn t until I was at home with my first child that I

Haven, Connecticut, where she lives with her two sons. really tell I was vegetating. I felt that my brain was turning to

mush! I d go shopping just to encounter other adults.

When I went back to work part-time at the Federal Reserve, I I'm proud to day I went to Duke, and sometimes I wish Id stuck it applied for and won an employee scholarship which paid for my col- out. But at the time, I wasn t happy and I ihihi '/ know what I lege tuition. So when I got my degree [a bachelor's in economics wanted to do. I wad tired of the fight* with townspeople, who could be from Philadelphia s Chestnut Hilt College], it really meant a lot to absolutely hostile, and very brutal. And even some of the students me because I was so ready. I graduated on Mother's Day in 1979. would cross the quad rather than speak to me. Or /hex/ would look Because of my experience, my sons understand why I in so deter- the other way when they walked past. mined for them to stay in school. I grew up in a eery sheltered environment and it really hurt. I

hadn '/ ever been treated like that. For a loth] time I put it out of my '67 NATHANIEL WHITE, JR. , mind because it was so unpleasant, especially the off-campus encounters. His family lived only

I was arrested in Chapel Hill in early 196-i. Martin Luther King, three miles from campus,

Jr., had spoken [at Duke], and our CORE group walked from but Nathaniel White, Jr.,

Durham to Chapel Hill to hold a sit-in protest in front of a [segre- remembers little about gated] restaurant there. We were thrown in jail tor trespassing and the university from his

resulting arrest. But it was tine, because we were all together. . . childhood in Durham.

For my sons, it is so, so different. They were born and raised m Segregation meant that

integrated neighborhoods and schools. They grew up in an environ- he and his classmates at

ment where we didn't label people black, white, Chinese, whatever. Hillside High School

Our house a/ways looked like a United Nations meeting. Aly sons only interacted with

would describe their new friends to me and tell me how old they were, white students during

where their parents lived and more. But until I met them, I would weekly science seminars

have no idea what race they were. I taught them to took at other at Durham High. White people as human beings. And maybe lee done them an injustice be- recalls that the prospect of going from a completely black en- cause we Use in a racist society. But as tittle kids, they were never vironment to a nearly all-white one was "an appealing chal- aware of racism. And it shou/dn t be an issue that children have to lenge." Once there, White discovered it was "like going to a

deal with. Consequently, they fit right in and feel they re entitled to whole new city."

the same rights as anyone else. When they see instances of [racism] they ask me "Why? Why do people raise their children In August of 196), I was in the March on Washington. An uncle

that way? "And I tell them that it's a form of child abuse when par- from New }'ork was there, as was another one who lived in II ash-

ents raise their children to be racist. inglon . . . we alt met there. It was probably the last family reunion

that, Duke. After I left Duke, I worked in Washington, D.C , for the gov- we had. Within a week of I was starting my classes at

ernment and then the navy. I went as far as I could go without a There seemed to be a lot of advance preparation for our arrival.

college degree; not having that piece of paper kept me from going Aly roommate had been ore-picked; he was a sophomore. I got the

ahead to the next level. So I started thinking about returning to impression that the faculty, undergraduates, and graduate students

Integration ^> 35 were ready [tor desegregation] and that it was the board of trustees all the contributions of minorities, it made me really mad that I'd

that delayed it from happening a.' loin/ as it did. never heard about these people in my classes. . . .

We were a novelty effect because we were new; you know, "II 'bat In my current job, I'm director of the Public Health Sciences In-

are they really Like?" My bottomline approach became, as a func- stitute at Morehouse College. Our primaty empbas'u< L< to encour-

tion of that, that I had blab expectation.' tor myfriends [regardless age undergraduates to pursue careers in epidemiology and statistics.

of color], ,

to my expectation,!, / wasn t interested in being around. As a result, from historically black colleges with researchers at the Centers for

the number of people I associated with was much smaller than if 1 1) Disease Control. II 'e also want to start a club for students Inter-

attended my father's alma mater, Hampton Institute, where I'd ested in public health. It would be like a pre-med group; there would

been planning to go before Igot accepted to Duke. be internships for students who had been research assistants and

You have to remember that not only was Duke all white when I who wanted to focus on public health problems.

was there, but it was also very southern. I remember having a du<-

cussion with an athletics administrator about how we ought to be

recruit mo black athletes, and he gave me a lecture about bow Duke

had high academic standards. I told him I dldn 't think Id gotten in

without meeting those academic standards. . . .

The basketball team was as hot then as it is now, and my roommate and I were both big fans. But back then they would play

"Dixie, " which was practically like the national anthem because

everyone would stand up. II e would organize sit-downs. II e eventu-

ally had a whole section that wouldn t stand when it was played.

They finally stopped playing it. They were beginning to learn.

It s interesting to look at what we were working toward back then

and whether we've gotten there. I would say we haven't. I think the

gap between the bases and the have-nots is widening. Look at the

L.A. riots, tor example. Now, it's not so much a matter of whether a

restaurant will serve you, it's how you re going to pay for your meal

once you re there. One thing that s happening at Duke which I

think is positive is the more toward a multicultural environment.

That Is a critical step, because the world is multicultural, and if

you re turning out students who area t exposed to that, or equipped

to Use in it, they re at a real disadvantage.

The resistance to changes in the curriculum is part of that. You

" base people who say they don t want to "dilute the curriculum, but

the idea that you can write about history and completely ignore the

contributions of minority [populations], and pretend that certain

things never happened, is wrong. As I got older and learned about

36 d$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 Student Activism

By 1967, black students at Duke had spent more than a few years attempting to adjust to their new integrated university community- They began to realize that the university campus was not free from the discrimination they had known in their local communities. They -were painfully aware of the inequities the black workers were subjected to. As thev became unhappy with their own plight and realized the potential strength and power students held, they, as many students on campuses around the country, turned to mass protest to express their frustration and anger.

HOPE VALLEY STUDY-IN, %£f *\± *< <*! NOVEMBER 13, 1967 Wm- _ IV-.3 ^r^^

The daylong protest began at 8:30 in the morning when President Knight's office and sat down on the floor and thirty-five members of the Afro- American Society arrived at began their "study-in." The students demanded to speak

with the president to request that he forbid the

of segregated facili- use I ties by the university SUents Avraiij and that he and other key administrators end

their membership in the ' segregated Hope Valley &' Country Club. f W- The protest came in the aftermath of a corre- spondence that occurred the previous Friday. The group had sent a letter r J to the president making

Integration ^j> 37 a demand: "The Duke University Afro-Americans DE- A SILENT VIGIL, APRIL 5-11, 1 968 MAND that our administration IMMEDIATELY an- Prompted by the tragedy of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s as- nounce and explicitly institute a policy ol total prohibition sassination on April 4, 1968, and after a memorial service of patronization of segregated facilities/establishments by at the Duke Chapel Hill on April 5, hundreds of stu- ANY university organization." Dr. Knight replied in a letter denouncing their "explicit threat of disruption," and stating that "the university will accept no ultimatum." The demonstrators were peaceful throughout the day, but on several occasions blocked passers-by from going through the lobby. Several times the students were in-

volved in discussions with the administration. Their state- ments were recorded by local and national media. That night, the Student Faculty Administration Com- mittee passed a resolution recommending a university-wide

policy prohibiting use of segregated facilities.

dents — black and white — began gathering in the quad in

grief and in protest of Duke s discriminatory policies. This

is how the weeklong demonstration, A Silent Vigil, began. Early in the week, students marched to the president's house under the direction of Howard Fuller and Ben

Ruffin and peacefully occupied it. As the strength of the vigil increased in numbers and spirit each day, many students, faculty members, and community leaders united around the common concern for improvement of the workers' conditions at Duke.

The primary focus that emerged and defined this protest

was the employment conditions of the maids, janitors, and dining hall workers. Demands were made for unionization,

increase in wages, and improvement of working conditions.

38 d$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 By the time the protest ended on April 11, the trustees had agreed to an increase ol the workers' wages, among other concessions.

"There u nothing more remarkable than

the ingenuity that the various

demarcation** of the color line reflect.

If only the same creative energy

conic) he used to eradicate the color line; " then its days would indeed he numbered.

— John Hope Franklin, The Color

Line: Legacy for the Twenty-first Century

Integration ^> 39 .

ALLEN BUILDING TAKEOVER cause, "we believe the criteria for entering black students

FEBRUARY 13, 1969 are oriented toward white middle-class students, and therefore are inadequate for determining academic potential." Afro-American Society occupied the Allen Building on 9. The right tor non-academic employees to have the February 13, 1969 for eight hours. Sixty members pre- power to determine the basis for their working conditions, sented the university administration with a list ot thirteen rights, and other employment matters. demands. The administration summoned the Durham Po- 10. "An immediate end to tokenism of black representa- lice, who arrived at the Allen Building with tear gas. The tion in university power structures." takeover resulted in three student arrests, charges of police 11. "An immediate end to police harassment of black brutality, and the treatment of forty-five people in the students and protection ot all black students at Duke." Duke Hospital Emergency Room. Students boycotted 12. A demand to the end of grading for black students. classes for three days after the takeover. Thirteen AAS 13. Total amnesty tor all black students involved in the leaders were tried under the university's pickets and takeover ot the Allen Building. protests policy. All thirteen were eventually acquitted. The following are the thirteen grievances and demands that the students presented to the administration: The Chronicle Monday. September 8. 1975 1. The establishment of a fully accredited department of Afro- American studies. 1969- 2. The right to establish a black dormitory on campus. -Black Thursday,

(Continued from page 1] and Dick 3. Representation of the black student population to Fuller Gregory therefore are Inadequate for all black students at Duke." Much of the Duke black and discovering the determining academic 12 A demand to the end community's early concrm strength of ioinl efforts dur- of grading for black stu- reach twenty-nine percent of the student body by 1973, In the (all term of 1968 cen- ing Black Week, black stu- 9. The right for non- tered around Duke's sup- dents were catalyzed to the academic employees to 13. Total amnesty for all _ since that figure represented the percentage of blacks in port of or affiliation with actions of the takeover. As have the power to de- black students involved in segregated establishments Hopkins said, "We have ex- termine the basis for their , the takeover of Allen Build- such as the Hope Valley hausted all the so-called working conditions, rights. ing. the area and "since Duke claims to be representative of the Country Qub. Pushing for paper chanel a." and other employment mat- boycotts of such facilities. ters. Tnm The ad- Knight eventually dis- The 13 points presented 10. "An Immediate end to ministration's response to Southeast." sociated himself from the during the Allen Building tokenism of black represen- (he A/ro-Americon stu- country club. Also, a note occupation underlined the tation in Unlverslty'pawer dents' demands and the 4. The reinstatement of black students who, "because of of contention. "Dixie", wbs blacks' sentiment that Duke establishment of the Budd finally dropped as part of was overwhelmingly white- 1 1 "An Immediate end to Committee to design an the standard repertoire of orieoled: These points police harassment of black Afro-American Studies the stifling social and educational environment at Duke, the Duke marching band of In October of 1968 stu- were unable to achieve the required academic standing and dents of the Afro- American Society presented the administration with 12 point* were forced to leave the university. f concern. Chief among these were: black enroll- 5. tor black students." ment levels: the acquisition "Financial reassurance Decreased of a black advisor on the administrative level: hiring of scholarships had threatened to limit the number of return- black faculty members: the establishment of a summer remedial session for blacks, ing black students. and the boycotting ol segrega te d facilltl es. 6. A black advisor selected only by direct consultation A loint committe of administrators, faculty and black students was appoint- with black students. ed to study these points o( concern. This committee, 7. The earmarking of black student fees for a black stu- after functioning only one month, began to dissolve, Tnit aign at tno anuxiu io Alien S^t!d!~; -•--!• !rr»d >h* liberation" of Meanwhile, the adminlstra- dent union rather than to the student union. Duk».

8. The establishment of academic achievement in high

school, rather than standardized test scores, to be the crite- rion for black students for admission to the university be-

40 <$$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 1

ALLEN BUILDING TAKEOVER: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT on East Campus; the men on West. We were spread out in

Brenda E. Armstrong, '70 dorms. We had no transportation on or off campus other than the bus. Some of us were the "onlies" in the dorms — On the evening of Thursday, February 13, 1994, my chil- the objects of stares, giggles, offensive name calling, and

dren and 1 went over to campus tor a candlelight vigil to isolation the likes of which none of you can imagine. Some commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary ol the Allen of us came back to our dorm rooms to find Confederate

Building Takeover. I found myself moved to tears as 1 ap- flags on the doors with "nigger go home" written over it.

proached the building, and as I listened to the students cel- Most of us never heard a friendly voice, except that of the ebrate, analyze, and attempt to place in perspective the dorm "maids. These were older black women who were

events that occurred twenty-five years ago. I have been addressed by their first names by young white college stu-

asked to recount the events of this protest for you. I sup- dents. We watched helplessly as we corrected the young

pose that I have put this off to the last minute lor the same white students who ignored us and kept on with their dis-

reasons that I was so overcome Thursday night. It dredged respectful gestures. We remember what it felt like when up some particularly painful and unresolved feelings about we sat down at a table in the dining room and everyone the circumstances that led up to and followed the Allen else got up. On the bus or even in the classroom everyone Building Takeover. moved over. We knew what the message was in allowing The seeds of the Allen Building Takeover were sewn sororities and fraternities to use facilities that openly dis- with the decision to begin admitting "large numbers" of criminated against blacks and Jews. Even the president of black students to Duke. "Large" meant more than one. the university was a member of one of them. We endured Imagine yourself a newly graduated African-American hearing "Dixie" and the concomitant waving of the Con- high school student, excellent GPA, excellent SATs, leader federate flag at football games. Those of us who were fe- in vour school. Perhaps you were a merit nominee and males needed the brothers to literally escort us to the bas- definitely an achievement scholar, having successfully ketball games to protect us from the racial slurs that completed your preparation in an environment of caring, effused from the KAs as we walked by their house on the protective, high-achiever teachers. Imagine teachers who way to the indoor stadium. had carefully orchestrated your high school career to make We moved on campus mostly as invisible people. We you the most successful, well-exposed, ambitious, and fo- were the objects of the worst kind of racism in the class-

cused group of people to benefit from the earliest successes room, where we started out at a deficit. It was incompre-

of the civil rights era. Most of us were from first-genera- hensible to have been considered smart enough for "A" tion middle class black families. Some of us were the first work, especially when subjective grading of essays or term

in our families to get the chance to go to college. papers, or theses were concerned. The few of us in science Most of us came up through strong but segregated pri- battled the results of that isolation even in areas where mary and secondary educational systems. Most impor- subjective grading would have been harder. We were not tantly, however, we were sent with the purpose to take our given the benefit of the old tests, or the lab assistant's tute- places as the next generation of black leaders. Now imag- lage. We were thought of as "dumb" when we asked for ine what we found when we came to Duke, in 1965, 66, 67, help. The white students were characterized as "competi-

and 68. There were at most ninety of us including the ath- tive" for the same request. We remember all trying to take

letes, seventy-five or so excluding them. The women lived Dr. Cook's class. He was the only black professor around.

Integration ty£ 4 We remember his frustration in unsuccessfully attempting This we assembled with creativity since we had no money. to accommodate us. We watched helplessly as almost fifty The society arranged the takeover of the radio station with

percent of those academically girted black students from AA students as the DJs, and the change in the normal of-

1966 to 1968 left after one or two semesters at Duke. Their ferings in the cafeterias. Most importantly, the weeklong financial aid was withdrawn because their grades were not discussions of the politics and sociology of our people,

good enough. And we felt that awful terror when the males which brought the likes of Dick Gregory, Fannie Lou

left because we knew that it would automatically call them Hamer, Julian Bond, Alaynard Jackson, Ben Ruffin, and

up for the draft for the Vietnam War. Our worst fears Howard Fuller to campus, all occurred during Black

were realized when at least two died in Vietnam. We woke, Week. We felt empty when it was over, thirsting for more

ate, slept, studied, rejoiced, and cried alone. After reaching and wondering why there wasn't a Black Week in our cur-

a critical mass of "us" with the twenty blacks in the class riculum. Black Week focused the issues that were seething that enrolled in 1966, we realized that there was a mutual in our day-to-day lives at Duke, the issues that required

experience that we all shared which went beyond personal that something be done.

encounters. We could identify it as a Hying, breathing, So, in the spring of 1968, shortly after the first Black

scourge on our attempts to get an education from Duke. Week concluded, we met. We began to identify those is- We knew that we needed a social and political outlet. That sues that were the recurring themes in our lives which need gave rise to the Afro-American Society in the spring would lead to the famous thirteen demands. READ these. of 1967. We went through the lengthy process of meeting with

The "Afro-Am" Society, as we affectionately called it, the administration, with the Dean of Student Affairs was the hub of our social, cultural, and political existence. William Griffith and with representatives of Dr. Knight's

It was what we touched eyery day to reassure us that those office. We attempted to address these thirteen demands. negative messages that so dominated our existence were We asked tor a timeline and detailed descriptions of the

not real. We organized the first nonviolent demonstration implementation of these thirteen demands. In the mean- against the use of the Hope Valley Country Club and the time, we lost another thirty percent of our numbers. Mar- subsequent "Study-In" at Dr. Knight's office. This led to tin Luther King was shot and killed. There were now con- the university adopting a policy that no university sup- frontations occurring between white and black students on

ported organization could use any facility that openly dis- campus. I remember vividly studying in nay dorm room

criminated against blacks. The society coordinated our when another black student came to tell me that Dr. King

participation in and co-leadership of the Silent Vigil that was dead. I remember sitting in Wallace Fowlie's French

protested Duke's discriminatory policies, especially as they class the next day, feeling no reason to be there. I got up,

applied to the workers. It was the repository for our yearly excusing myself in tears, and walked to the quad only to

expressions of the glorious history, culture, and emerging find droves of us who had the same reaction. I remember

political power through Black Week. There we orches- then marching to the president s house under the direction trated the weekly activities that included theatrical produc- of Howard Fuller and Ben Ruffin, with other grieving

tions directed, casted, and produced entirely by AA stu- black students. We occupied it peacefully. We asked what

dents (most of whom had no prior training). It was also the university would do to respond to this tragedy and to

where the generation of our literary magazine occurred. our demands. I remember feeling empty and rejected as

42 a* LEGACY, 1963-1993 the semester ended. There was no movement to resolve our caught the bus, did whatever was necessary to get to see demands. Another thirty percent left. Fall semester of 1968 the Queen of Soul. Finally Dick Gregory came. In his started. The demands were back on the table. There was voice came the message that brought it all home to all of an uneasy calm on campus. The work of the Afro-Am So- us. He said, "If you can't breathe, you can't live. If the ciety was focused around Black Week in February, and in racism is choking you, you're already dead unless you take

." seeing the thirteen demands through. In November, just your plight in your own hands. . . prior to the end of the semester, with no apparent move- In our own hands. On February 12th, we met on ment by the administration to substantively address our Markham Avenue to finalize the plans and talked about demands, we broke off all negotiations with the university who would go. The athletes said they would be our eyes on and retreated. the top of the Social Science Building. There was ambiva-

I remember reading in the last issue of Harambee, pub- lence as to what our parents would say. Our discussions lished February 5, 1969, a quote from "J. T. Bear," who were passionate and emotional. We expressed our fears, was one of our colleagues. It went, "Hibernation is covert and our frustrations after a year of negotiations with Duke. preparation for an overt action." Nothing described the Some wanted to take a less severe path. We all agreed that events which transpired better. We decided that we would something had to be done. Some of us knew we were going demonstrate to the university our resolve. We would no matter what. Some of us needed the night to think. All demonstrate to the university that its racist ethos (and the of us were given until 6:00 A.M. the next morning to de- pursuit of that ethos) was choking the academic, social, and cide. Those who showed up would go; those who couldn't cultural life out of some of the most gifted African Ameri- would support us in whatever way they could. We were to cans. We would not go down without a fight. Allen Build- pick up a truck which would carry us to the building, being was on. Swiftly, we all began our assorted tasks. Some fore the major work force 'was there. Ben and Howard had memorized the floor plans to the Allen Building — every been alerted that we would need some significant support door, lock, transom, entrance, and exit. Some secured in- from the Durham community. They guaranteed that they formation about the way in which Duke filtered its news to would be there for us again. We would secure the building the press and how we would bypass the filter. We decided in three minutes or less. No weapons would be taken. what we wanted to accomplish, what time we would go, Books, some food, and what was needed to lock us in and by what means. We discussed the plan with those in would be brought along. The appropriate persons at AP the community who had been our eyes and ears, who pro- and UPI would be notified when we left, and we would not tected our young spirits, and whose example we followed call our parents until we were safely inside. Those of us for leadership and focus. We talked to Ben and Howard. who were organizing prayed that everyone would make And then, most importantly, we decided who would go. the right decision. None of us slept that night. Sixty or

Fortunately, Black Week came February 4—11. It was a sixty-one students showed up at 6:00 A.M. for that fateful great week. Fannie Lou Hamer came. Maynard Jackson trip in a dark U-HAUL truck down Campus Drive to the came. James Turner came. There were productions of Allen Building. I cried, trembled, and prayed as I rode in James Weldon Johnson's "The Lord's Trombones" and the dark. When the doors opened, we ran into the building readings of Leroi Jones (aka Amiri Baraka). We all went and secured it as planned. We made the phone calls, to see Aretha throw down in Raleigh. We carpooled, hoisted the Malcolm X Liberation University banner onto

Integration (f^ 43 the secured doors ot the Allen Building. Then we cheered the campus back to its somnolence. The white students

. . . because it was our time and our destiny unfolding in were beginning to ask what was happening. The campus front ot us and we were there. In the eight hours that tran- had come to a standstill. The world was looking at Duke

spired, we called our parents (most of whom cried on the and asking how it could have allowed this to happen. No

phone and then threatened to kill us if the university didn't longer could Duke escape attention; insulate itself from the

succeed in doing so first). We took pictures of the moment and tried to study. But there was no studying that day- Soon we heard the sounds ot the police. We rejoiced when we heard on the radio that our leak to AP and UPI had caught Duke oft guard. The whole world knew!!! A steady stream of administrators came. They implored us to leave, and promised to do more. They warned us that we would be expelled. At the same time, the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) occupied the second floor in

support of our action. They did not lock themselves in. Students could walk around them. Ben and Howard had made good on their promise. There was a circle of community support beginning to amass around the entrances to the Allen Building. In the meantime, the athletes had not

failed us. While the faculty senate (UFCAS) debated what to do, Dr. Knight had already called for outside police assistance. The students thought he had called the National Guard to come to "get us out ot the building'' and restore real world; go about business as usual; or delay coming to

grips with its cancer of racism. We had our victory, our de- cisive moment. The momentum created from this forced

the university to make sweeping changes in the way it

taught, thought, treated, and incorporated all of its students into a larger world. With the community amassed at

the doors to absorb us as we left (i.e., we took advantage of

the tact that we "all look alike ), we quietly stole away, merging imperceptibly with the mass of community support. We went over to a dorm across from Allen Building to see ourselves on the news. When the police arrived no one was there. They took up their positions to guard the building, and also incurred the anger of the mostly -white students who could not imagine why the National Guard had been called out to our campus. The national news re-

ported the takeover and likened it to the now-famous

44 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 dent population, as well as the funding based on the presence of black students on trial. There was serious doubt

that the fallout from expelling all of its black students

would be negated by the coming tall semester. Our parents listened as Julius chronicled incident after incident of racial discrimination — so brutal and so harsh. Many of them wept openly. Most of them embraced us and supported us. And all of them knew that their children had met their destinies without flinching, and had been ever defiant and undaunted. In choosing to confront Duke, we students had carved a place in history for ourselves. Our enduring legacy would be one of leadership, commitment,

extraordinary academic and professional productivity. In- deed, such achievement through struggle and the ensuing myths created would be the stuff of legends. And, on our shoulders would stand generations of black students to takeover at Cornell. They announced that it was the first complete their unfinished business at Duke. major takeover in a white institution in the South. It was reported that tear gas had been exploded, and that the students ran from the advancing guard, and that the univer- seized the sity was in chaos. Administrators moved quickly to secure We budding because we have

and shut down the campus. Classes were called off. The been negotiating with the Duke Afro-Am Society, individually and as a group, waited for the aftermath. administration andfacultyfor two-and-a- It came in the form of naming thirteen of the "ringlead- ers" to be tried for violations of the university's pickets and halfyears. We have no meaningful results. protests policy. Ken Pye chaired a committee of facultv We have exhausted all the so-called and students. Julius Chambers and Ferguson of the NAACP " Legal Defense Fund offered to represent us. They listened proper channels. as we told our stories of what had happened to us since coming to Duke. They prepared us for trial. We would Afro-American Society's plead no to contendre, no contest. They knew it would be hard to get the thirteen of us off but they would try. What statement regarding the takeover they didn't count on was the bond that tied us together as a community ot one for that moment in history.

On the day of the trial, every one of the remaining forty- eight surrendered to be tried. All of our parents came to support us. Duke University now had its entire black stu-

Integration ty£ 45 SEPTEMBER 24, 1 975 PROTEST

One hundred African-American students protested and presented to President Terry Sanford the following demands for the amelioration

of their grievances:

1. Departmentalization of the black studies program

2. Increase in the number of black faculty in black studies

3. Increased input of black students in decisions which directly or indirectly

affect the black student population at Duke

4. Immediate end to all forms of discrimination by work-study employers

5. The termination of harassment of blacks by campus security officers

6. Replenishment, extension and updating of the Afro-American Studies col-

lection in the library

7. End of the systematic reduction of grants, scholarships, loans, and special programs for black students

8. End to the appointment of black student representatives to "appeasement"

committees set up by the administration which identify problems but fail to resolve them

9. Increase in black enrollment 10. Immediate implementation of those demands presented by black students on February 13, 1969 to which the administration has not sufficiently addressed themselves 11. Immediate conference with the administration concerning the above enu- merated demands

46 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 Chapter 2 Thirtieth Anniversary Commemorative Events AFRICAN AMERICAN LEGACY '

Abele to Zimmerman CONTINUING THE TRADITION OF EXCELLENCE

The official logo of the The Duke University crest embraced with Kente cloth symbolized the inextricable Thirtieth Anniversary Commemoration link between the history of the university and the history of the African-American

community. The phrase Abele to Zimmerman

(in reference to Julian Abele, the architect of Duke campus, and to Matthew Zimmerman,

who was one of the first two African-Ameri-

can students to enroll in a degree program) represents the wide range of contributions that African Americans have made to the university. This logo was used for the committee

stationery, t-shirts, banners, and flags that were hung throughout West Campus, along

Campus Drive, and Chapel Drive. Kente is alive on the Duke campus. MARCH Lijt of Eventj • Black Comedy Night and Filmfest sponsored by the Black Student Alliance • Papa Bunko Susso, Griot and Musician, Mary Lou Williams Center tor Black Culture

• The Golden Affair, a Salute to African Americans in the Performing Arts, honoring Halle Berry. JANUARY • Jesse Jackson, Duke Chapel • Interrogating Identity Exhibition, Duke University • Third Annual Conference of Preparing Minorities for A\useum of Art Academic Careers, Bryan Center "The exhibition attempts to interrogate' the meaning of • Undergraduate Admissions, Black Student Alliance the term black art as it is applied to the broad range of Festival artistic output by artists of divergent backgrounds and • Health Fair, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority heritages in three historically linked, English-speaking • North Carolina International Jazz Festival, Ron countries: Canada, Great Britain, and the United States." Jackson, guitar, and Pedro Moreira, tenor saxophone • The Right Rev. H. Hartford Brookins, Bishop, Second • Black Business Symposium, Black MBA Organization, Episcopal District African Methodist Episocopal Church, Fuqua School

• Washington, D.C., addresses the student body . Second Annual Hurston-James Symposium • Blondell Commings, choreographer/director FEBRUARY • African Awareness Week, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority

• Tuskegee Airmen, Mary Lou Williams Center for Black • Martin Luther King Lecture Series, Divinity School Culture • Interrogating Identity films "Hair Piece" and "Fade to APRIL Black" • North Carolina International Jazz Festival, Marcus • North Carolina International Jazz Festival, vocalist Eve Roberts, pianist Cornelius and pianist Joanne Brackeen • 1993 Eric C. Lincoln Ball and Banquet, Kappa Alpha Psi • Pink Ice, annual semi-formal affair hosted by Alpha Fraternity' Kappa Alpha Sorority • Reception to Honor Black Graduating Seniors • Alexander Rivera, photography exhibit, Mary Lou • Clarence Fountain and the Blind Boys of Alabama, Williams Center for Black Culture traditional gospel and blues • The Uptown String Quartet, lecture and performance, • Career Conference, Duke University Black Alumni Griffith Film Theater Connection • History of Black Music in America • Open House, Career Development Center • Graduate School Informational Meeting • Reginaldo Howard Memorial Scholarship Dinner • An Evening of Jazz: Rhapsody in Red, Delta Sigma • Showcase of Campus Performing Artists, Alpha Kappa Theta Sorority Alpha Sorority • The Meeting, Page Auditorium

Commemorative Events ^JJ> 49 • Black Scholars' Award Ceremonies, Alpha Kappa Alpha • Thirtieth Anniversary House Course (continues) Sorority • Speaker Series: Mr. Don Brackn, "Race, Education, and Music"

MAY Ret'. Dr. Benjamin ChavL), Jr., "Race, Education, and Economics and Politics" • Thirtieth Anniversary Commemorative Exhibit, Perkins Dr. Louui W. Sullivan, "Race, Education, and the Library Health Care System in America" AUGUST DECEMBER • Welcoming Reception for the Thirtieth Class oi African- • Thirtieth Anniversary House Course (continues) American Undergraduates at Duke University. • Speaker Series:

Profe<)

in the Media" • Thirtieth Anniversary Commemorative Exhibit, Perkins Library

OCTOBER

• Thirtieth Anniversary House Course (continues) • Speaker Series: Dr. /Murray N. DePduiiv, "Race, Education, and the Arts" Chiefof Chaplains (Major General) Matthew A. Zimmerman, "Race, Education, and Religion" Air. Kenneth Chestnut, "Race, Education, and Business

NOVEMBER

• Thirtieth Anniversary Commemorative Exhibit, Duke University Hospital, North Division

50 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 Welcoming Reception

dents to participate in the activities held during this com-

memorative year. Students received t-shirts with the thirtieth-year official logo. African-American members of the class of 1997 began their undergraduate careers with an

awareness of the special place they occupy in the history of the university.

The fall semester of 1993 began with a reception honoring the Alrican-American members of the class of 1997, the thirtieth class of African-American undergraduates to ma- triculate at Duke. More than eighty percent of the 124 new first-year African-American students attended the reception. President Nannerl Keohane, Provost Thomas Lang- ford, Dean of Arts and Sciences Roy Weintraub, and Chairman of the Duke Endowment and a member of the Duke family Mrs. Mary D.B.T. Semans welcomed the students and their families and challenged them to continue the remarkable legacy of their African-American predecessors at Duke. University Vice President and Vice Provost Dr. Leonard Beckum and Dr. Brenda Armstrong, '70, encouraged stu-

Commemorative Events Vi> 51 Thirtieth Anniversary v House Coursey "Raee eJ Education

Designed to provide an academic context tor the ongoing Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger ofMemory. New York: Bantam dialogue about race, Dr. Leonard C. Beckum, university Books, 1982. vice president and vice provost, and Dr. Brenda Arm- West, Cornel. Race /Matters. Boston: Beacon Press, 1993.

strong, associate professor of pediatrics, cotaught a house Williams, Patricia J. The Alchemy of Race and Rights. course entitled "Race and Education." The semester-long Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.

course began on September 8; approximately twenty-five students met each week to discuss race and education in EXCERPTS FROM STUDENTS' RESPONSES terms ot the historical and political context of American TO THE HOUSE COURSE society. Students critically reviewed the issues surrounding "Racism was described [by Major Matthew Zimmerman] the education ot both majority and minority populations. as a disease being ted and kept alive by hidden forces The syllabus for the house course deliberately coincided which needed the presence of racism to keep people from with the Thirtieth Anniversary Speaker Series offered dur- seeing mankind as a single family. I was challenged bv this ing the tall semester. Distinguished speakers provided stu- assertion. ..." dents with unique and personal perspectives, discussing Nathaniel Turner, '94 the role of race and education as they impacted other areas

of society'. The following is a list of readings from the class "Essentially, it all boils down to an uneven playing field. syllabus. Speakers also suggested readings. Institutionalized racism is benefiting the infrastructure and power establishment. Those with political and economic Bell, Derrick. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence power use race as a divisive issue to their advantage." of Racism. New York: Basic Books, 1992. Noel Miquiabas, '94 Easter, E., Cheers, D. M., and Brooks, D. SongdofMy People, African America/hi: A Self Portrait. Little, Brown, "The lack of an all-encompassing history, the lack ot ade- and Co., 1992. quate health care, the lack of truly equal and unprejudiced Early, Gerald. Lure and Loathing: Kways on Race, Identity, and opportunity, the lack of unbiased media input results from the Ambivalence of Assimilation. New York: The Penguin America being a country that does not appreciate all that Press, 1993. African Americans have done." Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities. New York: The LaTarsha Russell, '94 Crown Press, 1991.

Nelson, Jill. Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience. Chicago: The Noble Press, Inc., 1993.

52 <*# LEGACY. 1963-1993 "Education is both the savior and perpetuator of racial injustice in America. Only through education may we overcome the racism that has been woven into our social fabric, yet it is education that has historically maintained these prejudices." Shawn Reed, '94

"Through this course, we have been exposed to all types of definitions and explanations about the effects of racism on education and vice versa. As a result, I no longer hold such a narrow-minded view about how knowledge is acquired.

Instead, I am now aware how educational experiences can surface in a plethora of situations, environments, and con- texts." Sharon Morgan, '94

Commemorative Events w> 53 our lives. But what has become a development in the last

Hoiue-Couive lew years has been a pathology, a social cancer that is de- structive ol the goodness, integrity, and unity ol the black Speaker Series community."

DR. MURRAY N. DEPILLARS Race, Education, and the Arts

During the fall semester ol 1993, the Thirtieth Anniversary Dean, Professor of Art Edu- Committee was privileged to host a speaker series concern- cation, Virginia Common- ing race and education. We thank the participants tor mak- wealth University, School ol ing the endeavor such a success. All speeches were open to the Arts. Artist, author, con- the public. Audiotapes of the speeches are available in the sultant, art administrator, Duke University Archives. member of AFROCOBRA, which formed in Chicago in DR. CHUCK STONE 1968.

Race, Education, and Imaged in the Media "I want to talk to you a Walter Spearman Professor, little bit about the history of

School ol Journalism and Mass art, maybe about the group I Communication, University of exhibited with, AFROCOBRA, North Carolina, Chapel Hill. and try to decode some slides for you and to impress upon

Syndicated columnist, political you the importance of African and Afro-American imprint analyst, author, TV commenta- on civilization.

tor, former special assistant to "How many of you have taken art history? What book Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. did you use? Helen Gardner or Jansen? Helen Gardner. "Times change, things im- We use Helen Gardner at Virginia Commonwealth. It is

prove, and yet as I said in my considered to be the widest-selling art history book in this

law degree article, history does country and the book states that art began in France with

repeat itself. It is a cyclical cave paintings dated approximately 13,000 B.C. I think

kind ol thing. I want to deal with race and education, and im- Jansen starts the same way.

ages in the media. But also the variations on the theme of "He talks about primitive art, but primitive art doesn't white racism, black self-destruction, and national indilterence, count because primitive art is African art. I'm not trying to

because those are the three factors that are interacting and be funny; I'll come back and clear it up for you but by and

impacting upon both experiences I call the racial symbiosis.' large that is what both Jansen and Gardner will say about

"We can no longer attribute all ol the ills ol the society the birth ol art. That the birth of art began with the rock

or all ol the ills in the black community to white racism. art at Lasso. Some black and white researchers have dis-

Sure, it could be a dominant force that controls our society covered some cave paintings in Africa that predates those and institutional racism does dominate our activities and at Lasso. So the question is whether the quality ol the

54 W LEGACY. 1963-1993 paintings at Lasso exceed the quality of the paintings, let's have the consequences, which could be called natural, of a say, the Sahara cave paintings, which have been dated at paradigm that probably never should have seen the light of nearer twenty-three to twenty-seven thousand B.C. day, the cultural privatization of ethnic groups in America."

1 have a slide of a South African cave painting which predates the Sahara painting but I will talk to you a little KENNETH S. CHESTNUT bit about the movement between West and East Africa be- Race, Education, and Budinedt) cause there was a discovery by Keith C. Seele right before Duke Engineering alum- the Aswan Dam was opened. He discovered a cemetery nus, B.S.C.E. '68, presi- called Oustulu at Carso. With that particular find he dis- dent and chief operations covered that there was a black civilization that predated officer of H. J. Russell dynasty 0. Construction Company,

Inc., the largest minority- MAJOR GENERAL MATTHEW A. ZIMMERMAN owned construction Race, Education, un<) Religion company in the nation. Chief of Chaplains, Major Entered Duke in 1964, General, Department of the one year after black un- United States Army, The dergraduates were ad- Pentagon. Awarded Legion mitted to the university

of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, for the first time.

Meritorious Service Medals, "At first 1 wanted to

recipient or NAACPs Roy be a carpenter. I loved

^JB^RrjB Wilkin-, Meritorious Service to build. That all changed when I took a mechanical draw- -"** ^^^ ^^ lB|^ Award, South Carolina ing course in high school. I got interested in civil engineer- "'

', . IA^ Black Hall of Fame, Master ing. I considered other schools other than Duke. I was re- ' /* of Divinity from Duke Uni- ally eager and was enticed to come here by my guidance ; Wf

versity, received the Distin- counselor. It had occurred to me at the time that Duke guished Alumni Award from Duke Divinity School was not accepting black students. As an engineering stu-

Alumni Association in October 1991. dent, I found the work to be most challenging. The cur-

"Then, from early slavery times, when it was discovered riculum 'was oriented toward design and I liked that and how easily African Americans could learn, and how eager stayed busy. Obviously, from my perception listening to they were to do so, laws were created and passed forbid- students at the deans council meeting, there is still the per-

ding anyone to teach African Americans anything. . . . ception of a disparity of workload between Trinity stu- "The value that African Americans have placed on edu- dents and the engineering students So that has not

cation has always been extraordinarily high. . . . Through- changed. We always had more labs and work to do. From out history we would have to conclude that African Ameri- a purely technical classroom teaching point of view I found cans have sought education in every conceivable manner the engineering professors were concerned more about and at every conceivable level. ... It seems to me that we your technical abilities and performance and production

Commemorative Events **> 55 than anything else. The social issues that we dealt with REVEREND DR. BENJAMIN CHAVIS

were outside of the engineering or technical classroom. Race, Education, ana Economics and Politic,' We saw more of that in other areas such as the administra- Executive Director, Na- tion. We saw a transition over my Four years here. First, tional Association for the we were glad to be here to the point that we wanted to Advancement of Colored

make a difference. I am reminded that somewhere here I People (NAACP), graduate of am in a photograph, where we sat in at the president's Duke Divinity School, '79. office to demonstrate our commitment." "The problems of racial discrimination and racial DON BRADEN hardship in our community Race, Education, and Mimic and in our nation demand Tenor saxophone that we have a new wave of

player, recording artist. civil rights movement. . . . CDs: "Wish List," re- The more education one ac- leased in May 1993, quires, the more responsibil-

"The Time is Now," re- ity one has to share that leased in 1991. learning to help make a contribution to society, and to Don Braden's open up further doors.

presentation focused "It was important that I not only was a good student

£ on the role of jazz as a while I was here, but that I took what I learned at Duke

representation of one and applied to where I was being kept, even behind bars.

ol the true American It wasn't easy being a graduate student and/or being

contributions to music. locked up ... at Hillsborough State Prison. . . .

He emphasized the 'ways in which jazz is able to communi- "I am concerned that, while we've made progress, there cate across racial, ethnic, and cultural boundaries. are some forces in our society that want to retrench, want

to go back . . . want to apologize for the progress we've

made rather than pushing forward with more progress. . . .

"I believe that there has been a resurgence of racist mentality, and that racist mentality needs to be challenged,

not only in the churches, not only by the NAACP, but it needs to be challenged by great educational institutions

like Duke University. If Duke University can't treat its

own employees right, how can it commend itself in terms

of being an academic leader in a world -where the ideal of

truth is held high?"

56 d$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 DR. LOUIS W. SULLIVAN ate hearing room, in another form created by those of us Race, Education., ana the Health Care System in America who feel deeply about racial justice and equality. And that

^H President, Morehouse is why I am grateful that Duke has invited me here to School of Medicine, For- speak, which gives me an opportunity, finally, to speak for

mer U.S. Secretary of myself . . . and to speak at a forum, which I hope is the first Health and Human Ser- of many such forums, in which to discuss the undiscuss- vices (Bush administration) able, the meaning of race in America.

Dr. Sullivan's presen- "Talking about racial bias at home has, for many, become

tation focused on issues synonymous with advocating revolution. ... I do not believe

related to the proposed that talking about controversial issues is what creates contro-

health care plan of Presi- versy. . . . My nomination had become a metaphor for the dent and Mrs. Clinton. In state of race relations in America. Remember the policy:

addition, he discussed the Don't ask. Don't tell. Don't pursue. As a country, we are in a importance of continued state of denial about issues of race and racism. For many

improvement of health politicians and policymakers, the remedy for racism is simply care in black and urban centers and historically black med- to stop talking about race. ical training institutions. "So I ask you to join me in a national public conversa-

tion about race, about justice, and about fundamental fair-

PROFESSOR LANI GUINIER ness. ... I ask that you join me in changing the policy of

Race, Education, and the New Civil Rights Don't ask; don't tell' to Ask, and we shall tell. We shall speak " University of Pennsylvania proudly, and without bitterness. . . but we shall tell.' law professor, authority on

civil rights legislation, former candidate for position of U.S. Attorney General.

"One of the reasons that I was committed to pressing forward with confirmation

hearings is that I knew a Senate hearing was not just another daytime talk show. Given the controversy my nomination had attracted, a Senate hearing would have been an unusual, proactive opportunity to turn the attention of the American people to the unfinished agenda of civil rights. That discussion must still occur, if not in a Sen-

Commemorative Events fr*> 57

Chapter 3

Profiles of a Few Alumni, Faculty, and Administrators

BRENDA ARMSTRONG, 70 when she began her residency in 1975. As director ot the Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Armstrong continues to contribute to the university through her research and teaching. Dr. Armstrong was instrumental in founding the Duke University Black Alumni Connection (DLBAC), and has met with great success in efforts to maintain connections with fellow African-American alumni. She has served on numerous university committees, including the Thirtieth

Anniversary Committee. During the tall semester ot 1993, Armstrong cotaught a house course focusing on race and

education. Brenda Armstrong s presence on campus serves as both a potent reminder ot the African-American strug-

gles in the past, and as a harbinger of the daunting challenges that he ahead for African Americans at Duke.

LEONARD C BECKUM Brenda Armstrong has a long tradition of service and lead- When Dr. Beckum was appointed to the post ot university ership at Duke University. A native ot Rocky Alount, vice president and vice provost in 1991, he became the first

North Carolina, Armstrong entered Duke as an under- black officer of DukeUniversity. In addition, he is a pro- graduate in 1966. As a hounding member and chairperson fessor in the program in education at Duke. ot the Airo-American Society, Armstrong quickly became Dr. Beckum received his Ph.D. in psychological studies a vital force in the struggle for racial equality on campus. in education from Stanford in 1973. From 1985 to 1990 She demonstrated her commitment to the cause during the Dr. Beckum was dean ot the City College School of Edu- Allen Building Takeover on February 13, 1969. As one of cation, City University ot New York. the sixty students stationed inside the Allen Building, Arm- His research has focused on cognitive and social psy- strong led her peers in a protest against discriminatory uni- chological factors that influence teaching and learning. versity policies. As a student leader, Brenda Armstrong Aluch ot this research has focused on the relationship be- mobilized African-American students to voice their con- tween such factors as learning styles and their influence on cerns as a unified body. the ability to acquire computer programming skills, social As a Duke student, Armstrong pursued a pre-med psychological influences on cognitive development, and the courseload and graduated with a bachelor ol science de- influence ot contextual characteristics ot the teaching and gree in zoology in 1970. One year later, Armstrong entered learning environment on how teachers teach and students St. Louis Medical School and determined that a career as a learn. Dr. Beckum has published widely on these topics. pediatrician would best combine her love tor children and for science. Armstrong's dedication to Duke and the Durham community brought her back to the university

Profiles Vi> 61 '80 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN CHAVIS, JR., M.DIV. United Church ot Christ, Chavis pursued a master ot di- As a young bov coming ot age in Oxford. North Carolina, vinity degree. He quickly gained the respect and admira- Ben Chavis displayed a precocious interest in civil rights tion ot his professors and classmates. Although study-re- activism. By age twelve, Chavis was a card-carrying mem- lease regulations prohibited Chavis trom certain activities,

ber of the National Association tor the Advancement ot he nevertheless was a deeply committed and invoked civil Colored People (NAACP). Thirty-four years later, Chavis rights activist. was the youngest director ever appointed to lead the orga- During Jessie Jackson's 1984 presidential campaign nization. Chavis served as the campaign's clergy coordinator. His po-

In 1969, Chavis was the first African American to grad- litical career continued as an advisor to President Clinton's uate with a bachelor of science in chemistry from the Uni- transition team on issues ot race and the emironment.

versity of North Carolina at Charlotte. He received a mas- In 1993, Chavis left his position as executive director of ter of divinity degree from Duke University in 1979, and a the United Church of Christ's Commission tor Racial Jus-

doctorate in divinity from Howard University in 1981. tice to become the executive director ot the NAACP. Chavis did not limit himself solely to NAACP activities, but Ben Chavis continues to be an active participant in the also has worked on behalf of the Congress on Racial Duke community. In December ot 1993, Chavis addressed Equality, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the impact ot race and education on economics and politics the American Federation ot State, Counts', and Municipal as part ot a lecture series commemorating the thirtieth an- Employees, and the United Church ot Christ. niversary ot African- American students. As a field worker for the United Church ot Christ's Commission for Racial Justice, Chavis led a protest KENNETH CHESTNUT, '68 against segregated schools in Wilmington, North Carolina. Born and raised in Wilmington, North Carolina, Air. When Chavis and the other activists refused to leave town, Chestnut attended Williston Senior High School. He ma-

police accused the group of burning a grocery store and triculated at Duke University' in the tall of 1964, one year conspiring to shoot a police otticer and a firefighter. Mem- after black undergraduates had gained the right to attend bers of the "Wilmington Ten" received prison sentences. the university. In 1968, he graduated with a bachelor of

As the leader of the group, Chavis was handed a prison science degree in civil engineering. term ot twenty-five to twenty-nine years. The case received As a student in the School ot Engineering, Chestnut international attention when the London branch ot tound himself in the midst of an all-white environment.

Amnesty International listed the group as the first case of Much of his contact and interaction with other African- political prisoners held in the United States. Governor Jim American students occurred outside of his curncular en-

Hunt of North Carolina eventually reduced the sentences deavors. Chestnut was an active participant in civil rights of the Wilmington Ten. Chavis was paroled in December demonstrations, both at Duke and at nearby North Car- of 1979. The other nine activists were either paroled or re- olina Central University. He was involved in the Atro- leased from prison by 1980. American Society and the Allen Building Takeover of As a commuter trom Hillsborough Corrections Center, 1969. Chavis entered Duke as a unique divinity school student in Shortly after leaving Duke with a B.S.C.E. in 1968, Chest- 1978. Through a study-release program paid tor by the nut was drafted by the United States Army. He served in the

62 £# LEGACY. 1963-1993 army from 1969 until 1971, spending one year in Vietnam. a social service specialist, Dr. Cook accepted a faculty po- Alter completing his brief military career, Mr. Chestnut sition at Southern University in South Carolina. His repu- began to pursue his interest in civil engineering. He tation as an excellent and dedicated instructor quickly

worked tor the national construction firms of J. A. Jones spread; he was offered several teaching positions in both Construction Co., Inc., and Gilbane Building Co. lor a large universities and small colleges. He held posts at the

total ol thirty-two years. During that time, he progressed University ot California, the University of Illinois, Texas

from held engineer to project executive. In 1989, Chestnut Southern University, and Atlanta University. In the fall of

joined H. J. Russell Construction Co., Inc. The company 1965, Dr. Cook lett his position as chair of the political sci-

is the largest minority-owned construction company in the ence department at Atlanta University to become a visiting

nation, and the fourth largest construction company over- professor at Duke University. Cook became the first all. In 1990, Kenneth Chestnut was named president and African-American faculty member at Duke University chiel operations olhcer ol H. J. Russell. when he was appointed as an associate professor ot politi-

In addition to his position as president and COO of a cal science. In 1972, Cook was promoted to full professor- major corporation, Chestnut has assumed several other re- ship in the Political Science Department and also became sponsibilities. He serves on the board of trustees for the director of undergraduate studies.

Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, the board of directors lor As the first African-American faculty member at a pres- Glen Castle Constructors, the Construction Advisory Com- tigious southern university in the late 1960s, Sam Cook mittee lor the Southern College ol Technology, and the taced the challenges of a tumultuous academic community Dean's Council ot the School ol Engineering at Duke Uni- in the midst of profound change. Cook's leadership was versity. Kenneth Chestnut returned to campus in the tall ot sought not only in the classroom or in the faculty lounge, 1993 to give a lecture entitled "Race, Education, and Busi- but also around the campus and the medical center. Duke ness" as part ot the house course taught in connection with students joined their peers at universities nationwide in the the thirtieth anniversary commemoration. cry for racial justice, and Duke University came alive as an open forum for political and social discussion. Students SAMUEL DUBOIS COOK looked to Dr. Cook as an advisor, a mentor, an advocate, Samuel DuBois Cook was born in 1928 in Griffin, Geor- and a friend. gia. In 1944, Cook enrolled at Morehead College, a histori- Steadfast in his dedication and convictions, Dr. Cook cally black college in Atlanta, Georgia. He quickly distin- represented the student interests on several occasions. guished himself as both a scholar and an athlete. As an Cook returned home after the funeral of Morehouse class- undergraduate, Cook received an invitation to Phi Beta mate and lifelong friend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to Kappa honor society and was awarded all-southern foot- find Duke students in the midst of a major protest. The ball honors. After graduating from Morehouse in 1948, Silent Vigil, which began as a memorial service to Dr. Cook pursued graduate study through Ohio State Univer- King, developed into a student protest of discriminatory sity's political science doctoral program. With the comple- university policies. Dr. Cook spoke to 1,500 vigil attendees tion of a master's degree in 1950 and a doctorate in 1954, on April 10, 1968. Less than one year later, Cook would Cook began his lifelong career ot academic leadership and again demonstrate his support for the causes of African- service. American students, during the Allen Building Takeover. Alter two years of service in the United States Army as In the classroom, Cook challenged and encouraged stu-

Profiles 9& 63 dents to grapple with the complexities of contemporary po- for the travel, having decided that Hampton Institute was litical ideology and American political thought. In 1969, the school for me. In November of 1971 Duke extended an

Dr. Cook received the prestigious Outstanding Professor invitation to their weekend. I went and decided to applv.

Award. After ten years of service, Cook left Duke to be- When I told my high school principal, she replied that I

come the president of Dillard University in New Orleans, could never get in, and if by some fluke I was admitted, I

one of the nation s oldest black universities. Duke has con- would never graduate — this despite the fact that I was first

tinued to honor Samuel DuBois Cook. He received an in my class. As it turned out I was admitted and with a honorary doctorate of laws in 1979, and was a university scholarship.

medalist lor meritorious service in 1993. Dr. Cook served "The environment at Duke was challenging for black stu-

as a member of the Duke University Board ot Trustees dents during the 1970s. Even though I had attended a pre-

from 1981 until 1993. dominately white high school, I had never been called colored, no one was intrigued by my hair, nor had any of the

PHILIP R. COUSIN, SR. white students complained about my presence in the class- Philip R. Cousin, Sr., was born in Pittston, Pennsylvania, room or dormitory. There were some openly hostile faculty and moved to Florida as a child. He earned his A.B. degree members and administrators. To graduate during that pe-

with honors in philosophy and English from Central State riod was a feat. I responded to the tension by participating University in Wilberlorce, Ohio, in 1953. He was then or- in the Association of African Students. The association was

dained in the ministry of the African Methodist Episcopal politically active, addressing such issues as financial aid, Church in 1952. In 1956, Mr. Cousins received a master of black studies department, the classroom environment, and divinity degree from Boston University. He then pastored a the lack of social support for black students. We presented

number ol congregations including St. Joseph's A.M.E. to then-president Terry Sanford a list of demands that ulti- Church in Durham from 1965 to 1976. His awards and hon- mately resulted in the creation of the President's Council on

ors are numerous: He was the first black faculty member of Black Affairs and the Mary Lou Williams Center for Black

the Divinity School at Duke University (1967-1979); first Culture. In search of woman-centered affinity, I was a black from a predominately white denomination to serve as founder and first president of Iota Mu chapter of Alpha president of the National Council of Churches of Christ; and Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. at Duke University."

the first black elected delegate from North Carolina to the A French and anthropology major, Cullins went on to Democratic National Convention. University of Pennsylvania to pursue a Ph.D. in linguis-

tics. From there she went to -work for the secretary of the MAUREEN CULLINS, 76 commonwealth ot Pennsylvania, taught English as a sec- iMaureen Cullins came to Duke University as a first-year ond language at the University of Michigan, and worked student in August of 1972. Born in Washington, D.C., and as a research associate for the Federal Highway Adminis- raised in High Point, North Carolina, Cullins attended tration. In 1986 Cullins returned to Duke to work in the Bishop McGuinness Memorial High School in Winston division ot student affairs.

Salem, North Carolina. "I found that while many things had changed at the uni-

"As a high school senior I was invited by a number of versity, quite a bit remained the same. It was disconcerting

colleges to weekends for minority students. I went to a few to hear African-American students echoing the same con-

64 <** LEGACY, 1963-1993 cerns I had as an undergraduate. And, while Student Af- In the fall of 1982, Johnny Dawkins left his hometown fairs had responded institutionally, my colleagues pointed to basketball court at Macklin Catholic High School in self-segregation' by African- American students as some- Washington, D.C. to wear the no. 24 jersey at Duke Uni- thing to be addressed by African-American students, not as versity. Dawkins charged into the basketball arena deter- a symptom of larger problems at the university. However, mined to lead his team to victory; he posed a formidable of- the Latino, Asian, and gay and lesbian students were finding fensive threat to opponents through the 1985-86 season. a voice, and the university was beginning to consider the During the 1982—83 season, Dawkins earned a place in value of a diverse community." Duke basketball history as the first freshman to receive the In 1993 Cullins was promoted to the position of assis- Swett Memorial Trophy, the Blue Devils' most valuable tant vice president of student affairs and dean of campus player award. The Atlantic Coast Conference recognized community development. Her responsibilities include ad- his talent as well, honoring Dawkins with a place on the ministrative oversight for Greek life, the Lesbian, Gay, and second all-ACC team. Sporting Newd ranked Dawkins as

Bisexual Life Center, the Community Service Center, the one of the top five freshmen in the countrv. Office of Intercultural Affairs, International House, and As a sophomore during the 1983-84 season, Dawkins the Women's Center. In addition, she sits on several uni- continued to etch his legacy into the record books. His ca- versity committees and task forces. Cullins believes that reer point total of 1,165 at the end of the season remains as her work supports the university's ongoing commitment to the highest point total tor any Duke player in a sophomore provide a supportive environment for all Duke students. year. With an average of 19.4 points per game, Dawkins earned the distinction of second-highest scorer in the ACC JOHNNY DAWKINS, '86 His 272 assists placed Dawkins fifth on the Duke career

list. Once again, the Blue Devil earned a position on the

second all-ACC team. Dawkins was also selected as an al- ternate for the 1984 United States Olympic Team. With a season average of 20.2 points per game, the two-

time all- American guard led the Blue Devils to the 1986 NCAA tournament finals. Dawkins finished his Duke career with an all-time record high score of 2,556 career

points. As a tribute to Dawkins s four years of athletic excellence, Duke retired his jersey, number 24, in Cameron Indoor Stadium. After graduating from the university in 1986 with a

bachelor of arts degree in political science, Dawkins was the tenth NBA draft pick. He began his professional career with the San Antonio Spurs. After three seasons with the Spurs, Dawkins joined the Philadelphia 76ers. Dawkins was leading the second place 76ers in December of 1990 when a severe knee injury put him on the sidelines. Fol-

Profiles £& 65 lowing a year of physical therapy and rehabilitation, year tenure at Swarthmore, Dickerson taught English and Dawkins returned to the Sixers for the 1991—92 season. worked as a guidance counselor in Cincinnati high schools.

As one of the first prominent black athletes to continue She spent five years at Indiana's Earlham College as asso- in professional athletics alter graduating from Duke, ciate dean of students and assistant professor of education. Dawkins holds a distinguished place in the legacy ot '84 African-American students. His accomplishments serve as WILLIAM C TURNER, JR. , 70, M.DIV. 74, PH.D a symbol for the countless contributions of black students to Duke University.

JANET SMITH DICKERSON

For Duke Divinity School professor William C. Turner, who matriculated in 1966, black students' hopes and ambi- tions were tempered by an unspoken understanding of how to follow the guidelines already in place.

Janet Smith Dickerson came to Duke in the summer of "You have to remember that we grew up in a pre—civil 1991 after fifteen years at Swarthmore College. For the rights era," says Turner. "Our experience was one of segre-

last ten years of that period, she served as the dean of the gation: segregated communities, segregated churches, segre- college. She holds the honor ot being the first woman and gated schools. We remember separate water fountains. We

the first African-American vice president of student affairs remember sitting in the back of the bus. It was American at Duke. In this position, her purview extends to residen- apartheid, and we grew up learning rules of behavior and

tial life, psychological counseling, career development, cul- conduct around that reality. It's hard to describe for some-

tural affairs, international-student support, minority af- one who wasn't there what an alien world it was."

fairs, student activities, and volunteer services. Despite the alienation Turner never considered leaving, Dickerson grew up in a small town in South Carolina, "because there 'was a pioneering spirit among us. You

and went to Western College for Women, now part of weren't just doing it for yourself; you were doing it for

Ohio s Miami University. Before beginning her fifteen- your parents, your school teachers, and for your commu-

66 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 nity. Back home we were celebrities; we were doing some- dents. Zimmerman entered Duke in the fall of 1962. After thing new and revolutionary. receiving his degree from Duke in 1965, Zimmerman was "And you always knew what the rules were. Eventually ordained at the National Baptist Convention. He remained it became a matter of deciding which rules you were going in academic communities, serving as a campus minister at to (ollow and which you were going to break. You do that Idaho State University and at Morris College in South according to your own personal and moral integrity. You Carolina. Zimmerman continued his own studies at Long break them when you just can't continue with the way Island University, and earned a second master's degree in things are. And you don't break them when you don't feel guidance counseling. like putting up that energv- By 1967, Matthew Zimmerman was ready to begin his

"That is something that many people never fully com- military career. Commissioned as a captain and serving as a prehended about [the difference between] segregation and clergyman, Zimmerman attended the United States Army separation. Some things that we've developed — forms of Command and General Staff College as well as the United expression and cultural conventions — are things that we as States Army War College. His coursework included chap- African Americans like [more than the white equivalent]. lain officer training, programming, budgeting, and personal In many cases, we've never been sold on the superiority of management for executives. Zimmerman has continued to the white culture or the white way of doing things. So you rise through the ranks of the armed forces. He has been don't break the rules and put out the energy when you are sworn into the office of United States Army Chief of Chap- going to like what you get less than what you had. But that lains, assuming the rank of major general in 1990. was never the issue. The issue was the equality of opportu- Zimmerman has not forgotten his time at Duke Univer- nity; how funds, privileges, and benefits are allocated. . . . sity and continues to share his leadership and wisdom with

"Even after twenty-five years, I still have the feeling the university community. He returned to Duke to deliver that I'm breaking the rules by being here. My son feels at the Martin Luther King, Jr., Lectures at the Divinity home here; he can run around the Gardens and go the top School in April of 1991, and spoke as part of the "Race and of the Chapel and he feels that this place is his. And on one Education" house course during the fall of 1993. level I feel like that too. But on a deeper level, I know the history of my presence here."

'65 MATTHEW A. ZIMMERMAN, JR., M.DIV. A native of Rock Hill, South Carolina, Zimmerman remained there to graduate from Benedict College with a bachelor of science degree in biology and chemistry. He enrolled at Duke Divinity School as one of the first three African-American students. Zimmerman's acceptance into the master of divinity program at Duke represented the culmination of the divinity school's prolonged efforts to desegregate — Duke Divinity School was the first school at the university to petition the trustees to admit black stu-

Profiles ££ 67

Chapter 4 Where We Are Now

Iiitititutiona I Policies

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY STATEMENT abilities without regard to age, race, ethnic background, religion, gender, physical disability, or sexual orientation. Duke University does not discriminate on the basis of race, At the same time, Duke University actively encourages color, religion, national origin, handicap, veteran status, diversity in its community, for such diversity not only en- sexual orientation or preference, sex, or age in the adminis- riches the education of us all and better equips us for effec- tration ol educational policies, admissions policies, finan- tive citizenship, but also contributes to the University's ef- cial aid, employment, or any other university program or fectiveness in the larger communities of which we are a activity. It admits all qualified students to all the rights, part — city, state, nation, and the world. privileges, programs, and activities generally accorded or The fundamental reason for diversifying our faculty and made available to students. student body is that it will improve the quality' of education The Equal Opportunity Policy shall be followed in reat Duke. Although some may feel a moral obligation to ex- cruiting, hiring, appointing, and promotion into all acade- pand our recruitment of both faculty' and students to over- mic or nonacademic positions. The university will insure come the effects of past prejudice and disadvantage and to that other personnel actions such as compensation, reflect more fully the diversity' of our society', the link be- benefits, transfers, returns from layoff, demotions, termina- tween diversity' and academic quality is compelling in itself. tions; university sponsored training programs; education; Education depends on learning things you did not know be- tuition assistance; social and recreation programs; and use fore. This can be done through books of history or lab ex- of university facilities will be administered without dis- periments or works of art or anthropological explorations. crimination on the bases indicated above. But it can also be done by talking to, working alongside, liv- ing with, people whose perspectives are quite different from DUKE VISION our own. The most powerful learning experiences come Excerpt* from Core Commitment*, September 1994 i.'.ute when we share the experience of reading history- or look-

Duke University is committed to providing equal employ- ing at art or talking about philosophy with people whose ment and educational opportunities to its employees and geographic or economic backgrounds are unlike our own, students. The university adheres to and supports all fed- people of opposite sex or a different race, who do not take eral, state and local legislation and fundamentally supports the same things for granted. The multiplier effect ot new the proposition that, whether in admissions, the assessment ideas filtered through several lenses is a powerful way to of classroom performance, hiring, or promotion, the uni- learn. Duke is committed to enhancing this dimension of versity seeks to identify, recognize, and reward individual academic quality.

Where We Are Now W> 71 ADMISSIONS STATEMENT ment ot programs to promote the growth of students of Nancy Alston, Duke Undergraduate Admissions color, undergraduates and post-baccalaureate students. As in the tradition ot the Reginaldo Howard Scholarship Fund,

There is no formula for success here and no two experienced are the the university has benefited from the leadership of several

,. Aly father onee told me that you 've got to make your break* African-American students, including two scholars who and now I understand what he meant. For me, Duke had been served as presidents ot the Duke Student Government.

tough, but I know it was the best because itjust feels right. Students of color have met and continue to confront the challenges at Duke whether that be in the form of in- The statement above, written for a brochure, "Duke Uni- creased attention to the recruitment of black faculty to par- versity: A Diverse Community," perhaps may be just as ticipating in the day-to-day routine of student life. Black

appropriate for today's student of color at Duke as it was students have done well with graduate/professional school for Monica Reid '87, several years ago. As the university' achievement and securing opportunities in the work force.

celebrates thirty years of African Americans at Duke, it re- In the tradition of former presidents Sanford and Brodie, mains a viable choice for those seeking academic excel- and with new leadership from President Keohane, the uni- lence and national reputation. The 150 African Americans versity continues to strive to make this a more pluralistic

in the thirtieth class represents nine percent of the class of society, one where the meaning and spirit of Duke's motto

'98 from twenty-eight states. There is no typical Duke stu- truly prevails. dent, but rather individuals whose academic records reflect promise and success. Located in the Research Triangle area, which has been listed as the best place in the nation

to live, Duke University is highly selective, private, and coed. Over 93% of the students live on campus all four years. The university offers in Trinity College a B.A. or

B.S. degree and in its school ot engineering a B.S. degree. A variety of approaches to liberal arts education can be ob- tained either through Program I— a more traditional approach to the major, or Program II— a more individualized program ot study.

Duke is more than just an academic institution — it is a

community in which students live, work, experience, and grow. To this end, students are supported by a variety of organizations and offices that include Black Student Al-

liance (BSA), which is a strong cultural force and instru-

ment of change. Through its six committees, four cultural groups and auxiliary organizations, the BSA strives to improve the Duke/Durham community. The Office of Intercultural Affairs assists in the develop-

72 d$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 -American rapid involvement within the university community African through sponsorship of receptions and seminars with faculty, administrators, and students, mentorship projects, Student Life cultural events designed to support and enhance the academic and social awareness of other cultural groups, and conducts institutional research to advance diversity and

help create an equitable educational environment for all BLACK STUDENT ALLIANCE students at Duke University.

The purpose of the Black Student Alliance (formerly known as the Afro-American Society and the Association MARY LOU WILLIAMS CENTER FOR BLACK CULTURE of African Students) is to organize and represent Duke's African-American students while simultaneously educating the entire Duke community about African-American culture and heritage. BSA committees comprise of the central, academic affairs, outreach/community relations, programming, publicity, and social committees. Revelation*) is the group's newsletter. Activities of the BSA include a Kwan- zaa ceremony, a Halloween party for area children, sponsorship of major speakers, and the BSA invitational weekend tor prospective students.

Today the BSA, created by and for the black students at

Duke University, continues its role as a cultural force and an instrument of change, as it strives to improve the Duke and Durham communities.

OFFICE OF INTERCULTURAL AFFAIRS The Mary Lou Williams Center for Black Culture was dedicated in memory of the "great lady of jazz." Since its begin- Since its inception in 1969, the Office of Intercultural Af- ning in 1983 the center has established its significance as the fairs (formerly known as The Office of Black Affairs and gathering place on campus where broadly based issues of then the Office of Minority Affairs) has primarily' ad- social and cultural relevance are addressed. This effort has dressed the needs of the African American student popula- been mobilized by such affairs as art exhibits, musical events tion. In 1991, the office began to undergo programmatic film series and lectures. and organizational restructuring; the name change went A Duke University artist-in-residence, Mary Lou into effect in the spring of 1993. Its goal is to continue to Williams, always had the knack of being in the right place at function as a student service component and to offer sup- the right time. Some of those right places and times include port services and programs designed to meet the needs of New York in the 1920s, where she played with musicians all students of color, undergraduate and graduate. The Fats Waller, Jelly Roll Morton, and Duke Ellington. The office provides outreach to students of color to facilitate

Where We Are Now 9*> 73 1930s found her in Kansas City among such great Swing OTHER AFRICAN-AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS AT DUKE

Era musicians as Count Basie, Ben Webster, Lester African Student Association Young, and Andy Kirk. After returning to New York in Alpha Kappa Alpha the 1940s Marv Lou surrounded hersell with such Modern Alpha Phi Alpha Powell, Period giants as Thelonious Monk, Bud Dizzy Black Campus Ministries (Fellowship) Gillespie and Charlie Parker. Black Graduate and Professional Students in Williams Coming to Duke University 1977, Mary Lou Black Student Alliance found a larger measure of peace and inspiration than perhaps Karamu at any other rime in her lite, mainly through the response of Outreach the Duke students who understood the serious nature ol her Prometheus Black playing in her hard, truthful, music. She effected this by and C.A.P.A. (Black Pre-Law Society) visionary way. Black Dance That her vision would continue, she formed the Mary Delta Sigma Theta Williams Foundation, organization dedicated to the Lou an Duke NAACP, Collegiate Chapter preservation of her music through publishing and the is- Duke University Black Pre-Health Organization suance of her recordings. This foundation also encourages Ehmu the survival of jazz placing musically gifted children by Kappa Alpha Psi under the direction of )azz musicians. Muslim Student Association Omega Psi Phi Society of Black Engineers Spectrum Organization Student Action with Farm workers (SAF) Students of the Caribbean Association (SOCA)

74 d$ LEGACY. 1963-1993 young black scholars accelerated the attrition of current

Black Faculty black faculty and made recruitment of potential black faculty' more difficult, and that monitoring and enforcement of Initiative Update the BFI had been ineffective in promoting the achievement of the goals of the 1988 BFI. The Committee strongly rec- ommended that Duke take a vigorous leadership position in the continued efforts to increase black faculty.

A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE BLACK The Committee found one major area of achievement in

FACULTY DEVELOPMENT the past five years. The Graduate School was successful in The Committee on Black Faculty of the Academic Council, doubling the number of black doctoral candidates as pro- January, 1994 posed in the 1988 BFI. There was a commensurate increase in funding for such students from $293,201 to Excerpt $786,730, a 168% increase in funding over the five-year period. A total of 52 black Ph.D. candidates were

PROGRESS TO DATE identified in 19 departments which represented a 160% increase over the five-year period. There remain 27 graduate Duke University has not achieved the overall goal set forth by degree programs with no black graduate students. While the 1988 BFI of increasing the numbers of black faculty by the Graduate School has achieved considerable one in each hiring unit. Specifically, 18 of the 56 hiring units success over the past five years in increasing both the total appli- succeeded in adding 25 black faculty members at regular cant pool of blacks and other black students, there is still rank. Ten departments in Arts and Sciences, the School of much work to be done. The Committee found that Engineering, the Fuqua School of Business, the School of Duke faculty need to assume more active roles in the recruitment Law, the Divinity School, and four departments in the School and outreach activities of the Graduate School and that the of Medicine successfully recruited black faculty to their Graduate School faculty itself should take a more active ranks. In the five-year period, there has been a loss of 18 role in the developing mentorship relationships with black black faculty. Fourteen left the university (three bv retire- graduate students. ment) and four were transferred to non-regular rank or ad- The Committee found that monitoring the progress of ministrative positions within the university resulting in a net the 1988 BFI proved more problematic and requires gain of only seven black faculty at regular rank. significant strengthening. The 1988 resolution addressed The Committee on Black Faculty of the Academic the need for appropriate monitoring of the progress of the Council reviewed the progress of the BFI at the end of the directives of the 1993 academic year by providing the numerical and demo- BFI by outlining specific mechanisms for review available to the appropriate academic officers — graphic information describing the efforts of hiring units, chairpersons of departments, deans of schools, ulti- graduate school departments, and the administrative moni- and mately the provost's office — to ensure that faith ef- toring of the BFI over the five-year period of resolution. good forts were in process to achieve the goals of the BFI. These The Committee's conclusions were that the overall goals of processes included the requirement that hiring units un- the BFI to increase the numbers of black faculty had not able to increase their black faculty' submit a review of their been achieved, that serious deficiencies in the nurturing of

Where We Are Now **> 75 recruitment ettorts and hie a new recruitment plan with the appropriate dean of their school and with the Provosts

office. These hiring units would require approval ol their

recruitment processes prior to the extension of the invita-

tions for campus visits and contingent on the inclusion of one or more black candidates among the invitees, or upon a demonstration that every- ettort had been made to iden-

tify a black candidate(s) for an available position(s). This selection process was to be reviewed by the Office of Equal Opportunity and approved by the Provost prior to any extension ot an ofter to other than a black candidate. The Committee concluded however, that more vigorous and continuous efforts are necessary to ensure that monitoring will work.

76 &$ LEGACY. 1963-1993 Afterword

LEONARD C. BECKUM, University Vice President d Vice Provost Chair, Thirtieth Anniversary Committee

These pages serve as an affirmation of the extraordinary ability and potential of

African-American students at Duke University. While we acknowledge that this potential has not yet been fully realized, we celebrate the progress that African-Ameri- can students have made at Duke. This commemorative year of 1993 has provided time for both introspective reflec-

tion and joyful celebration. During the last thirty years Duke University administra-

tion and African-American students — each group in its own way — have worked together to change the face of Duke. The bold decision of the Duke Board of Trustees in 1962 to admit undergraduates

in 1963 successfully dispelled the presumption that a southern institution must be a homogenous one and set in motion an inexorable progress. Duke's African-American students, through defiance, expectation, and commitment, endured hardships to help ensure the continuation of that progress. Much has changed from the time when the few students were admitted to the university in 1963 to the reception held for the class of 1998 on August 25, 1993. Not only are there many more African-American students attending Duke University,

but today twenty-six percent of the undergraduate student body at Duke is com-

posed of students of color. Most Duke alumni, faculty, staff, and students believe

that Duke now offers a comprehensive education, one that is appropriate for a global marketplace.

During the last thirty years, African-American students have faced daunting chal-

lenges and have left an enduring legacy of pride, faith, and hard work. The university has benefited from the leadership of this diverse student body and has publicly com-

mitted itself to diversity as an institutional priority.

It is our hope that this publication will serve as a reminder of the past, a call to awareness about the present, and a prologue to the future.

Where We Are Now ^> 77

Appendix A

LIST OF ALL BLACKS WHO RECEIVED UNDERGRADUATE DEGREES AT DUKE

1966 Mr. Sandy les Pearson AB Dr. John L. Hudgins AB Or. Anthony Ovewole AB Dr. William Clair Turner, Jr. BSE Ms. Cheryl W. James BS iMiss Alethia J. Johnson AB 1967 1971 Mr. Harvey D. Linder AB Dr. Man M. Harris BS Mr. Lucien Angbo Angbo BSE Mrs. Harvey D. Linder BSN Ms. Wilhelmina M. Reuben-Cooke AB Mrs. Clara H. Axam AB Mr. Gerald J. Moore BSE Mr. Nathaniel Bradshaw White. Jr. BS Mr. Tony L. Axam AB Dr. Clarence G. Newsome AB

Mr. Malvin P. Barnes AB Mr. Walter I. Rogers AB 1968 Dr. Marion L. Blount BSE Miss Cheryl P. Smith AB Mr. Kenneth Spaulding Chestnut BSCE Dr. Ernest L. Bonner, Jr. AB Ms. Linda S. Stevens AB Mrs. Doris W. Grant AB Mr. Leonard L. Brown. Jr. AB Mr. Linwood E. Stevens, Sr. AB Mr. Alfred J. Hooks BSME Ms. Thurletta M. Brown AB Mrs. Benjamin J. Stokes AB Mrs. Joyce Hobson Johnson AB Mr. Isaac Byrd BS Mr. William C. Warner AB Dr. Sundar W. Fleming AB Ms. Daisy E. Weaver AB 1969 Mrs. Adrenee Glover Freeman AB Dr. Sharon D. Whitehurst AB Mr. C. B. Claiborne BSE Mrs. Donna A. Harris BSN Dr. Doris Terry Williams AB Mr. James H. Ebron AB Mr. William E. Hubbard BSEE Mrs. Fred J. Williams AB Mr. Charles \Y. Hopkins AB Mr. Michael J. Leblanc AB Dr. Myrna B. Williams AB Mrs. Alma M. Jones AB Ms. Catherine W. LeBlanc AB Dr. Robert L. Williams AB Mr. Quenlan M. Jones AB Mr. Michael R. Mc Bride AB Mr. Theodore R. Williams AB

Mr. Stephen J. McLeod BSE Dr. Carl I. Mitchell AB Mrs. Wilbert E. Williams AB Mrs. Virginia Anderson Oursland BSN Mr. George O. Phillips AB Miss Deborah C. Wilkerson BS Miss Alice L. Sharpe AB 1973 Mr. Jesse T. Wilkins BSE Mr. Larry W. Shelton AB Mr. Donnel Isadore Bell AB Ms. Alexis A. Smith AB Mr. Nathaniel James Bethel BSE 1970 Mr. C. Ma.xie Templeton BS Ms. Anita Goodman Bradford AB Dr. Brenda E. Armstrong AB Mr. Donald N. Williams AB Mr. William Francis Bultman III AB Mrs. Brenda B. Becton AB iMiss Sandra Rose Dorsey BS Ms. Josie K. Claiborne AB 1972 Mrs. Valeria Cole Edwards AB Dr. James S. Dorsey AB Miss Oludamilola A. Adegbie BSE Mrs. Barbara Gaither-Shocklev AB Dr. Michael R. Geer BSE Miss Pheon E. Beal AB Ms. Delphine Rollins Garside AB Mrs. Carolyn D. Gregory AB Mr. Robert Brown, Jr. AB Ms. Eleanor J. Harrington-Austin AB Mr. Raymond E. Johnson BS Mr. Vaughn C. Glapion AB Mr. James Robert High, Jr. AB Mr. Robert J. Lottin. Sr. BSE Mrs. David L. Harris BSN Mrs. Veronica W. Long AB Mr. James L. McJimpsey AB Dr. Robert L. Hines AB Mr. Waldo E. Martin, Jr. AB Mrs. Beverly J. McNeil] AB Mrs. Doris L. Holhngsworth-Gray AB Mrs. Elizabeth T. McBride AB

Appendix ty£> 79 Mr. Wilbert L. Mickens AB Mr. Walter Thomas Geer, Jr. BSE Dr. Sherry L. Hall BS Dr. Cassandra Felecia Newkirk AB Mrs. Darlene Mitchell Hoard BS Mr. Terry D. Harris AB Miss Belva Deloris Newsome AB Miss Linda Francenia Hooker BS Mr. Randolph B. Henderson, Jr. AB Ms. Lynne P. Newsome AB Miss Sheila Alaria King AB Air. Guilford R. Hill AB Mrs. Gwendolyn S. Parker AB Mrs. Brenda H. Lackey AB Air. Keith Alaurice Hill BS Mr. Charles Edward Staten AB Mrs. Adeyinska Lawson BSE Mr. Willie A. Hodge III AB Mr. Thomas Mickael Todd AB Miss Brenda L. Malloy AB Aliss Sandra A. Jackson AB Dr. Lucia Antoinette Ward-Alexander AB Ms. Janice L Mathis AB Airs. Brenda Washington Jahns AB Mr. Kenneth Lee Whitehurst AB Miss Jacqueline McKinney AB Air. Leon Al. James AB The Honorable Fred J. Williams AB Miss Hermione B. McNair BSN Air. Timothy S. Johnson AB Mr. James Edward Williams, Jr. AB Ms. Carmita Denise Moreland AB Ms. Deborah D. Kennedy AB Ms. Kathy Elaine Pepper AB Dr. Okafor Alang Lekwuwa AB 1974 Ms. Ethei A. Piggee BS Air. Lorenzo Alartinez AB Miss Valerie Ann Bond AB Mrs. Phylis Harris Ragland BSN Air. Oscar S. Mayers, Jr. BS Miss Clementine L. Bullock BSN Dr. Rueben N. Rivers AB Als. Audrey W. McCrarv AB Mr. Michael Anthony Cooke AB Mr. Charles H. Shaw. Jr. BS Air. Curtis W. Aliller AB Dr. Gregory Hannibal Crisp BS Miss Bevelyn Gale Shernll AB Air. John Kevin Aloore BS Ms. Marian AJlayne De Bern' AB Mr. Charles R. Sherwood, Jr. AB Gail N. Morgan AB

Mr. Marvin Dale Hursey AB Alls. Gwendolvn R. Simmons AB Mr. Alichael R. Alorgan AB Miss Sonya Annette Kirkwood AB Ms. Sheryl D- Willert AB Air. George Isaac Aloses AB Ms. Mary Louise McClinton AB Dr. Charles W. Williams. Jr. AB Airs. Donna Chatman Owens BS Mr. Kenneth Bernard Rhinehart BS Als. Claudia A. Withers AB Aliss Stephanie G. Ramsev AB Dr. Carol Denise Spellen BS Als. Angelene Yvonne Reid AB Miss Beverly Christine Starks AB 1976 Mrs. Angela Ducker Richardson AB Miss Sheila Marie Street AB Aliss Leslie L. Atkinson AB Air. Clemon H. Richardson, Jr. AB Mr. Calvin Warren AB Dr. Ezell S. Autrey BS Airs. Alarilyn Wise Roberts AB Miss Barbara Ann Westry AB Airs. Adrienne K. Barnhill AB Aliss Vanessa L. Roberts AB Mrs. Patricia H. Wharton AB Als. Angela P. Bowser AB Air. Donald Shaw AB Mrs. Faith E. Whitehurst-Miller AB Air. Joseph E. Bradshaw, Jr. AB Air. Troy Slade AB Airs. Iris L. Branch AB Air. Benjamin J. ' tokes AB 1975 Airs. Germaine F. Brewington AB Air. Donnie Ray Tuck AB Airs. Shauna Singletary Alami AB Aliss Norma Al. Brown BSN Als. Renee Clarissa Wilder AB Mr. Robert Eugene Bell AB Air. Lawrence Al. Campbell AB Als. Audrey AlcBath Wilson BSE Mrs. Deloryce P. Bright AB Airs. Barbara H. Collins AB Airs. Rhonda Reid Winston AB Ms. Linda Darnell Childs AB Air. Laniel Alatthew Crawford AB Mr. Ernest T. Clark, Jr. AB Ms. Alaureen D. Cullins AB 1977 Mr. Reginald J. Clark AB Als. Sandra A. Dockett BSN Als. Irvenia W. Allen AB Mr. Richard E. Coachman. Jr. AB Ms. Alelea Epps AB Air. Gilbert R. Avers AB Mr. Michael J. Cromartie BSE Aliss Patricia D. Evans AB Air. Philippe Ayivor AB Mrs. Rachelle Laurice Dennis-Smith AB Rev. George St. A Ferguson, Sr. AB Air. Anthony V. Baker AB Dr. James M. Douglas, Jr. BS Air. Darnley Al. Forde, Jr. AB Air. D Alichael Bennett AB Dr. Stephanie Ballentine Ellerbe BS Lieutentant Debra Denise Gillespie BSN Airs. Trudie P. Bolles AB Dr. Carolyn A. Evans AB Als. Gloria J. Green AB Als. Pamela D. Brown AB Mr. George E. Gadson AB Aliss June D. Green AB Air. Grover C. Burthev, Jr. AB

'' Mr. Arthur S. Gore AB Mrs. Portia T. Williamson AB Ms. Jewel Denise Logan AB Ms. Fredessa D. Hamilton AB Miss Sheila D. Witherspoon AB Ms. Tamarah Virginia Malval BS Mr. William Henry Hannon AB Mr. Charles R. Wright, Jr. AB Mr. Bruce Edwin Mattox AB Mr. George Alexander Harris AB Mr. Morrice Young AB Mrs. Sheila Thurmond Mayers AB Mr. Michael E. Harris BS Mr. James Lawrence Morse, Jr. AB Mr. Mitchell T. Harris BS 1978 Mr. George Anthony Neale AB Mr. William Otis Haston, Jr. AB Ms. Josie A. Alexander AB Mrs. Beatrice J. Nealy AB Mr. Charles H. Hill, Jr. AB Ms. Laree Y. Allston AB Ms. Donna E Peterson BSE Mr. Bradford K. Holland. Jr. AB Ms. Rachael E. Arrington AB Dr. Alton W. Powell III BS Miss Constance G. Hunter AB Mrs. Felicia H. Baptiste AB Mrs. Teressa A. Richardson AB

Miss Deborah C. Jenkins AB Mr. Michael Barney AB Ms. Sonya I. Ross BS Mr. Kirk A. Johnson AB Mrs. Jacqueline Davis Belton AB Mr. Landry C. Smith III AB Mr. Reginald D. Jones AB Mrs. Krista T. Benjamin AB Ms. Frances Melvina Strickland AB Dr. Yollette Trigg Jones AB Ms. Avis Toppin Bent AB Dr. Rosita M. Thomas AB Ms. Kay Patrice Kindred AB Mr. Arnold R. Blakney AB Mrs. Marcia Brown Tyree AB Mr. George Anthony Long AB Mr. Wilson Douglas Brame AB Mr. Douglas Seige Wainer AB Miss Linda D. Lyons AB Dr. Kenneth M. Brantley BS Mr. John E. Wiley AB Miss Mary E. Mahoney AB Ms. Mildred McNair Brown AB Mr. Neil G. Williams AB Mrs. Carolyn Wimbly Martin AB Ms. Pamela A. Busby AB Mr. Lonnie A. Wilson AB Mr. Nathaniel Earl Martin AB Mr. Douglas G. Byrd BSE Ms. Rosemary E. Wilson AB

Ms. Elzina Von McCants AB Mrs. Christine Powell Cameron BS . Ms. Desiree P. Worsley AB Mrs. Selena G. Miller AB Mrs. Sharon Tapscott Campbell AB Ms. Addie Wright AB Ms. Doryce E. Moore AB Mr. R. David Cobbs, Jr. AB Dr. Gary R. Yates AB Ms. Karen B. Neale AB Ms. Jacqueline L Coleman AB Mrs. Helena G. Nord AB Ms. Lisa D. Cooper AB 1979 Mrs. Vickie B. Ogunlade AB Ms. Stephanie H. Cox AB Dr. Gwendolyn D. Alexander AB Dr. Barry D. Oliver BS Dr. Lindsey E. Crumlin, Jr. BSE Ms. Rhonda Karin Allen AB Mr. James E. Pailin, Jr. AB Dr. Georgette A. Dent BS Mr. Fekadu Asrat BSE

Appendi) 9* 81 Mrs. Jessica S. Ayivor AB Airs. Darlene J. Porter AB Air. Warren Alarvin Lankford AB Ms. Valerie J. Barnwell BS Air. Karren O'Neal Rhem BS Air. Lyndon Derrick Lewis AB Mr. Sylvanus Garnet Bent, Jr. BSE Als. Barbara Hobbs Rhodes BSN Ms. Joan R. AlcGlockton AB Mr. Brett Erik Chambers AB Dr. Clifford R. Seward BS Air. William Howard AlcGlockton II AB Mr. Earl Lee Cook AB Als. Lahoma Smith AB Mr. Richard George Alurray AB Senor Miller Grant Cunningham AB Dr. Duane Thomas Smoot BS Als. Debbie Cashaw Parks AB Mrs. Ernest C. Davenport AB Als. Sheila Ann Stamps BS Als. Alary Olivia Polk BSE Mr. Ernest Clifford Davenport, Jr. BS Air. Louis Starks AB Dr. Felicity Araba Quansah BS Mr. Larry- Eugene Dobv. Jr. AB .Ms. Sigrid Al. Taylor AB Air. Gregory Wade Ramsey BSE Mr. Robert Louis Durrah, Jr. AB Als. Charita H. Turner AB Als. Tonyia Alarie Rawls AB Mr. Frank Edward Emory', Jr. AB Air. Ronnie Turner AB Als. Stephanie R. Reevers AB Ms. Ivy Gail Exum AB Dr. Joseph William Weaver, Jr. AB Mr. Ronald Marcus Reid BSE Ms. Paula J. Frederick AB Als. Tarlouh Alorgan Wiggins AB Als. Joni H. Roach AB Ms. Sandra L. Frederick AB Airs. Cynthia Cooper Robinson AB Ms. Carol Renae Geer AB 1980 Air. Bryan Sylvester Shepherd AB Ms. Anne-Marie K. Gilfillian BSE Als. Linda D. Alexander, Esq. AB Air. Alark Jeffrey Smalls AB Ms. Serenna Gillooly AB Als. Stephanie Willette Banks AB Als. Lucile Patricia Smith AB Ms. Andrea Denise Grant BS Als. Karen Yolanda Bond- Louden AB Als. Deena Annel Spaulding-Penn AB Ms. Lillian L. Gray AB Air. Marvin Lewis Brown AB Als. Georgine Wanda Stewart AB Mrs. Jacqueline Armstrong Great AB Als. Stephanie Smith Brown AB Mr. Arthur Chester Stowe, Jr. BS Mrs. Karen M. Harris AB Als. Daryl Alice Browne AB Als. Valerie Anita Thompson AB Als. Rosemary' Renita Harris AB Dr. Deena L. Buford AB Air. Robert Clifford Vowels, Jr. AB Mrs. Theresa B. Harris AB Als. Rhonda Eileen Butcher AB Als. Tina Alarie Waddell AB A\s. Jocelyn E. Henderson BS Aliss Felicia Alarie Cassels AB Dr. Cheryl Lynn Walker AB Mr. Michael Miller Holyfield AB Air. Cyril Leon Caurthens AB Air. Alarlon Lebrone Walker BS

Air. Gregory A. Hudgins AB Airs. Ten Delanie Dansbv AB Air. Wilbert Washington II AB Ms. Angela T. Lan AB Air. Eugene H. Dibble IV AB Air. David Alaurice Watson AB Airs. Zaiatantce J. Lipscomb AB Air. Stanley Bertram Driskell AB Mrs. Renita M. Williams AB Ms. Catherine Erlene Lyde AB Als. Karen Norma Dunn AB Airs. Sharone F. Williams AB Airs. Lisa Borders Alarbury AB Als. Daphne Denise Duverney AB Als. Cheryl Edley Worford AB Dr. Anita Louise Alartin BS Als. Alillicent Delisa Few AB Air. Derrick Banks Alashore AB Air. Byron Lamont Godwin AB 1981 Als. Brenda A. Alauss AB Dr. Paula G. Gomes AB Als. Sharon President Alston AB Mrs. Lynne J. Ale David AB Dr. Battiste Barnwell Grayson BS Air. Wilton Dale Alston BSE Air. John Dexter AlcDonald, Sr. AB Als. Karyn Allison Greenfield BS Als. Vikki Al. S. Andrews AB Air. Carl D. AlcGee AB Als. Kendra Yvette Hamilton AB Air. Eugene Lavon Banks, Jr. AB Ms. Angela Smalley Aliller AB Als. Sharon Alarie Henry AB Als. Joan Theresa Barnes AB Air. Charles P. Alonroe AB Air. Richard Devois Hunter, Jr. BSE Air. Kenneth Royce Barrett AB Air. Harold Lawrence Alorrison, Jr. AB Ms. Tonka Hudson Irish AB Air. Stephen George Bond BSE Air. Larry Odom AB Als. Jerma Ann Jackson AB Als. Alyrtle Catherine Buchanan AB Air. Ifendu N. Okpan AB Als. Deborah Francine Johnson AB Air. Eric Charles Bultman AB Air. Stephen K. Okruw AB Als. Joia Alishaaron Johnson AB Mr. Larry Chisolm AB Mr. Jean Derek Penn AB Dr. Alfred Lewis Knox. Jr. BS Air. Kristopher Allan Coombs BSE Air. Dana Ernest Perry AB Als. Gabrielle Dominique Lange AB Als. Ramona Y. Curbeam BS

82 *z LEGACY. 1963-1993 Ms. Joan Jennifer Dickerson BS 1982 Air. Robert Edward Alobley, Jr. AB Miss Alvita S. Eason AB Als. Jennifer Lauren Allen AB Air. Carroll Edward Alorris, Jr. BSE Ms. Margaret Ekwutozia Edozien AB Als. Allvson-Jenine Anderson AB Air. Lionel William Neptune BSE Dr. Percita Loren Ellis BSE Captain Jeffrey Louis Artis AB Air. Ellis Paul Nunery AB Dr. Thomasena La Roya Ellison BSE Als. Angela Josette Battle BS Mr. Melvin O. Parker AB Ms Angela Denise Green AB Als. Sterhn Alonteil Benson AB Als. Stephanie Lynne Pinder BS Mr. John David Harrell III AB Als. Joyce Willette Bowling BS Air. Marvin Lloyd Shelton BS Mr. Dyderd Alexander Harris BS Air. Charles Emanuel Bowser AB Als. Kim Alane Smith BS Mr. Johnnie Ramseur Hemphill, Jr. AB Air. Dwight Alexander Canada AB Air. David Allen Snow AB Mrs. Anita Elev Hilson AB Air. Andre Paul Carey AB Dr. Laddeus Leon Sutton BSE Dr. Keith Marshall Horton AB Ms. Donna Alaria Coleman BS Dr. Thaddeus Geron Sutton BSE Mrs. Janice Land Hudson AB Air. Keith Eugene Crenshaw AB Air. Dennis Rav Tabron AB Als. Sandra Yvonne Jackson AB Dr. Angela Faye Crisp BS Air. Vincent Caldwell Taylor AB Mr. Anthony Steven Johnson BSE Als. Rhonda Dee Cunningham AB Air. Terrence Alan Thomas AB Ms. Fredenca Cadelle Johnson AB Als. Kimberly Fawn Delaney AB Airs. Royce A. Warrick AB Dr. Larry Nathaniel Johnson BS Mr. Atta Panyin Derkyi AB Air. Thomas H. Watkins. Jr. AB Dr. Lvnt Bvron Johnson AB Air. Atta Kakra Derkyi AB Dr. Spurgeon Willard Webber III AB Mr. Michael Perrin Jones BSE Airs. Valerie Al. Diamond AB Air. Darryl Lawrence Webster AB Ms. Sandra Jo Jones BS Air. Bryan Keith Fair AB Als. Vanessa Louise Whiting AB

Mr. Herschel Bernie Kenney BS Als. Dawn Denise Frisby AB Captain Calvin Thomas Wilson II BSE Mr. Larry Rolando Linney AB Air. Augustine Edward Garrett, Jr. BS Als. Cynthia Ruth Wood AB Mr. Emanuel Alexander Lipscomb, Jr. AB Als. Cynthia Kay Glover AB Als. Denise Wooldndge BS Ms. Cornelia Aldrena Mabry AB Ms. Lisha W. Goins AB Als. Deserene Holloway Worsley BS Ms. Andrea Danelle Martin AB Air. Reginald Equilla Gordon AB Air. James David Yorker, Jr. AB Dr. Carl Emery McCants BSE Air. Elton Lewis Grant BS Mr. .Michael Andre AlcGlockton BSE Air. Timothy Randolph Handy AB 1983 Mr. Mark Adrian McNeil BSE Air. Arthur Roy Henderson, Jr. AB Ms. Suzette Armstrong AB Ms. Evdie Germaine Miller-Ellis AB Als. Kim Alatthews Henderson BS Mrs. EmmaLee S. Battle AB Ms. Roseanne Moore BSN Als. Margaret Ann Henderson BS Air. Joseph Andrew Battle BS Als. Jan Lavonne Alurray AB Air. Ralph Emerson Higgs AB Mrs. Sonya K. Belliford AB Ms. Natalie Cassandra Nicholson BS Lieutentant Howard Chester Hill AB Als. Anna Elizabeth Blackburne AB Mrs. Cynthia B. Palmer AB Als. Tera Wanda Hunter AB Mr. Gary Alan Brown AB Mrs. Cheryl Denise Pappy BSE Dr. Paul Bishop Jenkins BS Airs. Alarsha Fullard Carr AB Ms. Debbie Lavette Perry AB Air. Jeffrey Wayne Johnson AB Mr. Alarquette Chester AB Air. James Frederick Pincham AB Air. Cedric Decorrus Jones AB Air. Brent Overton Edgar Clinkscale AB Ms. Anne Marie Powell AB Air. Drew Stevens Jones AB Ms. Leslie Carol Cohen AB Mrs. Phyllis Moore Razeeq AB Airs. Alelanie Davis Jones AB Air. Julian Abele Cook III AB Airs. Paula J. Saylor- Robinson BS Als. Camilla Chloe Lawson AB Air. Charles Lorenza Curry, Jr. AB Ms. Susan Dianne Simms AB Als. Ava Elaine Lias-Booker AB Air. Leon Entea Dantzler, Jr. BS Dr. Michael Anthony Smith AB Airs. Angela R. Lucas BS Air. Donnovan George Dunklev AB Ms. Adrianne Patrice Strickland AB Mrs. Cheryl J. Lynch AB Dr. Jacquelyn Dunmore-Griffith BS Air. Gary Bernard Strong AB Air. O'Laf Sorento Alassenburg AB Air. Alark Alitchell Epperson AB Alajor Denise Sears Taylor AB Als. Rosa Lee AlcDougal BSN Air. Dallas Foster, Jr. BSE Als. Nina Regina Tucker BS Mr. James Eric Alclver AB Ms. Deidra Gilliard AB Air. William Morton White, Jr. AB Als. Lori A. Miller BS Als. Sharon Eva Grambv AB

Appendi;

84 d$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 Ms. Jacquelyn Michelle Hatch BSE Mr. Rodney Matand Carroll AB Ms. Deirdre Stanley-Christopher AB Mr. Johnny Antonio Hill BS Ms. Madelyn Adams Cobb AB Mr. Max Kenilworth Stokes BS Mr. Spurgeon Roosevelt James, Jr. AB Mr. Vincent Fitzgerald Crump BS Mr. Alfred Stovall, Jr. AB Mrs. Marilyn S. Jamison AB Mr. Johnny Earl Dawkins, Jr. AB Mr. Peter Sebastian Stubbs AB Mr. Kevin Kugene Jones BSE Mrs. Janine W. Dixon BS Dr. Hemella Lydia Sweatt BS Dr. Lavern Jones BS Mrs. Susan M. Dorsey AB Ms. Linda Michele Tatten AB Ms. Alicia Lynnette Latimore BS Dr. Kiara Sunone Eily AB Mrs. Tamara L. Taylor AB Ms. Shirley Anne Lawson AB Ms. Denise Michelle Forte BS Dr. Douglas Emanuel Thompson BS Mrs. Holly Angela Lewis BS Ms. Cynthia Denise Fryer AB Mr. Marion Dennis Thorpe, Jr. BS Ms. Yolanda Regina Lyons AB Mr. Sedrick Wayne Gardner AB Mr. Edward Allison Turner AB Mrs. Kathy McKenzie-Mitiku AB Ms. Arlvse Louise Gaston AB Mr. David Wyman Walker BS Mrs. Ernestine Hobbs Mitchell BS Ms. Lisa Adrienne Gladden AB Mr. George Windell Ward BSE Ms. Tracey Suzanne Mitchell AB Ms. Darlene Hayes AB Mrs. Iris Theresa Warren-Edmond BS Mr. Maurice Frederick Parks BS Mr. David McKinley Henderson AB Mr. Yelberton Romeo Watkins BS Mr. Anthony Caryl Peebles AB Ms. Carole Joan Henry AB Mr. Richard Reese White BSE Mr. Thomas Reaves AB Dr. Charles Leon Herring, Jr. BS Mr. Gary Norman Wilcox AB Ms. Rebecca Jean Riley BSE Ms. Sonja Michelle Hines AB Mr. Neil Harold Wilcox AB Mr. Stoney Allen Scales AB Mr. Darryl Elliot Jackson BS Mrs. Shelly B. Williams BSE

Mrs. Songhi Ngala-El Scott BS Dr. Cynthia Loretta Jones BS Mr. Weldon Herschel Williams II BSE Ms. Mary Frances Sheppard AB Dr. Kathy Yolande Jones AB Ms. Charity Suzette Wood BS Mr. Allen Hayes Sullivan AB Mrs. Monica Scott Juniel AB Lieut. (JG) Howard Edward Woods BSE Dr. Jerry Jurgen Taylor AB Ms. Michele Leigh Knox BS Ms. Ramona L. Taylor AB Ms. Sheon Lorraine Ladson AB 1987 Mr. Anthony Michael Torrence AB Ms. Charylene Lynne Ledbetter BS Ms. Denise Hazel Ann Allen BSE Ms. Elfreda Olivia Vandiver AB Dr. Allan Andrew Lewis BS Mr. Harold Tommy Amaker AB Mr. Leslie Tod Van Eyken AB Ms. Anita Cautia Arlene Martin AB Dr. Tedra Louise Anderson-Brown BS Ms. Melvia Lynn Wallace BS Ms. Kimberly Janine McLarin AB Todra Anderson-Lewis BS Dr. Claudia Phennis Weaver AB Mr. Richard Bernard Moore II AB Mr. Damon Barnes, Jr. AB Mr. Jeffrey Kent Wicker AB Ms. Susan Abigail Moore AB Ms. Lois Averil Brown AB Ms. Tracy Montez Williams AB Ms. Karen Yvette Morris AB Dr. Sheila Elaine Brown AB Mr. Kenneth Alonzo Murphy AB Mr. Aaron Eugene Bryant AB 1986 Ms. Tanya M. Oubre AB Mr. Michael Arthur Buckmire BS Mrs. Donna Marie Abatte BSE Mr. Roderick Keith Parker AB Ms. Carin Astrid Burgess AB Mr. Thomas Charles Adams III AB Dr. Michael Lloyd Parks AB Ms. Patricia Elaine Campbell BSE Mr. Reginald Donzell Andrews AB Mr. Thornton Fitzgerald Prayer BSE Mrs. Shena Linette Chambers AB Ms. Mary Elizabeth Baker BS Mr. Llevelyn Darryl Rhone BSE Ms. Angela Marie Claybrooks AB Mrs. Patricia Anne Baker-Simon AB Mrs. Sandi Haynes Robertson AB Ms. Jennifer Bancroft DaSilva AB Mr. Michael Jesse Battle AB Mr. Steven Bailey Royster BSE Ms. Jilhan Graham Evans AB Mrs. Helen F. Borten AB Mr. Mark Anthony Rushin AB Ms. Lisa Kay Frederick AB Ms. Beatrice Yvette Brewington AB Ms. Kimmerly Ann Scott BSE Mr. Chester Arthur Gee, Jr. AB Ms. Jacqueline Elaine Brown BSE Ms. Kimberly Reenee Shelton AB Mr. Julius Coley Grantham, Jr. AB Mr. Lafayette Mario Brown AB Ms. Karen Patrice Simmons AB Mr. Clifton Douglas Green AB Ms. Terre Michele Brown AB Ms. Paula Una Simon AB Ms. Kimberly Karol Lynne Greene AB Mr. David Allen Cantrell BS Ms. Shelly Trinette Smith AB Mr. Everett Lowell Harper BSE

Appendix (f^ 85 .Ms. Kimberly Ann Hunter AB Ms. Simone Monique Cutts AB Ms. Tanita Bright AB Ms. Donna Lynn Jackson AB Mr. Nicholas Hilary- Forde AB Ms. Leslie Larissa Bronner BS Air. David Winston James AB Ms. Tari Sylvia Gay AB Air. Kevin Anderson Brooks BSE Mr. Thomas William Johnson AB Mr. Reginald Gowdy AB Mr. Stephen Lloyd Buckles' AB Mr. Gregory Kennedy Jones BS Mr. Maurice Oliver Green AB Als. Sharon Renee Burke AB Mr. Anthony Maurice Kellev AB Ms. Karen Teal Greene BS Ms. Raelysha Kymberli Butler AB Ms. Stacv Denise Kennedy BS Mr. Amheric Miguel Hall AB Air. Emeron Joe Cash, Jr. AB Mr. Adrian Christopher Lawrence BS Mr. John Ceah Hardwick. Jr. AB Air. Allan Charles Cave, Jr. AB Mr. Peter Roscoe Lewter, Jr. BS Dr. Kim M. Hoeldtke BS Air. Wayne Barry Charles AB Ms. Monica Lynne Mapp AB Ms. Anndreeze Vermelle Hudson AB Als. Tracey Alichelle Christopher AB Ms. Gevelyn Romett AlcCaskill AB Mr. Bilk- Matthew King AB Ms. Portia Yvette Clare AB Ms. Dawn Fave Arnngton McClendon AB Mr. Stanley George Laborde AB Air. Arthur Francis Clarke. Jr. AB Ms. Leah Camille McCollough AB Mr. Terrence Sedric Laster AB Ms. Audra Denise Colclough AB Ms. Faith Miller-Sethi AB Mr. Whittaker Mack 111 AB Mrs. Deborah Jones Conway AB Mr. Mark Randall Parson AB Ms. Valdasia Shirley Merrick AB Air. David Christopher Cousins AB Dr. Anja Altheria Patton AB Mr. Robert Stanley Monk. Jr. AB Air. Alarc Andre Crayton AB Ms. Yestima Aladonna Polk AB Ms. Karen Yvette Alorrison BSE Air. Alarc Eugene Curry AB Ms. Monica Caroline Reid AB Mr. Jason Monroe Murray AB Mr. Faris Carnell Dixon, Jr. AB Mr. Scott Robert Royster AB Ms. Angelia Portia Nails AB Als. Lori Aretta Dumas AB

Dr. Nancy Alicia Sanders BS Mr. Ralph S. Parker AB Mr. George Emanuel Edwards II AB Lieut. Richard Anthony M. Saxton AB Mr. Christopher David Payne AB Air. Alichael David Fincher AB Mr. Reuben Gabriel Schooler BSE Ms. Kirstie Donnvelle Phillips AB Als. Sherrie Ann Finney AB

Theresa LaYonne Shannon BS Ms. Olivia Raetta Phillips AB Air. Carl Anthony Foster II AB Mr. David Allan Singleton AB Mr. Derrick Allen Polk AB Air. Christopher Franklin Foster AB Mr. Tracy Allen Smith AB Air. Grover Glenn Roque-Jackson IV AB Als. Candice Lynette Frederick AB .Mrs. Vanessa W. Sowell AB Dr. Yernice Royal AB Als. Alartina Alonique Gams- Bingham AB Dr. Stephanie Renee Stephens BS Ms. Deyv Patterson Russell AB Als. Gayle Denise George AB Mr. Brian Christopher Steward AB Mr. Eric Aurelius Sanders AB Als. Shawne Linnette Golson AB Mr. Nicholas David Thompson BS Mr. Jeffrey Kyle Sands AB Als. Stephanie Bryan Green AB Mr. Tyrone Void AB Mrs. Rom Lauren Seabrook-Iciano AB Air. Troy Lee Grigsby, Jr. AB A\s. .Monica Lauren Wallace AB Mr. Marcus Yong Smith AB Airs. Titra Gainey Hamilton AB Mrs. Bernadette B. Ward AB Mr. Brant Eric Stephens AB Mr. Titus Phillip Heagins AB Ms. Jacqueline Renee Willis AB Mr. Kevin Yictor Strickland AB Ms. Helen Sybil Henry BS Ms. Tara Norma Woolfolk AB Mr. Dewayne Keith Terry AB Als. Alarkeeta Elizabeth Hicks BS Mrs. Sharon Wright Yarborough BS Mr. George Eglington Thomas. Jr. AB Als. Veronica Renee Hill AB Mrs. Enid Allyn Patterson Wade AB Air. Eugene Clarkston Hines III AB 1988 Ms. Kecia Patrease Walker BSE Als. Keshia Renene Holmes AB Ms. Jennifer Susan Adair AB Mr. Steven Lamar Walker BSE Als. Tracey Lynne Irvin BSE Ms. Robin Cokine Anthonv AB Ms. Deatrice Valencia Williams BS Als. Sharvette Lathronia Jennings AB Dr. Sonya Rae Arnold BS Als. Donna Denyse Johnson BS Ms. Charlotte Faith Brown BSE 1989 Als. Karen Lanise Jones AB Ms. Angela Teress Bullard AB Ms. Jeryl Yvonne Anderson AB Als. Emett Ornelia AlcCaskill AB Mr. William Henry Carr BS Mr. Craig Giovanni Bodden BS Airs. Alaxine S. AlcCravy AB Mr. Michael Aaron Conway AB Mr. Gregory Joel Boone AB Air. John Olden McDonald. Jr. AB Ms. Susan Annette Cook AB Ms. Joyce Martin Bravbov AB Als. Kathy Nicole Aleadows AB

86 <** LEGACY, 1963-1993 Mr. Kevin .Morgan Mitchell AB Mr. Phillip Terry Henderson AB Mr. Robert Vernon Wilson II AB Ms. Sonva Denise Newman AB Mr. Winston Elliot Henderson BSE Ms. Hope Elizabeth Wright AB Ms. Erika Janetta Norman AB Ms. Tamara Annette Howard BS Mr. Conrad Kamal Ziyad AB Ms. Monica Jane Oliver AB Mr. John Douglas Howell AB Ms. Pamela Alison Pickens AB Dr. Jenniler Lynn Hunter BS 1991 Mr. EKvayne Adams Pierce AB Mr. Don Kevin Johnson AB Mr. Gerry Rever Adams BS Ms. Paula Lynn Puryear AB Ms. Adne Dione Jones BS Mr. Elliard Preston Anderson AB Ms. Kim Astrid Reid AB Ms. Antonia Louise Jones AB Ms. Tonya Lynn Anthony AB Mr. John Gregory Rhett AB Ms. Cassandra Arlene Jones BSE Ms. Tamara Wenda Ashl'ord AB Mr. Ali Salim AB Ms. Paula Alexandra Knox AB Ms. Michelle Andrina Beaty AB Mr. Brian EKvin Seward AB Ms. Shelley Ann Legall AB Ms. Michelle Angelene Benjamin AB Mr. Bryan Hughes Simms AB Mrs. Angelica Davis Lilly BSE Mr. Curtis Lee Bowe III AB Mr. John Franklin Smith, Jr. AB Ms. Sherri Dionne Lyons AB Ms. Sherri Annette Braden AB Ms. Kimberly Anne Snead AB .Ms. Jennifer Woodard Mack BS Mrs. Kimberly Dowell Broadnax AB Ms. Emmanuella Souffrant AB Mr. Keith Anthony McAdoo AB Mr. Lewis .Marvin Broadnax III AB Ms. Racquel Agnes Stewart AB Mr. Carl William McCalla III AB Mr. Derrick Carl Brown AB Ms. Rochelle Ann Stewart BS Ms. Camille Allison McFarlane AB Ms. Melanie Ladonna Brown BSE Mr. Brandy Marlow Thomas BSE Mr. Craig Arthur McKinney AB Dr. Dieter Bruno BS Ms. Tiffany Michelle Thomas-Smith AB Ms. Leslie Carroll Meyers BS Mrs. Licia Michelle Calloway AB Ms. Yolanda Vanessa Van Horn BS Mr. Bradley Allen Mobley AB Mr. Lawrence Edward Cameron BSE Mr. Clifford White AB Mr. Samuel Dewey Moon. Jr. AB Mr. Darryl Connie Clements, Jr. AB Ms. Dawn Colette Murphy AB iMs. Salome Nicole Cockern AB 1990 Ms. Lori Michelle Murphy AB .Mr. William Maurice Cowan AB Mr. Gordon Brian Anderson BS Ms. Sharon Rena Pittman AB Mr. Eric Leon Creer AB .Ms. Jada Bertina Anderson AB Mr. Carmichael Shannon Roberts. Jr. BS Ms. Chanty Denise Davis AB

.Mr. Jonathan Baldwin AB Mr. Bennie C. Rogers III AB Mr. Theodore Curtis M.Edwards II AB Mr. Roger Bradley Boone AB Ms. Marsha Lynn Rucker AB Mr. Kedrick Nicarlo Eily AB Mrs. Aileen Marie Tully Bost AB Mr. Randall Hilary- Sally AB Mr. Christopher Thomas Partington AB

Mr. Harold William Bost II AB Mr. Christian Michael Sidney AB Ms. Latanya Michelle Ferrell BS Dr. Ryan Anthony Brown BS Ms. Sharon Angela Skyers AB Ms. Carmen Angela Foster AB Mr. Gerald Anthony Cephas BSE Mr. Darryl Eugene Smith AB Ms. Carol Minnette Gibbs BS Ms. Pascale Chariot AB Ms. Koyne Denee Smith. Esq. AB Ms. Eugenia Gayle Goggins AB .Ms. Claudia Rosama Clark AB Ms. Sonja Rochelle Spell BS Mr. William Christopher Golden BS Ms. Debra Kay Coleman BSE Mr. Michael David Summey AB Mr. Christopher Bryan Greene AB Mr. Madison Keith Daniel AB Ms. Marcheta Yvette Tabron AB Ms. Vanessa Grubbs AB Mr. Rodney Dickerson AB .Ms. Kann Diana Thompson AB Ms. Kayla Miche Hamilton AB Mr. William Ronald Divers. Jr. BS Ms. Ranjini Ann Vernugopal BS Ms. Racquel Lafaye Harris AB Ms. Mechelle Renee Evans AB .Ms. Angela Evette Weaver AB .Mr. Rodney Jerome Hooks AB Ms. Wanda Gail Ferguson AB Ms. Karen Michon Weaver AB Ms. Sonja Lynn Hoskins BSE Ms. Stacey Arlene Garrett AB Ms. Sheila Kenyatta White AB Ms. Carla Michelle Huff BSE Ms. Avril R. Greene AB Ms. Angela Marcene Williams AB Air. James Otis Humphrey, Jr. BSE

Ms. Karen Lovette Hale AB Mr. Arthur Lee Williams II AB Mr. Herman Nathaniel Johnson, Jr. AB

Mr. Vincent Fitzgerald Harris AB Mr. Fonda Portis Williams II AB Ms. Arnice Neticia Jones AB Ms. Joycelyn Lorraine Harrison AB Mr. Rodney O'Neal Williams BS Mr. David William Jones BS

Appendix <^ 87 Als. Melissa Rebecca Kemp AB Ms. Carol Necole Brown AB Als. Tamara Raquel Jones AB Mr. Joseph Arthur Kennedy AB Mr. Christopher Edwin Brown AB Air. Walter Linwood Jones III AB Mr. Oscar Holder King, Jr. AB Ms. Melissa Ilene Brown AB Als. Shanita Gene Lawrence AB Ms. Phyllis Yvette Lewis AB Mr. Eric Lee Bryant AB Air. Jarvis Tremain Lowndes BSE Mr. Timothy Marshall Mank AB Ms. Tracy Lynn Carter BS Ms. Alalkia Kokuyamba Lydia AB Ms. Teresa Janel Marshall AB Ms. Judith Fae Chambers AB Ms. Valecia Denise Maclin BSE Ms. Traci Lynette Maye AB Mr. Eddie Terrence Chavis BSE Mr. Ouinton Antione AlcCracken AB Mr. Marc Edward Mays AB Ms. Tamla-Mae Carmen Clarke BS Als. Pamela Yvette AlcFarland AB Mr. Brian Garland McAdoo BS Air. Milton Antrosdeo Coleman BSE Als. Ton! Terese Aliranda AB Ms. Kimberly Joy McMillon AB Ms. Rhonda Elizabeth Collins AB Air. Lance Sterling Alitchell AB Mr. Ronald Louis Merrick, Jr. AB Ms. Lucy Christina Cruell AB Air. David Evans Uriel Morris AB Ms. Linell Cristina Murphy AB Mr. James Ray Daniels, Jr. BS Ms. LeNelle Maudine Alozell AB Mr. Paul Antoin Nunnally AB Mr. Brian Keith Davis AB Als. Theresa Ann Alyers AB Ms. Catrell Alonique Owens BS Ms. Angela Nicole Delowell-Smith AB Als. Alarie Elizabeth Nelson AB Ms. Monica Lynn Parker AB Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Deu AB Als. Stephanie Andrea Nevels AB Ms. Wyndee Riel Parker AB Mr. Hassan Abdel Dhouti AB Ms. Robyn Katy Pretlow AB Mr. Dexter Vincent Perry AB Mr. Eric Tyrone Dozier AB Ms. Tamara Denise Prince AB Mr. Charles Aionzo Peters, Jr. BS Mr. Marcus Edward Dyer AB Ms. Tonya Terrell Robinson AB Ms. Jennifer Lynn Pettie AB Ms. Ursula Monique Edmond BSE Als. Angel Lee Roddy AB Mr. Erwin Julius Sampson AB Mr. Christopher Keith Ewell AB Air. Kenneth Christopher Sands BS Mr. Nathaniel Silverthorne, Jr. AB Mr. David Conrad Forde AB Mr. M. William Sermons BSE Ms. Melanie Regina Stafford BS Ms. Alayna A. Gaines AB Mrs. Valdar Vanora Serrant-Coryat AB Ms. Tarshia Lorraine Stanley AB Ms. Erin Leslie Gibson AB Ms. Stephanie Denise Sims BS Ms. Karen Strater BS Ms. Traci Nicole Giles BS Ms. Marietta Sangai Sirleaf AB Ms. Sharon Strater BS Ms. Alaisha Timiza Gilyard BSE Ms. Maria Alice Smith AB

Mrs. Roseyn I. Swann AB Air. Hamlet Darius Goore AB Air. Wyatt Lee Smith AB Mr. Jeffrey Walter Taliaferro AB Als. Heather Alonique Grant BS Als. Jeanine Annette Southerland BS Ms. Traci Elizabeth Teasley AB Ms. Alarie Christina Grant AB Ms. Carla June Spann BSE Ms. Buffy Rebekah-Beth Turner AB Ms. Karen Alarie Green AB Ms. Patricia Staco AB Ms. Pamela Gale Vick AB Als. Vimla Elizabeth Gupta AB Als. Cynthia Elaine Staples AB Mr. J. Gilbert Fields Williams III AB Air. Garfield Winston Hamilton BSE Air. Kelly Stroud, Jr. BSE Mr. Jeremy Demetri Williams AB Als. Angela Denise Harris AB Ms. Phyllisina La Alia Vinson AB Mr. Marc Julian Williams AB Air. Timothy Derrick Heggans AB Ms. Naomi Aleta Walker AB Ms. Tara Lynne Williams AB Als. Kristin Nicole Henning AB Als. Sharon Lorraine Washington BSE Air. Alichael Joseph Hester AB Ms. Angela Yvette Watkins BSE 1992 Air. Anthony Keith Hovington AB Als. Kimberly C. West AB Mr. Calvin Wade Allen AB Als. Candace Yolande Howell BS Ms. Karyn Nicole Wheat AB Ms. Alriye Rochelle Amerson AB Ms. Regina Nachael Howell AB Air. Wendell Curtis White AB Ms. Martine Natasha Apollon AB Ms. Kristi Aletheia Hubbard BS Mr. Mark Bernard Williams BSE Ms. Marilynn Barcus AB Als. Brittany Caroline James AB Ms. Wendi Renee Williams AB Ms. Cecilia Suzette Barnes AB Als. Aynesh Louise Johnson AB Ms. Dawn Alarie Woolfolk AB Als. Shanna Jeanine Batten AB Air. Deollo Jorrv Johnson BSE Ms. Meesha Monise Bond BSE Air. Alichael Lebron Jones, Jr. AB Ms. Cinnamon Danielle Bradlev AB Air. Randal Cory Jones BSE

88 <$$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 1993 Ms. Georgine Marie Lamvu BS 1994 Ms. Lonia Faith Abbott BSE Ms. Michele Jeannine Lee AB Mr. Zaid Abdul-Aleem AB Ms. Elspeth Naa Adjeley Ablorh BS Mr. Christopher Lavadius McAllister AB Mr. Sanders Larsen Adu AB Ms. Melanee Alise Alexander AB Ms. Monica McClain AB Ms. Nicole Rene Anderson AB Ms. Angela De Neece Alsobrooks AB Ms. Lorraine Moira McRae AB Mr. Kibwe Joseph Ashton AB Mr. Kevin Lamont Alston AB Mr. Jackie Hodari Merrick BSE Ms. Luna Deshawn Bailey BS Ms. Karen Denise Baker AB Mr. Joseph Shawn Allies BS Mr. Robert Baldwin AB Ms. Andrea Lynn Boyd BS Ms. Gloria A. Mshelia BS Ms. Natasha Balinda T. Marie Ball AB Ms. Sonia Michele Braithwaite BS Mr. Bryant Armond Murphy BS Ms. Myla DaVinia Barefield AB

Ms. Yolanda Teresa Brown AB Mrs . Catrina G. Murphy AB Ms. Ayanna Kafi Barrow AB Mr. Jose David Clay-Flores AB Ms. Shannon Denise Norns BS Ms. Erica Renea Berry AB Ms. Tamara Evetta Malia Cleveland BSE Ms. Nwanganga Oziri AB Ms. Denise Alisa Blythe AB Ms. Erica Darletta Cofield AB Mr. Malcolm Edward Palmer AB Ms. Tanisha Rochelle Bostick AB Ms. Milondra Beth Coleman AB Mr. James Braxton Peterson II AB Mr. Thomas Delma Brock, Jr. AB Ms. April Dawn Conner AB Mr. Ngai Louis Pindell AB Ms. Franchesca Dawn Brown BS Ms. Jennifer Lynn Cosme AB Ms. Erna Annette Rose Pinnix AB Mr. Lavias Martez Burns AB Mr. Christopher Joseph Davis BS Ms. Kamala Lynn Prince AB Ms. Alexious Michelle Butler AB Ms. Sherida Elvinese Davis AB Ms. Africa Tanya Ragland AB Ms. Nedra Denise Campbell AB Ms. Teri Jeannine Dobbins AB Ms. Sherri Letitia Rankin AB Ms. Paula Leelannee Coates AB Ms. Kim Donaldson BS Mr. Michael Quincy Alan Richardson BS Ms. Greta Yvonne Cokley AB Mr. Edward Keith Dubose AB Ms. Regina Coleen Sanders AB Mr. Brian Tolson Colbert AB Ms. Delicia Joanna Dunham AB Ms. Shawn Patrice Saunders AB Ms. Sana Damali Coleman AB Mr. Pledger Henri Frerwell AB Mr. Michael Lee Scott, Jr. AB Mr. Kareem Abdul Cook AB Ms. Yolanda Estelle Fuller AB Mr. Bradley Jay Sherrod AB Air. Cory Lesean Daniels BS Mr. Derek Everet George AB Ms. Vanessa Ann Simmons AB Ms. Kellie Kenyata Daniels AB Mr. Brian Houston Gilpin AB Ms. Ershela Latrecia Sims BSE Als. Lisa Eugennie Daniels AB Ms. Amanda Green AB Mr. Erik Carlton Smith AB Mr. Michael Thomas Davenport AB Mr. Michael Anthony Green AB Mr. Tyrone Clayton Smith AB Als. Tanyiki Alarie Davenport AB Ms. Shonnese Devon Guion AB Mr. Darrell Jackson Spells BS Als. Dilsey Marie Davis BS Ms. Jacqueline Amanda Harris AB Ms. Regina Catherine Sutton AB Als. Kendreia Wynette Dickens BS Ms. Kimberly Anita Haynes AB Mr. Robert Copeland Swinson, Jr. BSE Air. Nelson Bernard Dorsey, Jr. AB

Mr. Thomas Lionel Hill II AB Ms. Petra Len Symister BS Air. Stanley Kevin Dorsey AB Mr. Rasheed Martin Hinds AB Ms. Grace Murnvankavunkal Thomas AB Air. Kenneth Alanuel Durham BSE Mr. Jonah Corey Hodge AB Mr. Patrick Bruce Thomas AB Air. Rodrick Dwayne Edwards AB Mr. Dartaganan Lebron Jackson AB Mr. Tyronne Michael Thomas AB Als. Lori Briana Epps BS Mr. Derrick Todd Jackson AB Ms. Celena Louise Thompson AB Als. Sandi Germaine Feaster BSE Mr. Doniel Lerance Jackson BS Ms. Nicole Lea Thompson BS Air. David Andrew Ferguson BSE Mr. Alphonso Johnson, Jr. BSE Ms. Sonya Adele Thorpe AB Air. Kevin Maxwell Ferguson AB Mr. George Washington Jordan III BSE Mr. Hardy Vieux AB Als. Kymberly Nicole Floyd BS Ms. Chivimbiso Tawavena Kapungu AB Mr. Torraine Antjuan Williams BS Mr. Kevin Roderick Free AB Ms. Ayana Nsombi Kee BS Mr. Victor Glenn Williams II BSE Air. Leroy Wendell Gallman, Jr. AB Ms. Lisa Lois Keise BSE Ms. Josiane Marie Catherine Wolff BSE Mr. Keith Allen Gill AB Ms. Charlene Yvette Kirby BS Ms. Pamela Elaine Woodside BS Als. Rhonda Simone Gittens AB Ms. Tonya Lineare Lacv BS Ms. April Yanik Zeigler AB Als. Monique Tisha Glasford AB

Appendix C^ 89 Ms. Dionne Renee Gonder AB Ms. Monica Roberts AB Mr. Dion Armand Barrett AB Ms. Angela Carol Styron Gore BS Ms. Katina Nicole Robinson AB Mr. Marc Olivier Bayard AB Ms. Dara Anika Green AB Ms. Tanya L. Rolle AB Als. Armide Bien-Aime AB Ms. Lauren Libran Green AB Mr. James Albert Rosemond BSE Ms. Kali Chimei Billingslea AB Ms. Tamara Marie Green AB Mr. Alphonso Jermaine Salley AB Mr. Kenneth L. Blakeney AB Ms. Keasha Danielle Grindlev BS Mr. Charles Dexter Sapp AB Ms. Zaukema Neltasha Blanding AB Ms. Nkenge Alaia Gude AB Ms. Katrina Helene Schwarting AB Mr. Frederick Gordon Brandyburg BSE Mr. William Hicks Hadnott III AB Ms. Anne Rene Sempowski BSE Ms. Dawn Felita Brewer AB Mr. Richard Lamar Hardon BSE Mr. Jamie Alexander Smarr AB Ms. Danette Lorena Bristol AB Ms. Michelle Leslie Harris AB Ms. Ajiri Avanna Smith BS Ms. Yolan C. Brow AB Ms. Tonya Denise Harris BSE Ms. Najwa Damali Smith BS Ms. Clintina Katrese Brown AB Mr. Mack Nelson Haynes. Jr. BSE Ms. Sigma Selena Smith AB Mr. Kenneth Bernard Brown AB Ms. Felicia Annette Henderson AB Ms. Joy Marie Spangler AB Air. Talwin James Brunson BSE Mr. Clarence Theodore Henry. Jr. AB Ms. Tittany Monique Speaks AB Ms. Thema Simone Bryant AB Ms. Erica Michele Henry AB Mr. Robin Jefferson Stanley. Jr. BS Ms. Lisa Marie Burgess AB Mr. Grant Henry Hill AB Ms. Carole Lynn Strickland AB Mr. Ali Kenvatta Byrd BSE Mr. Charles Freeman Hogan AB Mr. Aaron K. Styer BS Mr. Jason Morns Carey AB Ms. Darriel Michelle Hoy AB Ms. Jacqueline Denise Thomas AB Mr. Kahlil Bernard Chase BS

Ms. Dasha Michelle Jackson AB Mr. Sean Anthony Thomas AB .Mr. Frederick Douglass Cheney II AB Mr. Antonio Maurice Lang AB Ms. Benetta Yvette Thompson AB Mr. Michael Edward Coles AB Mr. Christopher Alan Lee AB Ms. Cansa Marice Todman AB Ms. Mary Elizabeth Crockett AB Ms. Eva Dolores Liftman BS Ms. Stacv Lvnn Torian AB Mr. Lafayette Lajaune Crump AB Mr. Michael Pak Lin Lukela BS Als. Danielle Mane Tuohey AB Ms. Necnole Davis BSE Mr. Richard Bertram Madden AB Mr. Nathaniel Sekou Turner AB Ms. Nancy Mane Marguerite Denizard AB Mr. Kevin Marian Maillard AB Ms. Stacey Lynn Walker AB Ms. Sarah Caroline Arrington Dodds AB Mr. Duane Laroi Marks AB Ms. Bngette Denise Wallace AB Mr. Richard Dubuisson AB Mr. Julian Rolf Alattlew AB Mr. Howard John Wesley BSE Mr. William Henry Edwards. Jr. BS Mr. Christopher Laurence May BS Mr. Timothy Terrell West AB Mr. Courtney Rene Fauntlerov AB Mr. Riche Terrance Mc Knight AB Mr. Jeffrey Lamont White AB Ms. Christy Donnerte Felder BS Ms. Traci Danielle McMillian BS Ms. Ericka Nicole Wilcher AB Mr. Sheldon Maurice Francis AB Ms. Valerie Yvonne McNeil AB Ms. Kimberly Dawn Wilson AB Mr. Charles Eugene Gentry' BSE Ms. Sharon Dee Morgan BS Ms. Kimberly Rochelle Woodard AB Als. Katina Lashaun Gholson AB Mr. Richard Edward Anthony Morris BSE Ms. Rochelle Lynn Woodbury AB Als. Kia Lynn Glover AB Ms. Kimberlev Alexis Nicholls AB Ms. Tremaine Sena Wright AB Als. Tarnisha Antoinette Graves AB Ms. Shawntay Tica Nickelson BS Mr. John William Young III AB Als. Stacey Alaya Gray AB Ms. Melanie Michelle Petrway AB Air. Alvin Louis Green, Jr. AB Ms. Marva Vanessa Phillips BS 1995 Als. Benita Angenette Gwynn AB Mr. Jeffrey Eric Pierce BS Mr. Oluwatovin Olanrele Ajose BS Mr. .Marcus Anthony Hadden AB Mr. John Pina III AB Ms. Lavena Alexander AB Mr. Christopher David Hall AB Ms. Karen Rhoberta Piper AB Mr. Paul Andre Alleyne BS Als. Robin Nicole Hamilton AB Ms. Lois Kathleen Price AB Mr. Frantz E. St. Simeon Alphonse AB Air. Roddrick Darnel Hargrave BSE Mr. Kevin David Primus AB Mr. Gbolahan Amusa BSE Mr. Loren Alartin Hart BS Ms. Tiffani Janelle Pringle AB Ms. Ladonna Artreese Armour AB Als. Amina Claire Hightower AB Ms. Nicole Ann Reid BS Ms. Edith Gretchen Arrington AB Als. Tomeka Alichelle Hill BS

Ms. Aileen Marea Dehola 1 lytmiah AB Ms. Shameka Lynn Stewart AB Ms. Jawana Michelle Johnson BS Mr. Brian Norman Streams AB Ms. Michelle Dana Jordan BS Mr. .Mark Allen Streams AB Ms. Vanessa Renita Kelly AB Mr. iMartiez Johannes Taylor AB Ms. Milele Likivu Kudumu AB Mr. Claude Jenkins Tellis, Jr. AB Mr. John Davis Lewis IV AB Mr. Charles William Thomas. Jr. AB Ms. Omorotimi Tabitha Lewis AB Ms. Lashonda Elizabeth Thorpe BS Mr. Christopher Michael Little AB Ms. Robin Lanette Turner AB Ms. Ayanna Njeri Lirtrean BS Ms. Beverly Christina Tyler BSE Mr. David Robert Lowman BS Mr. Nicholas Antonio Tynes AB Ms. Caroline Belle Marshall BS Mr. Damon Kershaw Wallace AB Mr. Bebvon Kuwait Martin BS Ms. Lyntonya Michelle Waring AB Ms. Tamara Louette Mathis AB Mr. Abram Lawrence Wehmiller AB Ms. Tamarra Dion Matthews AB Mr. Sidney Eugene Wells BSE Ms. Shavonna Monique Maxwell AB Mr. Corey Thomas Williams BSE Mr. William Walter May BSE Mr. Jason Todd Williams AB Ms. Chanda Renee Mayo AB Ms. Vida Christy Williams AB Ms. Valecia Montaye McDowell AB Mr. Gil Eric Winters AB Ms. Lisa Lavonne McKinnie AB Ms. Diana Bernice Woods AB Mr. Brian Patrick McLaughlin AB Ms. Katrina Lyn Worsley AB Ms. Tamara Joy McRae BS Mr. Marion Edward Wright BS Ms. Jewel Danielle Montgomery BS Mr. Linnie Lee Young, Jr. AB Mr. Joel Radell Kenvatta Moody BSE Ms. Hishalah Zvulon BS Ms. Miriam Athaha Moore AB A\s. Taralee Victoria Morgan AB Mr. Raymond Earl Morton III AB Ms. Pegjohngy Lmdrea Moses AB Ms. Chandra Monique Mosley AB Mr. Albert Murray III BSE Mr. Uche Stanley Osuji BSE Ms. Nicole Eugenia Owens AB Ms. Kai Ayana Pittman AB Mr. Xavier Marcell Puretoy BS Ms. Tivika Latisha Reed AB Ms. Kimberly Anne Reid AB Ms. Alecia Marian Rideau BS Ms. Tameka L. Rolle AB Mr. Dejanero Marquise Rucker AB Ms. Latarsha Aline Russell AB Mr. Tremaine Ansel Sayles AB Ms. Minka Latrice Schofield BS Ms. Ameerah Sharif AB

Appendix ^> 91 Appendix B

LIST OF ALL BLACKS WHO RECEIVED GRADUATE DEGREES AT DUKE

1964 Dr. Odell R Reuben Ph.D. 1974 Air. Walter T. Johnson, Jr. JD Mr. Roger G. Thurston III JD Dr. Larry Barnes AID Mr. David Robinson II LLB Airs. Brenda B. Becton JD 1971 Dr. Curtis Lee Bowe, Jr. BHS 1965 Mr. Lewis Bernard Hopson CERT Als. Evelyn Omega Cannon JD Chaplain Matthew A. Zimmerman, Jr. Mr. Ernest E. Ratliff LLB Air. Curtis Lynn Collier JD MDIY Dr. John A. Walker MD Dr. James S. Dorsey AID Mr. Harold G. Wallace BD Chaplain John Alichael Guest A1DIV 1966 Dr. Harris Al. Heath Ph.D. Mr. Eric C. Alichaux LLB 1972 Colonel Louis Alvles Jackson, Sr. AM Colonel Sylvester L. Shannon BD Mr. Adrian Bernard Boone CERT Mr. Mose Alphonso Jennings CERT Ms. Gloria Clemens CERT Air. Herb Proctor Alassie JD 1967 Mr. James H. Ebron JD Airs. Jacqueline Kaalund Alburu A1ED Mrs. Annie Ruth Bullock MED Mrs. Sandra Doles Farrington CERT Dr. Gary Francis Newkirk Ph.D. Rev. Larnie G. Horton MDIV Mrs. Jacqueline Ellanoa Hall MA Dr. Olaogun Oyekola Ogunsola AA1 Dr. W. Delano Meriwether MD Mr. Samuel Alfonso Herring CERT Dr. Joseph C. Settle EDD Airs. Catherine Gibson Tavlor MAT Mr. Amos T. Mills III JD Air. Larry W. Shelton JD Mrs. Elnora J. Shields MED The Honorable Karen Bethea Shields JD 1968 Dr. Jean Gaillard Spaulding MD Dr. Kermit O Simrel, Jr. AID Mr. Prentiss L. Harrison CERT Dr. William Clair Turner, Jr. MDIV Mr. James L. Hatcher JD 1973 Air. James A. Wall. Sr. A1HA Mr. Nathaniel Knox ALVT A\r. Kennv Washington Armstrong JD Dr. Lucia Antoinette Ward-Alexander Dr. Anthony Ovewole AM Mr. Tony L. Axam JD A1ED Dr. Marian L. Vick EDD Dr. Collins E. Baber MD Dr. Jerry William Wiley AID Mr. Daniel Terry Blue, Jr. JD Dr. Linda R. Williams AID 1969 Mr. John J. Davis CERT Dr. Alichael Victor Yancey AID Mr. Charles L. Becton JD Mr. Earl Yester Echard CERT Dr. Ernest Bernard Eason CERT Mr. Eddie Lee Ganaway AL-\ 1975 Dr. Eddie L. Hoover MD Mr. Percy Elmer Golson CERT Dr. Brenda B. Abdelrasoul AA1 Mr. Clarence L. Ledbetter JD Dr. Charles Lee Helton MDIV Dr. Joan Brown Adams AID Mr. William Emmett Hill JD Dr. Alarion Boothe Amory A1ED 1970 Air. Clarence Dupre Jones III AM Air. Paul Cornelious Bland JD Dr. Annette Kennedy Brock MED Air. Eugene Victor A. Alaalo AA1 Dr. Ernest L. Bonner, Jr. AID Dr. Willa Coward Bryant EDD Mr. Marvin Patterson A1BA Airs. Alartina L. Bradlord JD Ms. Joyce Ann Clayton Nichols CERT Als. Frances Lonnette Williams A1ED Dr. Albert S. Broussard AM Dr. Anthonv Ovewole Ph.D. Rev. Earl Wilson. Jr. A1DIV Dr. John W. Chambers, Jr. AID Dr. Joanne P. Wilson AID

92 &$ LEGACY, 1963-1993 Dr. Linda Ann Clayton AID Air. Lonnie Eugene Edmonson, Jr. MDIV Rev. AJonzo Clark Jenkins MDIV Air. Laurence D. Colbert JD Mr. Ixmzy F. Edwards JD Dr. Vergel L. Lattimore III MDIV Dr. Arnett Coleman MD Air. Glenn Alitchell Embree JD Mr. Milton Lewis MDIV The Honorable Allvson Kay Duncan JD Ms. Yvonne Alims Evans JD Aliss Janice Lorene Alills JD Dr. Richard Alan Fields MD Mr. Ralph Bernard Everett JD Rev. Ervin Eugene Alilton A1DIV Dr. Cynthia G. Fleming AM Mr. Ronald Llewellyn Flowers BHS Rev. Kenneth Monroe MDIV Dr. James Rapheal Gavin III MD Air. James Carl Harrison MBA Airs. Rosalia G. Parker JD Dr. Michael R. Geer MD Air. Gregory Thedore Headen MDIV Rev. Lawrence L. Reddick III A1DIV Rev. Fletcher Edward Harris, Sr. MDIV Aliss Alarion Jacqueline Henry A1BA Rev. Albert Shuler MDIV Dr. Alphine Wade Jefferson AM Rev. Aivin Oneal Jackson MDIV Air. Geoffrey H. Simmons JD Bishop Joseph Johnson MDIV Mrs. Alarion White Jervay JD Miss Alargaret Rose Simmons BHS Mr. Morris W. Johnson, Jr. MED Airs. Shirl Felisca Leverett MED Dr. S. Dallas Simmons Ph.D. Mr. William H. Johnson JD Air. Edward Earl Lewis A1BA Dr. AJvin Tyrone Simpson MRE Ms. Eleanor J. Lauderdale JD Rev. Archie Doyster Logan, Jr. THM Dr. William M. Southerland Ph.D. Dr. Jasper Jones Lawson AAA Air. Kenneth L. Alarshall JD Dr. Cleon Franklyn Thompson Ph.D. Mrs. Elizabeth T. McBride MS Air. Johnnie William Alask, Jr. JD Dr. Price Walker, Jr. AID Mr. Stephen J. McLeod MBA Mr. Wilbert L. Alickens A1DIV Dr. Bertram E. Walls MD Dr. Marvin Louis Morgan MDIV Airs. Sadye J. Milton MDIV Als. Myra Elaine Washington AM Dr. Clarence G. Newsome MDIV Airs. Cynthia Denise Alullen MSN Air. Will Wiggins MS Ms. Lynne P. Newsome MED Mr. William Devero Peterson MBA Dr. Roy J. Williams, Jr. MD Dr. Olaogun Oyekola Ogunsola Ph.D. Mrs. Wonza Stiles Russell MS Dr. George C. Wright Ph.D. Miss Cheryl P. Smith JD Dr. Leha Louise Vickers Ph.D.

Mr. Samuel P. Stafford II JD Dr. Willie Roscoe Whitaker MD 1978 Dr. Edward Louis Treadwell MD Dr. Mary Bowman Williams BHS Air. Lovest T. Alexander, Jr. BHS Ms. Gloria Alyce Wheatley AM Dr. Bernice Holley Willis Ph.D. Rev. Fremont F. Anderson, Jr. MDIV Dr. Robert L. Williams MD Dr. Gerald Milton Woods AID Ms. Patsy Anne Anthony A1S Air. Frank Hugh Wright, Jr. BHS Mr. Nicholas Kwaku Asare MHA 1976 Ms. Linda Claudette Wright AM Dr. Donna Johanna Benson MA Chaplain Johnny Lee Adams A1DIV Air. Gerald Eugene Young MBA Rev. John J. Borens THM Mr. Allard Albert Allston III JD Ms. Linda Denese Briggs-Alilteer AIRE Miss Barbara Ruth Arnwine JD 1977 Dr. Jonca Camille Bull MD Rev. Michael Anthony Battle, Sr. MDIV Mr. Robert Lee Branch BHS Air. Reginald J. Clark JD Rev. Yvonne Beasley MDIV Rev. Edward S. Brightman, Sr. THM Als. Denise Renee Driver A1A Rev. John J. Borens MDIV Als. Brenda Carol Brisbon JD Rev. Neriah Goldston Edwards THM Rev. Andrew W. Brown, Jr. MDIV Dr. Albert S. Broussard Ph.D. Mr. Russell W. Hawkins, Jr. A1F Miss Marie A. Burris BHS Rev. Eric N. Chavis A1DIV Dr. Melvin Lee Henderson AID Mr. Willie Eugene Butler MDIV Mr. Charles Bernard Davis MED Dr. Yollette Trigg Jones MA Ms. Linda Susan Cameron AA1 Air. Richard C. Dickinson JD Als. Clare Frances Jupiter JD Mr. Nathaniel Cameron BHS Rev. Neriah Goldston lidwards MDIV Air. Leonard V. Lassiter, Jr. MDIV Ms. Evelyn Omega Cannon LLM Dr. Elaine Regenia Ferguson AID Dr. Caroline Louise Lattimore Ph.D. Mr. Wayne Evertt Crumwell JD Dr. Cynthia G. Fleming Ph.D. Als. Norvator Amanda Lawson AHC Rev. Melvin Dean Cutler MDIV Dr. Sundar W. Fleming Ph.D. Air. William Leroy Lee MDIV Dr. Michael W. Dae MD Dr. Henry James Hardy AID Dr. Jumanne Abdallah Alaghembe MF Dr. Marsha Jean Darling AM Dr. Larry C. Harris MD Mr. James Nunn McGuffey MM Mr. Paul Bradford Eaglin JD Ms. Alary A. Hawkins MM Air. Thurman Conrad AlcLean A1DIV

Appendi: 9* 93 Rev. Willie L. Aliddlebrooks. Jr. AIDIV Als. Margo Ericka Jackson JD Mr. Robert L Hoover AHC Air. Carlton H. Morse, Jr. JD Dr. Alphine Wade Jefferson Ph.D. Dr. Calvin Rudolph Howell AlA Rev. Charles Edward Moss MDIV Dr. Okator Alang Lekwuwa AID Dr. Reginald E. Ishman AID Mr. Clyde T. Nelson MDIV Dr. Norma C. Lemon AID Rev. Lawrence Edward Johnson AIDIV Dr. George Phillips. Jr. AID Judge Denise Lorraine Alajette JD Air. Lonnie Lee Johnson, Jr. AlED Dr. Charles \V. Plummer MD Lieut. Barbara Summey Marshall AIRE Air. Finley Oneal Jones MDIV Als. Hallie Lawson Reeves MDIV Airs. Rosa Thompson AlcAIee AlBA Als. Dorothea King JD Dr. Alfred Mack Roberts MD Prof. Preston L. McKever-Floyd MDIV Dr. Jasper Jones Lawson Ph.D. Dr. John \Y. Ross MD Air. Paul Nelson Milton MDIV Rev. James Edward Lilly, Jr. AIDIV Dr. Michael \V. Shannon MD Air. John Kevin Aloore AIHA Mr. Darryl Jadwick Lynch AlF Mr. Bye-Mass Max Taal MF Dr. Gregory E. Alorrison AID Rev. Cassandra Young Alarcus AIRE Mr. Benjamin Frederick Tandy MDIV Rev. Gregory Vaughn Palmer MDIV Air. Lafayette Maxwell MDIV Rev. Victoria Sizemore Tandy MDIV Als. Renav Quarles Pope AIS Airs. Wilsonnia Green AlcLean AIDIV Dr. Lynn H. Thomas MD Dr. Wilfred L. Raine AID Als. Andromeda Alonroe JD Ms. Karen Jackson Vaughn JD Dr. Rueben N. Rivers AID Air. Alumanga Chibole Alumbi BHS Dr. George H Williams EDD Dr. Beverly J. Spivey AID Air. Harold Douglas Pope III JD Dr. Eugene Edward Wright. Jr. MD Mr. Linwood E. Stevens, Sr. AlED Dr. Rexford J. Richardson Ph.D. Air. Carl Al. Toney AHC Air. Eric Michael Roberts AlBA 1979 Dr. Jacqueline Baldwin Walker Ph.D. Air. Percy Elliott Robinson JD Dr. Brenda B. Abdelrasoul Ph.D. Dr. Johnny L. White, Jr. AID Ms. Valerie Robinson AHC Ms. Lesline Rena Anderson BHS Air. All Berlin Williams AlBA Rev. Jerry Michael Sanders AIDIV Dr. Charles S. Baker III MD Air. James Edward Williams, Jr. JD Dr. Derise Evette Tolliver AlA Mr. Reggie Lawrence Barnett JD Airs. Rhonda Reid Winston JD Dr. Kwaku Adjei Twum-Baah Ph.D. Mr. Reggie Lawrence Barnett MBA Dr. Velma Gibson Watts Ph.D. Mr. Elwood Becton AM 1980 Air. Charles Lavelle Weaver BHS Mr. Elwood Becton MA Air. Louis Pierre Anderson AHC Air. Kenneth Lee Whitehurst AlED Mr. George Michael Bellinger JD Dr. Carl Leo Arrington AIDIV Als. Renee Clarissa Wilder AlBA Dr. James K. Bennett MD Air. Larry Jerome Arrington AlBA Ms. Dyan E. Willoughby AlBA Mr. Anthony H. Brett JD Rev. Calvin Jerome Banks AIDIV Ms. Valerie Thompson Broadie JD Dr. Valerie Alayne Batts Ph.D. 1981 Dr. Thelma B. Brown AHC Air. Larry Lee Blackwell MDIV Air. William Henry Amos MDIV Ms. Jacqueline L Coleman JD Rev. Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr. AIDIV Dr. Joshua Attah Ph.D. Mr. Gregory Davis MDIV Rev. Charles Lerov Daniels THAI Air. Edward Hampton Bailey AHC Mrs. Diane Bright Doriney MBA Air. Thomas Antonio Devine AlA Dr. Sylvia Thompson Bullock Ph.D. Dr. James M. Douglas. Jr. AID Als. Phyllis Jean F. Ethridge EDD Als. Deborah Kee Campbell AlBA Als. Michelle Long Durrah AIHA Dr. Dudley E. Flood EDD Air. Alan Brent Gates AHC Rev. Dr. Lawrence Timothy Evans AIDIV The Honorable Shirley L. Fulton JD Dr. Elmer Jerome Cummings EDD Dr. Verna C. Gibbs A\D A\r. Jeffrey Edward Green AIHA Als. Kim Lori Davenport JD Dr. Cynthia Lynnette Hale MDIV Mr. William Robert Hairston AIDIV Mr. .Allan C. Delaine JD Dr. Benjamin Lewis Hall III MDIV Dr. Sherry L. Hall AID Als. Leonia Dorris AHC Dr. Barbara L. Hamm AID Dr. Alabel Thomasine Hardy Ph.D. Als. Lorna Nettie Dula BHS Dr. Rona Elsberth Hodge BHS Mr. Arnold Odell Herring AlAT Dr. Amgred Ghislayne Dunston Ph.D. Rev. Temple Jackson Howell MRE Mr. Ralph S. Hightower, Jr. AlBA Rev. Ruthenia H. Finley AIDIV Dr. Gary B. Humphrey AID Air. Edward Hines. Jr. AIDIV Air. Yinston Jerome Goldman AHC

94 <** LEGACY, 1963-1993 Mr. Mervyn Al Greene JD Dr. Samuel T. Dove MD Chaplain Alvester Key Gales MDIV Mr. Samuel Harrison MBA Ms. Ruby Williams Freeman MA Chaplain Floyd Renot Gilbert MDIV Mr. Oliver T. Hill .MDIV Ms. Nanette Gandy JD Ms. Karyn Allison Greenfield JD Mr. Willie A. Hodge III MBA Dr. Francis Roosevelt Gilliam III MD Dr. Reginald Lawrence Hall MD Ms. Rosetta Berry Inmon MBA Dr. Robert Alexander Wilson Grant MA Mr. Kevin Lee Hopkins MA Ms. Addie Lafayette Ix;gette MA Ms. Carolyn Ann Green MS Mr. Dawson Horn III JD Ms. Rosita McKee BHS Ms. Fern E. Gunn JD Rev. Carl B. Hutcherson, Jr. MDIV

Ms. Gail Phillips Merritt JD Mr. I lenry Kofi Gyamfi MDIV Mrs. Annette King Hyatt AHC Dr. Bertha Hampton Miller Ph.D. Dr. Darielle Watts Jones MA Rev. David Edward Jasper MDIV Dr. Demetria Montgomery MD Rev. Diana Bradley Jones MDIV Mr. Owen Arthur May MBA Mr. Terence Kent Neal AHC Mr. Michael Anthony King MBA Mr. John Darrell Mclnnis JD Rev. John N. Osborne, Jr. MDIV Dr. Kapauner Ramona Lewis MD Dr. Deevid Oscar Miller MD Ms. Mildred Cerise Petty AHC Ms. Victoria R. Marsh JD Mr. James Jerome Otey BHS Ms. Mildred Cerise Petty MS Ms. Victoria R. Marsh MCL Mr. Lionell Parker MBA Dr. Asela Catherine Russell MD Dr. Joseph Henry Martin, Jr. MD Mr. Charles Milton Pee MDIV Mr. Kenneth Byron Scarlett MDIV Mr. Alfred Dale Moore JD Ms. Carolyn Yvonne Phillips-Lanclos JD Ms. Verline Anne Shepherd MBA Mr. John Albert Moore MDIV Dr. Kevin Randall Porter MD Ms. Crystal Yvonne Smith BHS Mr. Carlton O. Morales AHC Rev. Joseph Lee Ratliff MDIV Mr. Kimball Ranier Smith MBA Dr. Clarence G. Newsome Ph.D. Mr. Melvin Leslie Riggs EDD Ms. Geraldine Sumter JD Rev. Gina Delise Rochelle MRE Ms. Pamela E. Rodgers MBA Ms. Florence Elaine Thompson BHS Mr. Vernon Julius Rose MDIV Dr. Siddig Abdel Mageed Salih Ph.D. Dr. David W. Trader MD Dr. James Ray Samuel MDIV Rev. William David Smart, Jr. MDIV Mr. Ronald B. Via MBA Ms. Cassandra Shaw BHS Professor Charles Edison Smith LLM Mrs. Lois Bullock Wall AHC Mr. Hezekiah Sistrunk, Jr. JD Mrs. Dale Peele Sneed MDIV Dr. Patricia Watkis MD Dr. Arthur Vernon Stringer MD Dr. Paul Stephens, Jr. MD Mrs. Linda M G Weaver AHC Dr. Lucia Antoinette Ward-Alexander EDD Mrs. Lona Letsy Tapper-Rogers MDIV Dr. Love Henry Whelchel Ph.D. Rev. Dwight Reginald Whitt JD Dr. Lesa Denise Walden MD Ms. Sharon Yvonne White MBA Rev. Bruce Wright MDIV Ms. Janice Marie Wallington AHC Mrs. Beth Hope Woodland-Hargrove JD Mr. William Wright AM Ms. Janice Marie Wallington MS Dr. Jeanie Anne Westry MD 1982 1983 Rev. Quentin J. White MDIV Ms. Josie A. Alexander JD Mr. Thomas Leroy Bailey AM Mr. Meretle Hampton Wilson THM Mr. Levi Alfonso Beckwith MBA Mr. Andrew Russell Barner, Jr. MBA Dr. Antronette Kay Yancey MD Mr. Henri Arthur Belfon, Jr. EDD Rev. Jason Barr, Jr. MDIV Dr. Gayle Elaine Brooks Ph.D. Ms. Deborah Lynetta Basket MA 1984 Mr. Bernard Freeman Bugg MBA Ms. Sheila Moncure Belfon EDD Mr. Edward Norris Allen MSN Dr. William R. Burge MD Dr. Estrada Jetlerson Bernard, Jr. MD Dr. Avis Adriena Artis MD Dr. Cyd Patrice Campbell MD Rev. Norman Aaron Brown MDIV Mr. Joseph Andrew Battle MBA Ms. Demetria Theresa Carter JD Rev. Norman Aaron Brown THM Dr. Donna Johanna Benson Ph.D. Dr. Carnell Cooper MD Ms. Stephanie Smith Brown MHA Dr. Jocelyn Wolffe Bonner MD Mr. Arnald Byron Crews AM Mr. Patrick Chishimba MBA Ms. Vergyl Loretta Cabbagestalk AHC Dr. Marsha Jean Darling Ph.D. Ms. Angela Diane Davis JD Dr. Karen Young Collier Ph.D. Dr. Georgette A. Dent MD Mr. Emanuel Faust, Jr. JD Rev. Philip R. Cousin. Jr. MDIV Ms. Valerie Robinson Dinkins JD Mr. Michael James Freels AM Rev. Robert Lee Daniels MDIV

Appendix ty^ 95 .Ms. Marilyn Elaine Foote-Hudson MA Ms. Pamela Rachelle Dewees MBA Ms. Tracy Natasha Bowens MBA Dr. .Marc Tomas Galloway AID Mr. I^eonard Earl Fairlev MDIY .Mr. Antonio Brito Braz JD Dr. Fred Janasi Gomendo THAI Ms. Jana Olivia Fleming JD Mr. Sidney O'Neal Brewer MBA Mrs. Helen Nelson Grant JD Ms. Bernice Tripp Gibson AHC Air. John David Bnggs. Jr. JD Dr. Samuel Elijah Hall AID Ms. Bernice Tripp Gibson MS Mr. Frank Butler MDIV Rev. George Carver Hawkins A1DIY Rev. Edith Lee Gleaves MDIV Mr. Caesar Pina Cardozo JD Mrs. Sybil S. Henderson MBA Dr. Gregory Joseph Glover MD Ms. Lenora Patrice P. A. Carlock MBA Mrs. Darlene Mitchell Hoard MBA Ms. Lisha W. Goins JD Mr. James Harvey Carter. Jr. BHS Dr. Calvin Rudolph Howell Ph.D. Mr. Michael Edward Green MBA Ms. Odrie Maria Chapman JD Mrs. Finesse D. Hull-Simmons JD Dr. Benjamin Lewis Hall III Ph.D. Mr. Brent Overton Edgar Clinkscale JD Dr. Andrea Marie Jackson MD Ms. Kendra Lorraine Harris MBA Mr. Reginald John Clvne MA Chaplain Richard Carnell Jackson MDIY Rev. Myrtle Frances Hatcher MDIY Dr. N. Anthony Coles, Jr. MD Ms. Andrea Denise Jones JD Ms. Marguerite Michele Hester MBA Dr. Christina Elizabeth Cummings AID

Dr. Darielle Watts Jones Ph.D. Chaplain David Harlan Hicks THM Rev . Eldrick Ray Davis A1DIV Dr. Vereda Johnson King Ph.D. Dr. Susan Eileen Jenkins MD Mr. Charles Envinnaya Ekeleme, Jr. A1BA Mr. Timothy Ross Langston MBA Mr. Leonard Howard Jones MBA Mr. David C. Emelileonwu AL\ Mr. Joseph Lee Littles MBA Dr. Yollette Trigg Jones Ph.D. Mr. Marvin E. Fountain MDIY Ms. Adrienne Patrice Marshall MBA Ms. Kimetha Lynnette Knotts AHC Ms. Lena Yernell Freeman A1DIY Mr. Floyd Bixler McKissick. Jr. JD Mr. Albert Garliea Kokulo MEM Ms. Lynn B. Gardner A1HA Ms. Allene Watkins McNeil AHC Mr. George Paul Lanier MDIV Dr. Tana Annette Gradv AID

Dr. Karen A. Moore MD Ms. Andra Moore Martin .MBA Rev . Diane Harper Haggler A1DIY Mr. Wiley Muffins 111 MBA Dr. Clarice Jannette Martin Ph.D. Dr. Ricky Damon Helton AHC Air. Edward A\ikumah Okine MS Mr. Michael Carlton Mason JD Dr. Ricky Damon Helton MDIV Air. Thomas David Parham. Jr. AHC Mr. Kevin Alvin AlcQuay MBA Dr. Janice Dolores Johnson AID Mr. Jean Derek Penn MBA Mr. Marvin Anthony Moore .MBA Mr. Jeffrey David Jones JD Rev. Staccato Powell MDIY Dr. Lori J. Pierce MD Mr. Jeltrey David Jones MA Dr. Felicity Araba Quansah MD Mr. Rudolph Simmons MBA Mr. J. Richard Leaman III .MBA Dr. John Armand Rich MD Dr. Shelley Ruth Slaughter MD Ms. Karol Page Alack JD Rev. Christopher Samuel Robinson MDIY Dr. Robert Scon Smith MA Mr. John Alichael Alallette. Jr. JD Mr. Elwood Lee Robinson AHC Dr. Claire Leona Spain-Remy MD Ms. Faye Alarie Alartin .MBA Prof. Yetta Lynn Sanders Thompson MA Ms. Sonja Steptoe JD Mr. Cam Mills AHC Mr. Raymond Ronald Sommerville MDIY Mr. Gary Bernard Strong MHA Mr. Irvin Aloore, Jr. AHC Dr. William Clair Turner, Jr. Ph.D. Mr. Allen Dixon Terrell MDIV Mr. Rick Lamont Perslev A1BA Dr. Cheryl Lynn Walker MD Dr. Derise Evette Tolliver Ph.D. Ms. Elmira Juanita Powell BHS

Mrs. Reba Hayes Warren JD Mr. Aaron Watson JD Rev . Constance Alane Prince A1DIY Dr. Janet Marie \Yhidby MA Ms. Sandra Elise Watson MHA Ms. Hilda Pinnix Ragland A1BA

Dr. Lauren Yirgima Wood MD Dr. Jonathan Emanuel Hazema Wilson Rev . Christopher Samuel Robinson AHC Ph.D. Ms. Linda Ann Russell AHC 1985 Ms. Linda Ann Russell A1DIY Ms. Pamela Lynn Boswell MA 1986 Dr. Julius Sherrard Scott III Ph.D. Ms. Lisa Curtis Bowler MHA Rev. Sharon Lavonda Adams MDIY Dr. Cednc Dewavne Shetheld AID Ms. Frances Rene Brown JD Mr. Thomas L. Aiken MBA Mr. James Donald Smith JD Rev. Jesse Brunson MDIY Rev. Howard Emory Anderson III MDIY Mr. Willie Albert Smith III .MBA Dr. Clifton Earl Buckrham MDIV Mr. Eddie Norris Barnes MBA Mr. Timothy Tyrone Taylor A1DIY Mr. Larrv Chisolm JD Ms. Iris Killian Barrett MBA Dr. Karen Cassidv Thompson Ph.D.

96 <** LEGACY. 1963-1993 Mr. Leon Clay White MBA Dr. Alton Brooks Pollard III Ph.D. Ms. Carol Betina Morris MBA Ms. Nancy Virginia Wilkins AHC Ms. Donna Primrose- Brown MA Mr. Patrick Nganga MS .Mr. Wilbert Edd Williams MBA Ms. Joyce Butts Sanford MBA Mr. Kwasi Nyamekye JD Dr. Deborah Y. I^eonardo Wilson MD .Ms. Adona Christine Simms BHS Ms. Pamela Dianne Parson MBA Mr. Samuel Leon Winder III MBA Dr. Cora Ducette Spaulding MD Ms. Ramona Marie Payne MBA Mr. Randy Rodell Zeno MBA Mrs. Sherri W. Tatum JD Mr. Toussaint Joseph Philogene MBA Mrs. Nancy Taylor-Smith .MBA Ms. Deborah E. Richardson de Cueras JD 1987 .Mr. Barry James Thompson .MBA Mr. Dale Alexander Royal MA Mrs. Pamela Doronda Bailey BHS Ms. Kara Watkins Tillman MBA Pro!. Vetta Lynn Sanders Thompson Ph.D. Dr. Osbert Blow MD Dr. Janet Marie Whidby Ph.D. Ms. Marguerite Harper Scott MA Ms. Yvette Lynne Bonaparte MBA Mr. Edward Leon White. Jr. MBA Mr. Darrvl Dwain Smalls JD Dr. Marian E. Bonner MD Ms. Charita Nanette Whitehurst MBA Ms. Jean Olive Smith MDIV .Ms. Delores Smith Bradsher MSN .Mrs. Kathryn Woodbury Zeno MBA Mr. Peter Malcolm Stanfbrd-Asivo BHS Mr. Johnathan Gray Broadnax MBA Ms. Paula Elizabeth Dudley Stewart MBA .Mr. Ronald Eugene Brown MBA 1988 Mr. Anton Travers Wesley MDIV Ms. Tonola Doris Brown JD .Ms. Sheree Michelle AJston MA Mrs. Pamela S. White MBA Dr. Myra N. Burnett Ph.D. Mr. Jerome Anderson MDIV Ms. Wendy Elizabeth White-Adcock MA Rev. Columbus Benjamin Burns III MDIV Chaplain Jarvis Eric Bailev MDIV Mr. John Jasper Wilkins. Jr. MDIV Ms. Angela Jellries Caldwell AHC Mr. Darrvl Triandos Banks MBA Mr. David Wayne Williams JD Mr. Reginald John dyne JD Mr. Warren Hicks Basket MA Mr. Hudson Grov-er Willis MBA Ms. Donna .Maria Coleman MA Dr. Herman Lee Bennett MA Rev. Richard Elias Wimberley III AHC Mr. Donald Ray Dixon MBA Ms. Avis Toppin Bent MBA Mr. Herbert Sei Lami Zigbuo MRE Dr. Roderick E. Edmond MD Mr. John Milton Boutte AHC Dr. Linda Harris Gilliam MD Lieutentant Arthur McGill Brown MDIV 1989 Mr. Curnell Graham MDIV Mr. Eric Dewayne Cole MDIV Mr. Hugh W. Allen MBA Rev. Deborah D. Lockett Graham MDIV Dr. Jennifer Jean Crawford .MD Janice Michelle Allen .MA Rev. Ravmond Wavne Hargrove MDIV Ms. Ida Johnson Dawson BHS Mr. Harold Tommy Amaker MBA Air. Robert Evans Harrington JD Mr Bryan S. DeLoatch MBA Ms. Terri Kim Bacote Charles MA Dr. Deborah Marie Hayden-Hall MD Rev. Earlston Eugene De Silva MDIV Ms. Nanette Alicia Banks MA Dr. John L. Hudgins Ph.D. Mr. Willie Otis Dixon IV JD Mr. Wayne Patrick Banks MBA Ms. Jocelvn Janine Hunter JD Dr. Jill Allison Foster MD Mr. Adrian Troy Barber MA Mr. Franklin David Jackson JD Mr. Henry Thomas Foxx MBA Mr. William Joseph Barber II MDIV Mr. Henry Donnell Jefferies MDIV Mr. Charles T. Geoffre Francis JD Mr. Larry Donald Bivens MBA Ms. Carolyn C. Christian Johnson MBA Ms. Lena Vernell Freeman AHC Dr. Charles S. G. Boayue, Jr. MDIV Mrs. Lynne W. Johnson MBA Mr. Kodwo Pere Ghartev-Tagoe JD Mr. James Boden ALA Air. Timothv Rav Johnson JD Dr. Robert Alexander Wilson Grant Ph.D. Mr. Avery Chardor Brown THAL Ms. Patricia Ann Kornegay JD Mr. Jerron Denard Green MBA Ms. Suzanne Brown MBA Rev. Leonzo Daniel Lynch MDIV Rev. Moses Edmond Hodnett. Jr. MDIV .Ms. Kara Odessa Bryant ALA Dr. Pamela Hermine Martin MD Ms. Felicia Yvette Howell MBA Dr. Randall M. Bryant ALD Mr. John Richard May. Jr. JD Mr. James C. Lee JD Rev. Ella Jean Burnett MDIV Mr. John Richard May. Jr. MA Dr. Joseph Mwona Maitima MA Mr. Terence Inerius Caldwell ALBA Ms. Priscilla Robinson Meadows MBA Rev. David Ophanalia Malloy MDIV Ms. Danielle Denise Carr ALA Mr. Ron- Quintin Miott MBA Dr. William Kenneth Mask MD Dr. Bradley Henry Collins ALD Mr. Richard Benjamin Moore MBA Ms. Tarshia Angelita McGlockton MBA Dr. Cornelius Alexander Davis III ALD Ms. Michele Jeninne Pavne MBA Ms. Carol Betina Morris MA Airs. Patricia Eleanor Dave AIHA

Appendix C^> 97 Mrs. Pamela K. DeLoatch MBA Rev. Richard Elias Wimberley III MDIV Als. Saba Shibberu A1BA Ms. Maria Teresa Dickerson MA Als. Angela Yvette Wine BHS Dr. Robert Scott Smith Ph.D. Dr. Franklyn F. Dontfraid MD Air. .Michael Joseph Sorrell A1A Chaplain Swindell Edwards MDIV 1990 Dr. Jon Alichael Spencer AITS Mr. Gary Donell Ellis MBA Air. Claude Alexander Allen JD Air. Gary Alitchell Sutton A1BA Rev. Doris T. Fox MDIV Mr. Claude Alexander Allen LLA1 Als. Donna Alarie Thompson AL\ Rev. Jerry Louis Gadsden A1DIV Air. Erasmo Viteho Barrera A1BA Air. Robert Edward Thorn MA Mr. Michael Lee Garrett MA Als. Isabelle Belance-Zank A1A Als. Velma DeRaye Walker A1HA Ms. Lori Tawana Hagens MHA Als. La Shaun Rene Bellamy A1BA Ms. Janis Ruth Williams JD Dr. Robert Lee Harrell III MD Als. Dawn Jonita Bennett A1S Airs. Lynn Perry Wooten A1BA Mrs. Sharon Carr Harrington JD Dr. Sabrina Terre Bent A1S Mrs. Brenda E. Harris-Richmond BHS Dr. Nicola Sheree Bravo AID 1991 Mrs. Jeanne L. Holeman MHA Als. Jacqueline Elaine Brown A1BA Air. Lovest T. Alexander, Jr. A1HS Air. Spurgeon Roosevelt James, Jr. A1BA Air. Tumelo Chiptupa A1S Dr. Tedra Louise Anderson-Brown AID Airs. Sharon Ann Jerrnes-Jones A1BA Als. Yarta Onika T. Clemens A1S Als. Karen Elise Ashley JD Rev. Orea Jones-Wells MDIV Dr. Josephine Alillicent Clement A1BA Dr. Linz Audain Ph.D. Dr. Ricky Park Soo Nam Aladdox AID Air. Sherad Levito Cravens A1BA Mr. Wayne Anthony August A1BA Rev. Carl Linwood Alanuel, Jr. A1DIV Air. Eric Leon Crump A1S .Ms. Robin Deshay Alahan Baker BHS Dr. Hirschel David McGinnis AID Als. Alelinda Gail Dudley AHC Air. Larry J. Barnes A1BA Als. AWie E. Alichel-Tucker A1BA Air. Kenneth Franklin Edwards A1BA Air. Kevin Alanuel Beber A1BA Ms. Sondra Alarie Aliddleton BHS Dr. Naomi Patricia Franklin Ph.D. Rev. Bobby Ray Best MDIV Dr. Alois Simon AVlambo Ph.D. Ms. Ruth C. Harris AHC Dr. Victor Alfred Bracey AID Als. Charlotte L. Alolette A1S Als. Odessa Alarie Henderson BHS Als. Adnenne Renee Brigmon A1A Air. Russell Jerome Aloore A1BA Als. Sonia Elizabeth Hill JD Als. Wannetta Iris Carter JD Air. Kenneth Alonzo Alurphv JD Air. Freddy Lorenzo Hooks A1BA Air. Rodney Christopher Clare A1A Dr. Angela D. Odom-Austin AID Air. Gregory A. Hudgins A1BA .Ms. Constance Eugenia Clement A1BA Als. Tanya Al. Oubre JD Als. Linda Joyce Jordan A1BA Air. Anthony Thomas Coates A1BA Als. Rohini Arvind Parikh A1A Dr. Alawivah Rehema Hill Kambon Ph.D. Airs. Gwendolyn Gail Coley-Bishop A1SN Als. Donna Primrose-Brown JD Air. Anthony Alaurice Kellev MA Dr. Adrian Howard Cotterell AID Rev. Darryl Wayne Robinson A1DIV Mr. Brayn Lucias Khunguni A1A Dr. Tamera Dynene Covne AID Als. Robin Lee Rosenberg JD Air. Robert Weldon Lancaster, Jr. A1BA Air. Vincent Fitzgerald Crump A1BA Als. Robin Lee Rosenberg MA Air. Seth Osibisa Lartev AIRE Dr. Derick G. S. Davis. Jr. Ph.D. Air. Steven Bailey Royster JD Als. Lavonne Denise Lawson JD .Mr. Spruell Driver. Jr. JD Als. Cheryl Williams Scarboro JD Als. Lavonne Denise Lawson A1BA Als. Veronica Euphema Easmgton BHS Air. Garry Wendell Seabron MDIV Als. Alandisa Aluriel A lava LLA1 .Ms. Alillicent Renee Brown Fauntlerov A1A Als. Willie Ann Foster Shears A1BA Als. Laverne Clarissa AlcClellan A1BA Als. Sharon Shankhn Freeland AITS Air. Oris Russell Stuart III A1BA .Mr. Abraham Lincoln AlcCoy, Jr. BHS .Ms. Katie Ann Gailes A1BA Mr. James Edward Tatum, Jr. JD Dr. Kimberly Iris Aloran AID Air. .Maurice Oliver Green JD Mr. Alaurice C. Taylor JD Als. Jennifer Lyle Alorgan A1A Dr. James Earl Harley AID Air. Ato Waters A1BA Air. Gichuru Kagwe Aluchane A1S Air. Derrick K. Harris. Jr. MDIV Ms. Annette Denise Watkins A1BA Ms. Kim Inell Nance MBA Als. Ruth C. Harris MDIV Airs. Felicia Stevenson Watlington A1BA Air. Garry Demarco Norns MBA Air. William Gerald Harris A1BA Mr. Stephen G. Garfield Wedderburn A1A Air. Julius Edo Nvang'Oro JD Als. Cassandra Wylene Headen AHC Mr. James Brian Wilson A1BA Als. Alauricette G. Parris-August JD Air. Vance Hunt A1DIY

98 £# LEGACY, 1963-1993 \ )

Ms. Debra Lynne Hursl MBA 1992 Mr. Michael Boulware Moore MBA Dr. Cheryl M Johns..,, Ml) Mr. Shawn Ray Alexander AIIC Mr. Richard Bernard Moore II MBA Mr. Reginald James Johnson MPP Mr. Charles Duane Almo MA Rev. I )ita\v.i Mavuluswa Nianda MDIV Mr. Andrew D. Jones. -I, MA Ms. Jennifer Elizabeth Baltimore .11) Mr. Abubakar Atiku Nuhu-Koko MA Ms. Emily Ann Page MBA Ms, Karen Lynn Jones MBA Rev. 1 la, r\ Maurice Barnes MDIY Ms Denise Elliott Patterson Mr Linwood Kiit li MA Rev. Arnetta Elizabeth Beverly MDIY MBA Ms. Brenda Kirton Ml )FV Ms. Amanda Cordelia Bryant MS Dr. Karl Lyndell Pete MD

Ms. Carolyn Wilkins Lucas Ml)l\ Mr. Eric Tyrone Bunch MDIY Ms. Valorie Antionette Pigotte A I IC Ms. Joan Marie McBarnette MBA Ms. Danielle Denise Carr Ph.D. Rev. Vertie Powers-Williamson MDIY Mr. Donald McMichael, Jr. MHA Ms. Nancy Njeri Chcge MEM Mr. Eri< Wayne Price MBA Mr. Samuel Howard Moore, Jr. MD1V Dr. Lee Richard Coleman. Jr. MI) Mr. Fazli Qadir MBA Ms. Ms Gail Patricia Moselej MA Mr. Matthew Jon Countryman MA Annua Magnolia Richardson LMJD Ms Robin Catherine Murray-Gill .11) Mrs. Rhonda Nesmith Crichlow MPP Mr. David Walton Roberts MBA Ms Jacqueline Diane Neal MBA Ms. Mary Elizabeth Crudup MRE Dr. Yernice Royal MD Ms. Gretchen Rita Carre Nell) .11) Ms. Carmela N Edmunds .11) Mr. John Ashley Sammerson MA Mr. Victor Rudolph Shavers. Jr. MBA Mr. Hilton Manuel Nicholson A \ I i - Dr. Paul Dominic Edwards MD Ms. Chinvere Y. Okoronkwo .11) Ms. Lisa Caroline Evans JD Ms. Dorinda Dawn Shelton AHC Ms Monica Jane Oliver MAT Ms. Kimberly Beth Flint Ph.D. Ms. Lisa Sheppard MBA Dr. Wendy-Ann Olivier MI> Mr. Garrick Codrington Francis MA Mr. Michael Smith MBA Ms. Stephanie J. Pennington-Grant MSN Ms. Martina Monique Garns-Bingham JD Mr. Sarnie Allen Solomon, Jr. MBA Mr. Therence O. Pickett JD Mr. Dale Christopher Catling MBA Mrs. Sharon Lovett Solomon MBA Dr. Jennifer Parker Porter MI) Ms. Cynthia Adrienne Groomes LMJD Mr. Samuel Lvdell Starks JD Mr. Stanley Eason Porter MBA .Ms. Deirdre Terese Guion MBA Mr. Tern,' L. Staten MBA Dr. Leslie Dentse Reynolds MD Dr. Jarvis Alden Hall Ph.D. Mr. Timothy Jonathan Talley MBA Mrs. Monicjue A. Rowtham- Kennedy JD Rev. Ralph Devolia Harris MDIY Dr. Donald Walker Tunnage JD Ms. Dew Patterson Russell JD Mrs. Kellie Robinson Hicks MHA Ms. Darline Faith Turner MHS Ms. Cheryl Yvonne Self MBA Mr. Christopher Lavone Hinton MBA A\rs. Lisa Williams Warren MA Ms. Paula Una Simon JD Ms. Anica Lynne Howard MBA Ms. Christine Celeste Washington .1 1 Mr. Brian Christopher Smith MBA Mr. Starling David Hunter III MBA Ms. Geovette FZIise Washington JD Rev. Clarence Anthony Smith, Jr. MDIY Dr. Carlos Sidney Ince, Jr. MD Ms. Sheryl Ann Watkins JD Ms. Nicole Eileen Sullivan MA Mr. Darryl Ernest Ince MBA Ms. Sheila Kenvatta White MA Ms. Charieese Jordan Sutton MBA Ms. lilla G. Johnson JD Mr. John Wilson III MDIV Mr Joseph B. Sylve 111 MBA Mr. Andrew D. Jones. Jr. Ph.D. Mrs. Cassandra Smith Taylor MBA Ms. Christina Shade Jones MBA 1993 Rev. David Bernard Thornton MDIY Ms. l^rika Yeronica Keller JD Ms. Nuhaad Abdulwahab Abbas MEM Mrs. Pamela Brooks TulLv MBA Dr. Yern Antoine Keller MD Dr. Joseph Bebee Alexander. Jr. JD Ms. Lisa Yvette Waller MA Mr. Endalkachew Kidanewold MA Mr. Johnson K. Asibuo THM Mr. Oregon' Alan Watson MBA Ms. Deborah P. Lane MBA Ms. Rachel Lavern Battles A\BA Ms. Tanya Deshields Whitted AIIC Dr. Rhea Armagne Lloyd MD Dr. Herman Lee Bennett Ph.D. Mr. Elijah Williams MTS Ms. India Manton MBA Ms. Renee Antonia Berry MBA Ms. Esther Marie Woods MTS Dr. Althea L. McCoy Ph.D. Dr. Guenet Beshah-Tapscott JD Ms Tamara Yvette Woolfork JD Mr. Omar Yusef McNeill JD Dr. Clifford Bowens, Jr. MD Ms. Erma Mary Millard MBA Dr. Fredrick Dubois Bowman Ph.D. Mr. Henry Jerome Mtms JD Mr. Paul Andre Brathwaite MPP

Appendix ££ 99 Dr. Jacqulynn Michelle Broughton JD Dr. Cleveland William Lewis, Jr. MD Dr. Greta Yvonne Watts MD Ms. Leslie Brown MA Ms. Sharon Grundy Lynn MBA Dr. Kimberlv Lynn Webb JD Ms. Linda W. Bryan MDIV Mr. Eugene Victor A. Maafo MDIV Ms. Juanita Chizuko Williams-Gould A\A Ms. Amanda Cordelia Bryant Ph.D. Mr. Sir Walter Lee Mack, Jr. MDIV Dr. Karen Donnella Woodard JD Mr. Brian Menard Butler MBA Ms. Saundra Hardin Marion MBA Mr. James Andrew Wooten MBA Mr. Courtland Wallace Butts, Jr. MBA Mr. Ronald Erickson Maxwell MDIV Mr. Kwame Oppong Yeboah MBA Mr. William Burnett Bynum, Jr. MA Mr. Harold Anthony McDonald MBA Mr. Clem William Campbell THM Mr. Donald McGill MBA 1994 Mr. David Allen Cantrell MA Mr. Charles Wesley McKinney MA Ms. La Gaylia Juwana Appleby MBA Mr. Benjamin James Carson III MBA Mr. Alexander McMillan, Jr. MBA Dr. Osbert Blow Ph.D. Dr. Paulette Denise Chandler MD Mr. Everett Roy McNair MBA Ms. Kimberlv Rachelle Bolton JD Ms. Stephanie Lynn demons MBA Rev. Wyatt Clifton Minton III MDIV Mr. John Williams Roberts Bradley MBA Mr. Gerald Llwellyn Coates MBA Dr. Orlando McArthur Moncrieffe Ph.D. Ms. Cheryl Allen Brewer MSN Ms. Sherrie Ranae Cook MDIV Ms. Celia Elizabeth Navlor-Ojurongbe MA Mr. Brian Paul Brown MBA Mr. David Alexander Cooks MBA Rev. Kenneth Lee Nelson MDIV Ms. Dionne Yverte Brown MPP Dr. Thaxter Angenilla Cooper JD Ms. Sandra Park MPP Ms. Joanne Elizabeth Brown MDIV Dr. Teresa Deloatch JD Mr. Larry Bryant Parker MDIV Mr. Michael Anthony Brown MBA Dr. James Antone Dickens JD Mr. Donzell Bryant Patterson AHC Ms. Danielle Quave Burton MBA Ms. Kathryn Renee Dungy MA Mr. George Piwang MTS Mr. William Burnett Bynum, Jr. Ph.D. Mr. Eric Antonio Edmond MBA Ms. Bettye Donne Poole MDIV Mr. James Harvey Carter, Jr. MHS Rev. Robert Howard Edwards THM Ms. Andrea Green Price AHC Mr. Eddie Terrence Chavis MBA Ms. Dianthe Renea Eiland MS Ms. Andrea Green Price MDIV Mr. Garvey Elton Cills MBA Ms. Julia Ann Eklund JD Mr. Tony Eugene Reese MDIV Mr. Rodney Clark MA Mr. Maxwell Onvemaechi Eleogu MA Ms. Jacqueline Robinson MBA Ms. Dana Jeanine Cosby JD Mr. David L. Elliott JD Mr. Mark Harrison Robinson MBA Dr. Evelyn Winston Dadzie Ph.D. Dr. Christopher Eric Ervin AID Ms. Leslie Karin Roland MBA Ms. Jeanine Margarita DaSilva MBA Ms. Lesley Grace Feracho MA Ms. Annette Yvonne Scippio MA Mr. Anbessie Debele MA Rev. Trevon Dyrel Gross MTS Colonel Sylvester L. Shannon THM Ms. Satana T. Deberry JD Dr. Terrie Victoria Hagler JD Mr. Kevin Iry Sims MBA Ms. Angela Harper Dunlap MDIV Ms. Vanessa Price Hairston MSN Ms. Linda Bradsher Singietary MDIV Ms. Beverly Renee Eccles MBA Ms. Tomiko Brown Hall MA Ms. Ann Lawson Smith AHC Mr. Theodore Curtis M. Edwards II JD Mr. Roderick Teryl Henley MBA Dr. Susan Reid Smith JD Ms. Sherry Danielle Ellerbe MBA Ms. Robin Lee Hughes MS Ms. Jacquelene R. Hairston Stephenson A1SN Ms. Donna Maria Epps JD Dr. Willie J. Jennings Ph.D. Mr. Samuel Lee Stewart MDIV Ms. Charlene Lanette Evans MBA Mr. Byron Vernon Johnson MBA Dr. Jim Odell Stuckey II JD Mr. Theodore Leon Fleming MBA Mr. Lewis Elgin Johnson MA Mr. David Allen Swanson MA Ms. Lorna Deneen Flowers MBA Ms. Sharon Regina Johnson MBA Mr. David Cary Tapscott MBA .Ms. Erica Dawn Foster JD Dr. Alysia Marvelle Jones JD Ms. Geanine Dorothea Thompson MBA Mr. Terry Sylvester Francis MBA Dr. Daryl Milton Kennedy JD Dr. Josette Michelle Thompson JD Mr. Trevor Kenneth Freeland MBA

Mr. Carl William Kenney II MDIV Ms. Amelia Pride Thorpe MA Dr. Richard Ramas Gillespie, Jr. MD Ms. Kimberlv Lynette Kennion AHC Mr. Paul Pascal Van Den Bulck LLM Ms. Arnetta Carol Girardeau MA Dr. Avis Maureen Kinard JD Ms. Yolanda Vanessa Van Horn MA Mr. Bruce Tyrone Grady MDIV Ms. Brenda Kirton AHC Dr. Terrence Wayne Walton MD Ms. Merida Marcella Grant MA Ms. Susan Lasley MA Ms. Carol Njanja Wanjau MA Ms. Kimberlv Martin Grantham JD

100 c^r? LEGACY, 1963-1993 Ms. Cecelia Evelyn Greene .MDIV .Ms. Ruby Martin Simmons MSN Ms. Urn Lenore Julian .MBA .Ms. Teresa Janel .Marshall [ )i I )eborah Reynolds Greene Ml) Gloria Ann Skinner- Pettiford MDIV Ms. MBA Ms [Yacye Renee Grinnage .11) Mr. James Wesie} Smith 111 MA Mr. Jonathan Emmanuel Martin JD \\i Norm. ui Scott Gunn JD Mi Michael Joseph Sorrell JD Ms. Patrice Ilinton Morrison MSN Mr.Glendon Philip Hall MBA Mr. Sterling Ashley Spainhour .MBA .Ms. Lisa Marie Mutch MS Mr. Joseph Ghana Hall AHC Dr. Yolanda Richelle Spraggins .Ml) Ms. Hcllen Wan|iru Njomo MA Mr. (an Keith Macneil Hanley MBA .Ms. Stephanie Alease Stevenson .MI IS Mr. Sterling Eugene Owens MBA Mr. Leo Harmon, Jr. MBA Dr. Tom Denise Sublett MD Dr. Peter Jason Pletcher Ph.D. Ms. Karol Suzette Harshaw iWSN .Ms. Pamela Marie Sutton MA .Ms. Andrea Green Price THM Ms. Charla Winnetta Hill MBA .Mr. Stephen iMiles Tate MA .Ms. Priscilla Johnson Ramseur .MSN Ms. Roberta Shikako Hill MBA Dr. Vince Salazar Thomas Ph.D. Ms. Terrie Lanita Rayburn MBA

Dr. Jenniler Lynn Hunter Ml I Mr. Carl Eugene Thompson ,MTS .Mr. Wendell Gilbert Rayburn. Jr. MBA Mr. Brian Andree Irving .MDIY .Mr. George Bernard Walker. Jr. MDIY Mr. Harold Philip Salmon MBA

Dr. Harvey Clarke Jenkins, .Jr. MD Ms. Earlene Eunice White MRE Ms. Pamela Lorraine Shavers MBA .Ms. Carla J. Kelly MBA .Mrs. Portia T. Williamson Ph.D. Mr. Peter George Singletary, Jr. .MDIV

.\\r. Herschel Bernie Kenney MBA Dr. Lawrence Woodard, Jr. MD .Mrs. Mattie Hood Smith MDIV .\\r. Eri< Williston Law MA Ms Kharon Jenese Works MBA .Mr. Randell Clark Smith MBA Ms. Christy Brown Leflore MA Ms. Djuana Fave Wright MBA Mr. William Harris Stuart MBA Dr. Jarnes Wilton Lewis Ph.D. Mr. Michael David Summey MBA Ms Shellene Madeline Lumpkin MBA 1995 .Mr. David Allen Swanson JD Ms. Cynthia McArthur MSN Ms. Karen Rudell Amis MS A\s. Jacinda Thedders Townsend JD Mr. Alvin McCoy III .MBA Mr. Derrick Lamonte Black MBA Mr. Isaiah Charles Turner MBA .Ms. Yarnell I). Mc Donald-Fletcher MHS Ms. Carol Necole Brown LMJD Ms. Kara .Miles Turner MA Dr. Sheila Smith McKoy Ph.D. Mr. Gregory V. Brown JD Ms. Marjorie Judith Vincent JD Mr. Walter Emmett McLeod MDIY Mr. Wilmer Brown MDIV Ms. Phyllisina La Mia Vinson JD Mr. Sherman Marc Meachem MBA Ms. Trudy L. Coar MBA Dr. Maurice Orlando Wallace Ph.D. Ms. Sondra Marie Middleton MHS Mr. I^onnie Leandris Cockerham II MBA Ms. Charmaine Cyrillene White MBA Ms. Sonva Williams .Middleton JD Ms. Angela Maureen Cooper JD Ms. T'Nania Rene Whiteside MBA Ms. Michelle Renee Minus .MBA iMr. FYank Rudolph Cooper JD Ms. Andrea Vanita Whittington MBA Dr. Nico Ronald Mliga Ph.D. Ms. Ana Lucia Da Cruz MA Ms. Robin Elizabeth Moore JD Ms. Chimere Uma Eleazu MBA Dr. Mary Wairimu Muchane Ph.D. Ms. Myra Maureen Frazier JD Mr. Salahuddin Muhammad .MHS Ms. Myra A\aureen Frazier MA Dr. Fausta Nazaire MD Mr. Anthony Carlos Free MBA Dr. Andrea Yoruba Nelson JD Mr. Hamlet Darius Goore JD Dr. Bernard N. Kimani Njoroge Ph.D. Mr. Marshall L. Hayes ME.M Mr. Munishi K. T. Pantaleo MEMF Ms. Sonja Leneice Henning JD Ms. Rosalind Marie Parker JD Ms. Karen Annette Hill JD .Ms. Wanda Gale Parker MSN Ms. Tania De Carlo Ince MBA Mr. liarl Douglas Reams MDIY Ms. Guilaine Christine Jean-Pierre MBA Dr. Brian Sean Register MD Ms. Pamela Lynn Jeffries JD .Ms Kimberly Jean Roberts MHS Mr. Isaiah Novelle Johnson MBA Dr. Albert Devon Sam II MD Ms. Andrea Renee Jones MBA .Mr. Robert Charles Scott MDIV Mr. Barrv Gene Jordan MBA

Appendix tyfe 1 1

Duke University Libraries

II II II

D02605109N tapMHsW the Valley Protest the Allen Building Takeover to the ! r V rom Hope and MAU tOLM X 1 Black Faculty Initiative, the history of African Americans on the Duke LIBEMj ION SCHOOi 1 campus has been punctuated by reminders that the struggle for justice is tar

from complete. These events were a stimulus for many of the university's

most difficult, yet most necessary, changes.

—Nannerl 0. Keohane, President

#» 'flii'i **" l\t some point along the way, the more serious academics at Duke and elsewhere began to realize that the exclusion of African Americans solely on the

basis of race was not only specious and anti-intellectual but contrary to the very

• , 1

J" 1 ' principles on which the university was founded. ;

— John Hope Franklin, Professor Emeritus * A W hen I arrived at Duke in 1959, many faculty,

administrators, and students felt that as a private uni-

versity Duke should be exempt from the legal directives of the 1954 decision

[Brown i'. Board ofEducation], . . . Consequently, it was to take eight years of dis-

cussion, debate, and research to produce the 1961—62 trustee resolutions inte-

grating the student body.

— Jack J. PreLis, Professor Emeritus

.L/et us look upon the thirtieth anniversary not merely as a self-congratula-

tory event, but as an opportunity to pause — to evaluate the successes and

accomplishments of the past, and to envision the future.

—Leonard C. Beckum, University Vice President c3 Vice Provost

Chair, Thirtieth Anniversary Committee

N60l-90920a *-

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