Nikolaus Pevsner, 'Bringer of Riches': Cultural

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Nikolaus Pevsner, 'Bringer of Riches': Cultural Nikolaus Pevsner, ‘Bringer of Riches’: Cultural Transfers in Art Historiography Émilie OLÉRON EVANS Queen Mary, University of London Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 2 I, Émilie Oléron Evans, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Émilie Oléron Evans Date: 16.07.2014 3 4 Transferts culturels dans l’historiographie de l’art : le cas de Nikolaus Pevsner RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse vise à démontrer que les travaux de l’historien d’art et d’architecture britannique d’origine allemande Nikolaus Pevsner (1902-1983) ont joué un rôle majeur dans l’accession de l’histoire de l’art et de l’architecture au statut de discipline universitaire au Royaume-Uni à partir des années 1930-1940. L’étude de ce cas particulier et des constellations et réseaux qui entrent en jeu durant son émigration vers l’Angleterre en 1933 apportent un éclairage différent sur le champ de l’histoire des migrants intellectuels en rappelant le conflit latent entre l’idéal d’universalisme de la science et les vecteurs socio- culturels nationaux qui président aux déplacements transnationaux. Notre recherche se concentre sur les transferts méthodologiques, institutionnels et historiographiques qui ont fait de la carrière de Pevsner un moment-clé de l’historiographie de l’art, de l’architecture et du design et aborde les domaines suivants : la question du Mouvement moderne, l’utilisation du concept d’espace dans le discours architectural d’après le principe de l’empathie (Einfühlung) ou encore dans l’exploration, à travers la méthodologie de la géographie de l’art, de la production artistique et du patrimoine architectural du pays d’accueil de Pevsner. Il s’agit de montrer que l’oeuvre de médiateur d’un historien d’art entre sa matière et la société se déploie aussi hors du seul cadre universitaire. Cette thèse expose comment Pevsner se fait une place dans la culture britannique en tant qu’éditeur, homme de radio, critique d’art, autant d’activités qui se basent sur des modèles allemands, mais qui font progressivement de l’historien déplacé, interprète de sa culture d’accueil, une véritable institution culturelle. Nikolaus Pevsner, ‘Bringer of Riches’ : Cultural Transfers and Art Historiography ABSTRACT This thesis demonstrates how the works of art and architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner (1902-1983), a British scholar of German origin, played a major part in the accession of the history of art and architecture to the status of an academic discipline in the United Kingdom in the 1930s and 40s. This case study, along with the various networks that played a part in his displacement from Germany to Britain in 1933, sheds a different light on current research on the history of émigré intellectuals, as it seeks to show that there is a latent conflict between the ideal of universalism in science and the national socio-cultural vectors at play in transnational displacements. Our research focuses on methodological, institutional and historiographical transfers that made Pevsner’s career into a milestone in the historiography of art, architecture and design. It tackles the main aspects of his contribution, from the issue of the Modern movement, through the use of the concept of space in the architectural discourse based on the principle of empathy (Einfühlung), to the exploration of the artistic production and the architectural heritage of Pevsner’s country of adoption. Our contention is that the role of an art historian as a mediator between his subject and society goes beyond the realm of academia. This thesis shows how Pevsner found a place in British culture as editor, broadcaster and art critic, while basing these activities on German models, and how these activities gradually transformed an interpreter of culture into a cultural institution. 5 6 Remerciements Je remercie chaleureusement mes directeurs de thèse, Michel Espagne et Leonard Olschner, pour leurs conseils, pour leur lecture toujours attentive de mes travaux et pour le soutien permanent qu’ils m’ont apporté dans ce parcours intellectuel exigeant. Nos échanges constructifs ont nourri cette thèse et enrichi ma première incursion dans le monde de la recherche. J’en retiens avec reconnaissance un idéal de rigueur intellectuelle et d’enthousiasme qui sera une constante source d’inspiration. Je tiens à exprimer ma vive gratitude à Dieter Pevsner et Uta Hodgson, ainsi qu’à Florence Pevsner, pour leur disponibilité et pour la générosité dont ils ont fait preuve en me donnant accès à la correspondance personnelle de Nikolaus Pevsner et en me faisant part de leurs souvenirs et impressions. C’est un privilège rare, qui a donné un élan précieux à tout mon travail. Je suis également redevable à Susie Harries d’avoir si aimablement mis à ma disposition ses propres sources et partagé ses expériences de travail biographique. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements au personnel des archives et des bibliothèques qui m’ont accueillie et ont tout fait pour faciliter mes recherches, à la Bodleian Library à Oxford, aux archives des universités de Bristol et de Brighton, au Bauhaus-Archiv de Berlin, et surtout au Getty Research Intitute à Los Angeles. Un grand merci également aux collaborateurs de l’Institut Warburg à Londres pour leur accueil. Je suis reconnaissante aux organisateurs du séminaire de l’UMR 8547 « Pays Germaniques - Transferts Culturels », Michel Espagne et Pascale Rabault-Feuerhahn (ENS Ulm), à Rüdiger Görner, directeur du Centre for Anglo-German Cultural Relations (Queen Mary), ainsi qu’à Céline Trautmann-Waller, responsable du CEREG (Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris III), de m’avoir invitée à présenter mes travaux, autant de moments qui ont beaucoup compté dans l’élaboration et l’approfondissement de mon argumentaire. Je remercie le Getty Research Institute, l’UMR 8547, le CEREG et la School of Languages, Linguistics and Film à Queen Mary pour leur soutien financier dans le cadre de cette cotutelle de thèse. Je voudrais marquer ma reconnaissance à celles et ceux qui m’ont aidée, conseillée, stimulée d’une manière ou d’une autre dans ce travail de recherche. Je pense en particulier à Colleen Becker, Ute Engel, Mildred Galland-Szymkowiak, Stephen Games, Marlite Halbertsma, Anne Hultzsch, Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel, Matthew Rampley et Richard Woodfield. Dans ce projet souvent itinérant, je tiens à dire ma gratitude aux ami(e)s qui m’ont offert un toit à Paris, à Zurich et à Berlin. Merci enfin à Estelle Favrais, Cyrille Guitard, Daniel Makonnen et Amandine Malassis, relecteurs précis et bienveillants. 7 8 À B. B. et M. O., à A. et A. O., à T. 9 10 Abréviations Archives AP Archives de la famille Pevsner BA Bauhaus-Archiv, Museum für Gestaltung, Berlin BBC BBC Written Archive Centre, Reading DC Design Council Archive, Brighton GP Collection Pevsner, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles PP Penguin Papers, Bristol SPSL Archives de la Society for the Protection of Science and Learning, Oxford Sigles AAC Academic Assistance Council BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BIOS British Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee BoT Board of Trade CAI Council for Art and Industry CoID Council of Industrial Design DIA Design and Industry Associations LSE London School of Economics MoMa Museum of Modern Art RDS Reichsverband Deutscher Schriftsteller RIAS Rundfunk im Amerikanischen Sektor Berlins RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects RKK Reichskulturkammer SDS Schutzverband Deutscher Schriftsteller UCL University College London V & A Victoria and Albert Museum 11 12 Introduction générale Dans le documentaire Bunkers, Brutalism and Bloodymindedness diffusé en février 2014 sur la BBC, l’historien d’art et d’architecture britannique d’origine allemande Nikolaus Pevsner (1902-1983) figure en bonne place dans l’analyse menée par le journaliste Jonathan Meades, qui le présente comme un « saint laïc1 ». Cette expression hyperbolique renvoie à la fois à l’apogée de la carrière de Pevsner dans les années 1960 et à un effet de canonisation intellectuelle qui perdure longtemps après sa disparition survenue en 1983. Une personnalité à l’origine de courants culturels majeurs qui ont irrigué les milieux académiques et la société britannique en général est alors élevée elle-même au rang d’institution. On reconnaît et on célèbre ainsi le rôle de l’universitaire de langue allemande dans l’avénement de l’histoire de l’art en Grande- Bretagne et dans son développement en un domaine aujourd’hui en plein essor. Non seulement les pays anglo-saxons sont devenus après la Seconde Guerre mondiale le nouvel épicentre des études sur l’art, mais au sein de ces études, les branches de l’histoire de l’architecture et du design, que Pevsner a ardemment défendues, ont progressivement acquis leur légitimité conceptuelle et institutionnelle. Dans la sphère britannique, le mot-clé « patrimoine » (heritage) a acquis une résonance sociale de plus en plus profonde, signalée par l’effervescence d’institutions telles que le National Trust ou English Heritage, qui affichent dans leur nom l’élément de fierté culturelle qu’elles mettent quotidiennement en pratique dans la défense des biens architecturaux et artistiques de la nation.
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