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Burkina Faso/Niger) 12379 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING THE FRONTIER DISPUTE (BURKINA FASO/NIGER) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF NIGER APRIL 2011 [Translation by the Registry] TABLE OF CONTENTS List of principal abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1 Burkina Faso ................................................................................................................................. 2 The Republic of Niger................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER I THE LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLONIES CONCERNED................................................................................................................................... 6 Section 1 ⎯ The dismemberment of French Sudan .............................................................. 10 A. The organization of the First Military Territory .......................................................... 10 B. The creation of a Third Military Territory in FWA ..................................................... 10 C. The incorporation of the Territory of Say into the cercle of Moyen-Niger ................. 12 D. The Territories of Senegambia and Niger (1902 to 1904) ........................................... 12 E. The creation of the Colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger (1904-1920)............................. 14 F. The division of the Military Territory of Niger into three regions ............................... 16 G. The incorporation of the cercles of Fada N’Gourma and Say into the Colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger ................................................................................................ 18 H. The four Regions of the Military Territory of Niger.................................................... 18 I. The detachment of the Military Territory of Niger from the Colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger ................................................................................................ 21 J. The creation of the Colony of Upper Volta (1919 to 1932).......................................... 21 K. The abolition of Téra Subdivision following the creation of the Colony of Upper Volta (1919 to 1932)................................................................................................... 23 L. The Military Territory of Niger becomes the Territory of Niger ................................. 23 M. The disappearance of the Colony of Haut-Sénégal et Niger and the resurrection of the Colony of French Sudan................................................................................... 23 Section 2 ⎯ The conversion of the Civil Territory of Niger into an autonomous Colony............................................................................................................................... 25 A. The transfer of the administrative centre of the Colony of Niger from Zinder to Niamey and the subsequent territorial changes .......................................................... 25 B. The territorial changes to the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta .............................. 27 C. The preparatory works for the delimitation between the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta ................................................................................................................ 27 D. The Arrêté of 31 August 1927 and its Erratum of 5 October 1927, fixing the boundary between the Colonies of Niger and Upper Volta........................................ 29 E. Arrêté local No. 126 of 3 November 1928 reconstituted Téra Subdivision within Tillabéry cercle........................................................................................................... 32 F. The dissolution and dismemberment of the Colony of Upper Volta and the incorporation of Dori and Fada N’Gourma cercles into the Colony of Niger (1932 to 1947) ............................................................................................................ 32 - ii - G. Law No. 47-1707 of 4 September 1947 reconstituted the Colony of Upper Volta with its 1932 boundaries; the cercles of Dori and Fada N’Gourma were reincorporated into the Colony ................................................................................... 34 H. The Arrêté of 30 March 1956 creating seven cercles within the territory of Niger ...........................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER II THE DIFFICULTIES AND INCIDENTS IN THE DISPUTED AREA......................................... 37 Section 1 ⎯ The difficulties encountered during the period prior to independence ............. 37 Section 2 ⎯ The difficulties encountered during the period subsequent to independence ....................................................................................................................44 CHAPTER III THE ATTEMPTS BY NIGER AND BURKINA FASO TO SETTLE THE FRONTIER DISPUTE PEACEFULLY ................................................................................................................. 48 Section 1 ⎯ The work of the Joint Technical Commission on Demarcation of the Frontier ............................................................................................................................. 48 Section 2 ⎯ The attempts to settle the frontier dispute peacefully at diplomatic level......... 51 Section 3 ⎯ The Special Agreement seising the Court of 24 February 2009 ....................... 52 A. Negotiation of the Agreement...................................................................................... 52 B. Content......................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER IV CARTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL RELATING TO THE DISPUTED AREA ................................ 55 CHAPTER V THE LEGAL BASES FOR DETERMINATION OF THE FRONTIER........................................ 63 Section 1 ⎯ The legislative texts .......................................................................................... 64 A. Content of the 1927 texts ............................................................................................. 64 B. Methods of interpreting the 1927 texts ........................................................................ 68 (a) Interpretation using cartographic material.......................................................... 68 (b) Textual interpretation........................................................................................... 70 (c) Interpretation based on the travaux préparatoires................................................ 72 (d) Interpretation based on the practice of the local colonial authorities ................. 74 Section 2 ⎯ The 1:200,000 map of the Institut géographique national de France, 1960 edition ...................................................................................................................... 75 Section 3 ⎯ The relevant documents accepted by joint Agreement of the Parties ............... 76 CHAPTER VI DETERMINATION OF THE FRONTIER IN THE TÉRA SECTOR......................................... 78 Section 1 ⎯ Physical and human description of Téra sector................................................. 78 Section 2 ⎯ The course of the frontier in the Téra sector..................................................... 81 A. Methodology adopted .................................................................................................. 81 B. The course of the frontier in the Téra sector ................................................................ 88 (a) From Tong-Tong to Tao, the boundary consists of two straight lines.................. 88 - iii - (b) From the Tao astronomic marker to Bangaré, the line of the frontier basically follows the IGN line .............................................................................. 89 (c) From Bangaré to the boundary of Say cercle, the frontier follows the IGN line........................................................................................................................ 92 CHAPTER VII DETERMINATION OF THE FRONTIER IN THE SAY SECTOR ......................................... 95 Section 1 ⎯ Physical and human description of the Say sector............................................ 95 Section 2 ⎯ The course of the frontier in the Say sector ...................................................... 97 A. There was no justification for continuing the inter-colonial boundary to the village of Bossébangou............................................................................................... 99 B. The frontier line in the sector of the four villages can be identified with precision ................................................................................................................... 107 C. The representation of the course of the frontier in two straight lines between the point where it leaves the “salient” and enters the Botou Loop is entirely justified ..................................................................................................................... 112 SUBMISSIONS.................................................................................................................................. 116 Summary of sketch-maps and maps illustrating the Memorial.....................................................
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