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OVC Bulletin, July 2001: Working with Victims of Gun Violence

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OVC Bulletin, July 2001: Working with Victims of Gun Violence U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Office for Victims of Crime J ULY 2001 Working With Victims of Gun Violence About This Bulletin by Judith Bonderman Gun violence in America crosses the demographic lines of age, race, ethnicity, I Identify promising or successful as- religion, gender, and class—very few Introduction sistance programs for victims of Americans have not been affected by gun violence. the scourge of gun violence. Gun violence corrodes the fabric of our n March 3, 2000, the Office for I Develop recommendations for how communities, traumatizing victims, Victims of Crime (OVC) spon- federal and state crime victims’ witnesses, families, communities, and sored a roundtable discussion funds could be used to address even our Nation, as recent high- aboutO the effects of gun violence on indi- profile school shootings have shown. unmet needs. vidual victims, their families, and their To understand and respond effectively communities. This 1-day meeting in The 18-person group reflected a wide to violence in our society, we must Washington, D.C., brought together a di- range of expertise—from a trauma sur- build on many disciplines, including the verse group of professionals who work geon who operates on gun victims to a victim assistance and criminal justice with victims of gun violence: physicians, counselor who accompanies families to fields, health care, social services, educa- tion, and the clergy.To guide our efforts social workers, mental health providers, the morgue to a judge who hears victim prosecutors, nurses, lawyers, teachers, in serving victims of gun violence, the impact statements. Although each partic- Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) school principals, victim compensation ipant’s contribution to the discussion was sponsored a multidisciplinary group of administrators, and judges. Several gun- shaped by his or her unique experience, national experts in March 2000 to iden- shot victims and survivors who lost the major concerns raised by all partici- tify key victim issues and needs, develop family members to gun violence also pants were remarkably consistent and recommendations for using federal participated. This interdisciplinary supported by the growing literature on funds to address victims’ needs, and discussion was designed to gun victimization. This bulletin high- identify promising practices to serve victims of gun violence. lights the issues raised and the recom- I Identify key victim issues stemming mendations developed by the roundtable. Not surprisingly, this bulletin indicates from firearm violence. While our focus was victims of gun that some demographic groups are dis- proportionately victimized by gun vio- I crime, as mandated by the Victims of Increase understanding of the full lence and that many victims never Crime Act (VOCA) administered by range of gun victims’ needs and how receive needed services.And while we OVC, we recognize that victims of all they differ from the needs of other typically think of gun violence victims as crime victims. types of gun trauma—including uninten- victims of homicide, we were reminded tional shootings and suicides—have Continued on page 2 OVC Bulletin geographic boundaries—from inner cities between the ages of 15 and 24 have the About This Bulletin to remote rural areas to upscale suburbs highest firearm homicide rate of any de- Continued from page 1 and in homes, public housing communi- mographic group. Their firearm homicide ties, schools, workplaces, recreational rate of 103.4 deaths per 100,000 is 10 that there are many more victims who areas, bars, and on the street. Gun vio- times higher than the rate for white males survive their injuries, often with long- lence victims are young and old, male in the same age group (10.5 deaths per term physical and psychological disabili- and female, African-American and white. 100,000). In 1997, 92 percent of homi- ties.Addressing the needs of secondary victims, including children and adults In some cases, the shooter and victim are cides of young African-American men who witness violence, is another chal- strangers, but in many others, they are occurred by firearms, compared to 68 lenge for practitioners, and one that we intimately related. percent of homicides by firearms in the are just beginning to address systemati- general population.5 Even though violent cally in the victim assistance and com- In spite of the pervasive nature of gun crime rates, including crimes committed pensation fields.This bulletin not only violence, some demographic groups are with guns, have declined each year since outlines the many challenges before us disproportionately represented in the gun 1993, according to Federal Bureau of but also describes some promising crime victim population. The 13,252 gun 6 practices in communities across our Investigation trend reports, guns remain homicide victims recorded in the mortali- Nation to serve victims and stop the the leading cause of death for young violence.We believe that the informa- ty statistics for 1997 included 5,110 who African-American males.7 tion provided in this bulletin will ad- were 15 to 24 years old. Firearm homi- vance the field’s understanding of how cide2 was the second leading cause of gun violence affects victims and their death for the 15- to 24-year-old group. In communities and will help OVC identify the 25- to 34-year-old group, there were If all Americans were killed with and support improved services for vic- 3,706 deaths from gun homicide; at firearms at the same rate as African- tims of gun violence. younger ages (5–14), there were 284 American males between the ages firearm homicides. In fact, firearm homi- of 15 and 24 (103.4 per 100,000), many of the same needs that can be met cide was within the top 10 causes of death there would be 276,843 firearm with help from victim service providers. for all age groups from 5 to 44 years. homicide victims annually in the Gun homicide victims are disproportion- United States. (Based on 1997 Who Are the Victims ately young and predominantly male. CDC numbers and a total population According to CDC, 84 percent were male of 267,636,061.) of Gun Violence? in 1997. At ages 15 to 19 years, the gun homicide rate for males was 8 times the The Death Toll rate for females in 1997.3 The Bureau of hen confronted with the ques- Justice Statistics (BJS) reports that males The Nonfatal Gun Crime tion, “Who are the victims of gun of all ages were 3.2 times more likely Victimization violence?” we usually think first than females to be murdered in 1998. For every firearm death, there are ap- Wabout the fatalities. According to death Moreover, the circumstances of firearm proximately three nonfatal firearm in- certificate data compiled by the National violence differ significantly for men and juries that show up in hospital emergency Center for Health Statistics, a part of the women. In contrast to men, women are rooms. With no mechanism, such as a na- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention far more likely to be killed by a spouse, tional registry, to collect uniform national (CDC), a total of 32,436 persons died intimate acquaintance, or family member data on nonfatal firearm injuries, this is, from firearm injuries in the United than by a stranger.4 at best, an estimate based on a sample of States in 1997. The majority of these hospitals.8 There may be many more non- deaths—54.2 percent—were suicides, Firearm homicide also disproportionately fatal firearm victims who do not go to 41.7 percent were homicides, and the affects African-Americans. Approximately hospital emergency rooms for treatment. remaining 4.1 percent were uninten- 52 percent of gun homicide victims are Others have estimated four to six non- tional shootings or deaths of an undeter- African-American, even though they rep- fatal injuries for each gun death.9 In mined nature.1 The effects of gun resent less than 13 percent of the total violence cross all socioeconomic and population. African-American males 2 WORKING WITH VICTIMS OF GUN VIOLENCE addition, many crime victims may be beyond the lives lost and injuries inflict- traumatized by the presence of a gun dur- ed. According to a report from the U.S. Even those who have never ing a crime, whether or not the gun was Department of Housing and Urban encountered“ a gun are aware fired. According to the National Crime Development, public housing residents Victimization Survey (NCVS) in 1998, are more than twice as likely as other of the widespread presence victimizations involving a firearm repre- members of the population to suffer from of guns in our communities, sented 23 percent of the 2.9 million vio- firearm victimization, one in five resi- lent crimes of rape and sexual assault, dents reports feeling unsafe in his or her witness news reports of gun- robbery, and aggravated assault. In 1998, neighborhood, and children show symp- related crime, domestic 670,500 crime victims reported facing an toms of posttraumatic stress disorder murders,and high-profile assailant with a gun.10 (PTSD) similar to those seen in children exposed to war or major disasters.11 This shootings at schools, churches Secondary Victims is consistent with numerous studies find- and other public places. The The number of deaths and injuries is ing high rates of exposure to violence ever-present fear that some- just a crude index of the effects of gun particularly among youth in urban com- violence in the United States. There is munities. In one study, almost two-thirds one we love might be killed or an even greater number of secondary vic- of high school students had witnessed a injured is another form of gun shooting, and in another, 70 percent of tims, sometimes called covictims or sur- trauma.
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